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US 2004/0035414A1 Johnson (43) Pub US 2004.0035414A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2004/0035414A1 Johnson (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 26, 2004 (54) UNDERWATER BREATHING DEVICES AND methods for providing positive end-expiratory preSSure to METHODS the respiratory passages of a user of underwater breathing equipment. The inventive Snorkel includes inhalation and (76) Inventor: Mark Johnson, Sandy, UT (US) exhalation conduits. Air can be exhaled by a user into a Correspondence Address: chamber from which exhaled air is released when exhalation Jon C. Christiansen preSSure within the chamber exceeds a threshold pressure. In Parsons Behle & Latimer this manner the device provides positive end-expiratory 201 South Main Street, Suite 1800 preSSure during exhalation. In an embodiment of the inven P.O. Box 45898 tion, upon receiving adequate exhalation pressure from the Swimmer's airways, a Sealing member is outwardly dis Salt Lake City, UT 84145-0898 (US) placed against the ambient water pressure, thereby opening (21) Appl. No.: 10/453,462 the exhalation conduit to receive exhaled air. The preSSure maintained within the Snorkel is adequate to keep the (22) Filed: Jun. 3, 2003 inhalation valve closed, except when the Swimmer is actively inhaling. Furthermore, the pressure which must be Related U.S. Application Data overcome to achieve exhalation is balanced against the otherwise-compressive forces of the ambient water preSSure (60) Provisional application No. 60/385,327, filed on Jun. acting against the user's chest and lungs, thereby greatly 3, 2002. reducing the resting expiratory flow rate, the minute respi ratory rate, and therefore the overall work of breathing. This Publication Classification exhalation pressure is linearly matched to the ambient water preSSure as a function of dive depth, thereby also discour (51) Int. Cl." ..................................................... B63C 11/02 aging exhalation while diving. A purge valve may also be (52) U.S. Cl. ......... 128/200.29; 128/201.11; 128/201.28 placed at the lower aspect of the Snorkel covering rapid purge channels in the rigid Sealing disk. This purge valve is (57) ABSTRACT designed to require a Somewhat greater opening preSSure A Swim and Skin-dive Snorkel is presented which uniquely than is required to open the exhalation valve, thereby provides positive end-expiratory pressure for pressure-bal preferentially directing exhaled air up the exhalation con anced exhalation. The inventions include both devices and duit, rather than into ambient water. Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 1 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 2 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 3 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 'N 71 11 2 FIG. 2A FIG.2C Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 4 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 FIG. 3B FIG. 3A Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 5 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 FIG 3B FIG. 3D FIG. 3C Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 6 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 FIG. 4A FG. 4A Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 7 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 54 Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 8 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 -36 to r-2 38 Yas 31 G 3 3. -\S2D/S 34- 30 35 y -- 32 FIG. 5B F.G. 5C FIG. 5E Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 9 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 F.G. 6A Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 10 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 F.G. 6B Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 11 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 F.G. 6C Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 12 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 FIG. 7A Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 13 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 96 96 FG. 7B Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 14 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 96 96 66 - FIG. 7C Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 15 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 Fig. 8 65 Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 16 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 93 US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004 UNDERWATER BREATHING DEVICES AND METHODS -continued CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED U.S. PATENTS APPLICATIONS AND PRIORITY CLAIM 5,265,59111/1993 Ferguson 5,267,55612/1993 Feng 0001. This application claims the benefit of the following 5,280,7851/1994 Fujima provisional patent application: U.S. Provisional Application 5,297,5453/1994 Infante No. 60/385,327, filed Jun. 3, 2002. This provisional patent 5,327,8497/1994 Miller application and its disclosures and drawings are incorpo 5,357,65410/1994 Hsing-Chi 5,404,8724/1995 Choi rated by reference herein. 