US 2004.0035414A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2004/0035414A1 Johnson (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 26, 2004

(54) UNDERWATER DEVICES AND methods for providing positive end-expiratory to METHODS the respiratory passages of a user of underwater breathing equipment. The inventive includes inhalation and (76) Inventor: Mark Johnson, Sandy, UT (US) exhalation conduits. Air can be exhaled by a user into a Correspondence Address: chamber from which exhaled air is released when exhalation Jon C. Christiansen preSSure within the chamber exceeds a threshold pressure. In Parsons Behle & Latimer this manner the device provides positive end-expiratory 201 South Main Street, Suite 1800 preSSure during exhalation. In an embodiment of the inven P.O. Box 45898 tion, upon receiving adequate exhalation pressure from the Swimmer's airways, a Sealing member is outwardly dis Salt Lake City, UT 84145-0898 (US) placed against the ambient water pressure, thereby opening (21) Appl. No.: 10/453,462 the exhalation conduit to receive exhaled air. The preSSure maintained within the Snorkel is adequate to keep the (22) Filed: Jun. 3, 2003 inhalation valve closed, except when the Swimmer is actively inhaling. Furthermore, the pressure which must be Related U.S. Application Data overcome to achieve exhalation is balanced against the otherwise-compressive of the ambient water preSSure (60) Provisional application No. 60/385,327, filed on Jun. acting against the user's chest and , thereby greatly 3, 2002. reducing the resting expiratory flow rate, the minute respi ratory rate, and therefore the overall . This Publication Classification exhalation pressure is linearly matched to the ambient water preSSure as a function of dive depth, thereby also discour (51) Int. Cl." ...... B63C 11/02 aging exhalation while diving. A purge valve may also be (52) U.S. Cl...... 128/200.29; 128/201.11; 128/201.28 placed at the lower aspect of the Snorkel covering rapid purge channels in the rigid Sealing disk. This purge valve is (57) ABSTRACT designed to require a Somewhat greater opening preSSure A Swim and Skin-dive Snorkel is presented which uniquely than is required to open the exhalation valve, thereby provides positive end-expiratory pressure for pressure-bal preferentially directing exhaled air up the exhalation con anced exhalation. The inventions include both devices and duit, rather than into ambient water.

Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 1 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 2 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 3 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

'N 71

11

2

FIG. 2A FIG.2C Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 4 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

FIG. 3B

FIG. 3A Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 5 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

FIG 3B

FIG. 3D FIG. 3C Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 6 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

FIG. 4A FG. 4A Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 7 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

54

Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 8 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

-36 to r-2 38 Yas

31 G 3 3.

-\S2D/S 34- 30 35 y -- 32 FIG. 5B F.G. 5C

FIG. 5E Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 9 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

F.G. 6A Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 10 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

F.G. 6B Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 11 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

F.G. 6C Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 12 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

FIG. 7A Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 13 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

96

96

FG. 7B Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 14 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

96

96

66 -

FIG. 7C Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 15 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1 Fig. 8

65

Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2004 Sheet 16 of 16 US 2004/0035414A1