5,487,3791/1996 Koshishi 5,529,0576/1996 Ferrero et all FIELD OF THE INVENTIONS 5,606,9673/1997 Wang 5,622,1654/1997 Huang 0002 The present inventions relate to devices for under 5,638,8116/1997 David water breathing equipment (including Snorkels, Scuba regu 5,657,7468/1997 Christianson 5,664,5589/1997 Wagner lators, and Snuba equipment) and to related methods, in 5,671,7289/1997 Winefordner et al particular to devices and methods intended to increase 5,697,36212/1997 Albrecht performance, enhance comfort and/or improve breathing 5,865,1692/1999 Lan et al while immersed or Submersed in water. 5,868,1292/1999 Christianson 5,893,3624/1999 Evans BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION 5,924,4167/1999 Miller 5,937,8508/1999 Kawashima et al 5,947,1169/1999 Gamow etal 0003. The basic Snorkel, which facilitates breathing 5,960,79110/1999 Winefordner et al atmospheric air while the face is Submersed in a body of 6,119,6859/2000 Kawashima et al water, has been present for centuries of time. In a common 6,129,08110/2000 W and Simple form, the Snorkel includes a breathing conduit. 6,202,644 B1 3/2001 Takeuchi et all 6,276,362 B1 8/2001 Chen-Lieh The breathing conduit typically has a mouthpiece connected 6,302,102 B1 10/2001 Giroux et all to one end of the conduit. The other end of the conduit is 6,318,363 B1 11/2001 Monnich positioned in the air above the water and the user's head to 6,352,075 B1 3/2002 Wang allow inhalation of air while the user's face or mouth is 6,363,929 B1 4/2002 Winefordner et al underwater. 6,371,108 B1 4/2002 Christianson 6,401,711 B1 6/2002 Tibbs etal 0004. The basic snorkel has been improved, enhanced 6,435,178 B1 8/2002 Lin 6,478,024 B1 11/2002 White, Jr and built upon over the years. Many designs, Structures and 2002fOO88460 A1 7/2002 Monnich modifications to Snorkels have been created to improve or 2OO2/O170558A1 11/2002 Vinokur et al enhance the experience of the user while Swimming and/or 2003/0029448A1 2/2003 Swetish diving. Some of the more relevant patents and published 2003/OO37783 A1 2/2003 Feng patent applications include: 0005 AS is evident from the above patents, numerous problems have been addressed by various Snorkel designs. U.S. PATENTS However, to the best of this inventor's knowledge, no 3,860,0421/1975 Green attention has been given to the physiologic impact of the 3,993,06011/1976 Mitchell compressive forces of ambient water on the respiration, 4,066,0771/1978 Shamilian Specifically in exhalation, of the user of a Surface-breathing, 4,071,0241/1978 Blanc or near-Surface breathing, Snorkel. 4.278,0807/1981 Schuch 4,344,4278/1982 Marvin 4,610,2469/1986 Delphia 0006 Scuba regulators, scuba equipment, snuba tubes 4,655,2124/1987 Delphia and other Snuba equipment are well known to perSons of 4,708,13511/1987 Arkema ordinary skill in the art. Embodiments of my invention can 4,782,83011/1988 Forman be adapted for use with the foregoing as well as new 4,793,34112/1988 Arasmith innovations in these areas. 4,805,6102/1989 Hunt 4,832,0135/1989 Hartdorn 4,834,0845/1989 Walsh 0007. Several devices in the related field of “snuba" have 4,884,56412/1989 Lamont confirmed that pressure-assistance is necessary to facilitate 4,896,6641/1990 Harayama inhalation at the modest depths achieved with snuba. But 4,860,7398/1989 Vandepol once again, to the best of this inventor's knowledge, no 4,862,9039/1989 Campbell 4,872,45310/1989 Christianson attention has been given to the expiratory flow rate at Such 4,877,02210/1989 Christianson depths. Even Scuba regulators, which facilitate inhalation at 4,878,491.11/1989 McGilvray, III much greater depths, have not, to the best of this inventor's 4,879,99511/1989 Christianson knowledge, Specifically addressed the greatly increased 5,101,818.4/1992 Chace, et al 5,117,8176/1992 Lin expiratory flow rates that naturally occur at these even 5,143,0599/1992 Delphia greater depths. 5,199,4224/1993 Rasocha 5,239,9908/1993 Delphia 0008. In the case of the Snorkel the user is typically in 5,261,39611/1993 Faulconer et al either a State of immersion (meaning that the body is within the water, while the airways communicate at atmospheric US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004 pressure) or in a state of Submersion (meaning that both the wall. Embodiments of these inventions can be incorporated body and the airways are exposed to ambient water pres in or used in conjunction with underwater breathing equip Sure). From a practical standpoint for a Snorkel user, most ment Such as Snorkels, Scuba regulators and Snuba equip respiration necessarily occurs while Surface Swimming in ment.
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