93

US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004

UNDERWATER BREATHING DEVICES AND METHODS -continued CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED U.S. PATENTS APPLICATIONS AND PRIORITY CLAIM 5,265,59111/1993 Ferguson 5,267,55612/1993 Feng 0001. This application claims the benefit of the following 5,280,7851/1994 Fujima provisional patent application: U.S. Provisional Application 5,297,5453/1994 Infante No. 60/385,327, filed Jun. 3, 2002. This provisional patent 5,327,8497/1994 Miller application and its disclosures and drawings are incorpo 5,357,65410/1994 Hsing-Chi 5,404,8724/1995 Choi rated by reference herein. 5,487,3791/1996 Koshishi 5,529,0576/1996 Ferrero et all FIELD OF THE INVENTIONS 5,606,9673/1997 Wang 5,622,1654/1997 Huang 0002 The present inventions relate to devices for under 5,638,8116/1997 David water breathing equipment (including Snorkels, Scuba regu 5,657,7468/1997 Christianson 5,664,5589/1997 Wagner lators, and Snuba equipment) and to related methods, in 5,671,7289/1997 Winefordner et al particular to devices and methods intended to increase 5,697,36212/1997 Albrecht performance, enhance comfort and/or improve breathing 5,865,1692/1999 Lan et al while immersed or Submersed in water. 5,868,1292/1999 Christianson 5,893,3624/1999 Evans BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION 5,924,4167/1999 Miller 5,937,8508/1999 Kawashima et al 5,947,1169/1999 Gamow etal 0003. The basic Snorkel, which facilitates breathing 5,960,79110/1999 Winefordner et al atmospheric air while the face is Submersed in a body of 6,119,6859/2000 Kawashima et al water, has been present for centuries of time. In a common 6,129,08110/2000 W and Simple form, the Snorkel includes a breathing conduit. 6,202,644 B1 3/2001 Takeuchi et all 6,276,362 B1 8/2001 Chen-Lieh The breathing conduit typically has a mouthpiece connected 6,302,102 B1 10/2001 Giroux et all to one end of the conduit. The other end of the conduit is 6,318,363 B1 11/2001 Monnich positioned in the air above the water and the user's head to 6,352,075 B1 3/2002 Wang allow inhalation of air while the user's face or mouth is 6,363,929 B1 4/2002 Winefordner et al underwater. 6,371,108 B1 4/2002 Christianson 6,401,711 B1 6/2002 Tibbs etal 0004. The basic snorkel has been improved, enhanced 6,435,178 B1 8/2002 Lin 6,478,024 B1 11/2002 White, Jr and built upon over the years. Many designs, Structures and 2002fOO88460 A1 7/2002 Monnich modifications to Snorkels have been created to improve or 2OO2/O170558A1 11/2002 Vinokur et al enhance the experience of the user while Swimming and/or 2003/0029448A1 2/2003 Swetish diving. Some of the more relevant patents and published 2003/OO37783 A1 2/2003 Feng patent applications include: 0005 AS is evident from the above patents, numerous problems have been addressed by various Snorkel designs. U.S. PATENTS However, to the best of this inventor's knowledge, no 3,860,0421/1975 Green attention has been given to the physiologic impact of the 3,993,06011/1976 Mitchell compressive forces of ambient water on the , 4,066,0771/1978 Shamilian Specifically in exhalation, of the user of a Surface-breathing, 4,071,0241/1978 Blanc or near-Surface breathing, Snorkel. 4.278,0807/1981 Schuch 4,344,4278/1982 Marvin 4,610,2469/1986 Delphia 0006 Scuba regulators, scuba equipment, snuba tubes 4,655,2124/1987 Delphia and other Snuba equipment are well known to perSons of 4,708,13511/1987 Arkema ordinary skill in the art. Embodiments of my invention can 4,782,83011/1988 Forman be adapted for use with the foregoing as well as new 4,793,34112/1988 Arasmith innovations in these areas. 4,805,6102/1989 Hunt 4,832,0135/1989 Hartdorn 4,834,0845/1989 Walsh 0007. Several devices in the related field of “snuba" have 4,884,56412/1989 Lamont confirmed that pressure-assistance is necessary to facilitate 4,896,6641/1990 Harayama inhalation at the modest depths achieved with snuba. But 4,860,7398/1989 Vandepol once again, to the best of this inventor's knowledge, no 4,862,9039/1989 Campbell 4,872,45310/1989 Christianson attention has been given to the expiratory flow rate at Such 4,877,02210/1989 Christianson depths. Even Scuba regulators, which facilitate inhalation at 4,878,491.11/1989 McGilvray, III much greater depths, have not, to the best of this inventor's 4,879,99511/1989 Christianson knowledge, Specifically addressed the greatly increased 5,101,818.4/1992 Chace, et al 5,117,8176/1992 Lin expiratory flow rates that naturally occur at these even 5,143,0599/1992 Delphia greater depths. 5,199,4224/1993 Rasocha 5,239,9908/1993 Delphia 0008. In the case of the Snorkel the user is typically in 5,261,39611/1993 Faulconer et al either a State of immersion (meaning that the body is within the water, while the airways communicate at atmospheric US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004 pressure) or in a state of Submersion (meaning that both the wall. Embodiments of these inventions can be incorporated body and the airways are exposed to ambient water pres in or used in conjunction with underwater breathing equip Sure). From a practical standpoint for a Snorkel user, most ment Such as Snorkels, Scuba regulators and Snuba equip respiration necessarily occurs while Surface Swimming in ment. the State of immersion. In this State, the conventional Snorkel eXchanges air at with the lungs, which 0013. It is a further object of the present inventions to lungs are acted upon by the greater compressive of provide devices that minimize the re-breathing of exhaled ambient water. Hence, compared to being completely out of air. Unidirectional air flowing into the Snorkel Via one the water, a greater effort is required to expand the lungs in conduit and exiting the Snorkel via a separate conduit can be inspiration and a lesser effort is required for exhalation, i.e., employed for this purpose. Unique to the present invention the expiratory flow rate is faster than the inhalation flow rate. is the use of ambient water pressure and/or other counter Inasmuch as inhalation occupies only a Small temporal preSSure to maintain a pressure and to retain exhaled air until component of the complete respiratory cycle, this faster the airway exhalation forces are adequate to overcome the exhalation component also results in a Substantially shorter compressive forces of ambient water preSSure on the user. respiratory cycle and more inhalations per minute. In addi 0014. It is yet another object of the present inventions to tion, as the user is exposed to the compressive effects of the provide Snorkel devices that maintain internal dryneSS while ambient water preSSure, during inhalation, a greater work of Swimming in turbulent water and while diving. Splash water breathing is incurred and, over time, his or her inspiratory is blocked from entering the Snorkel, except during inhala muscles progressively fatigue, resulting in Smaller func tion; and any water that accumulates in the purge reservoir tional capacity, a relatively greater adverse contribution is purged from the Snorkel during normal, relaxed exhala of the Snorkel and bronchial dead Spaces with each breath, tion, even before any exhaled air is positioned to leave the and the possibility of atelectasis (collapse of the alveolar/gas Snorkel. exchange Sacs). 0015 Through embodiments of my invention many tan 0009 Embodiments of the Snorkel presented herein can gible benefits are provided to the user including a reduction serve to substantially reduce the overall work of breathing in resting respiratory rate with a resultant reduction in the by balancing the expiratory forces, Slowing the respiratory work of breathing, reduction in anxiety, improvement in the cycle, reducing the repetitive work of inhalation against Sense of Safety and well-being, longer dive times, and a drier compressive ambient water preSSures, and/or minimizing the Snorkel. risk of developing atelectasis. 0016. It is also another object of certain embodiments of 0.010 Furthermore, several other benefits may be realized my invention to Similarly balance the exhalation rate of the by embodiments of my invention. By increasing the pressure underwater Scuba diver by attaching a device patterned after within the snorkel’s main (inhalation) tube, the inhalation the exhalation valve of this snorkel to the exhalation port of Valve at the top end of tube can be maintained in a closed the Scuba regulator to Similarly regulate the natural exhala position, except during active inhalation, thereby signifi tion rate of the Scuba diver or Snuba diver. cantly reducing the internal exposure to Splash water, and even reducing the internal exposure to flood water upon 0017. These objects and other objects, purposes and Submersion; however, the inhalation valve does not abso advantages of my invention are apparent from the descrip lutely close while Submersed, beneficially allowing the user tions and drawings herein. My inventions are not limited to to voluntarily draw on a small amount of residual air. The or by these objects and not every embodiment of my preSSure amounts to positive end-expiratory pressure invention necessarily incorporates or provides every Such (“PEEP) which may result in physiologic benefit to some object, purpose or advantage. users, particularly those with obstructive lung diseases, Such as asthma and emphysema. SUMMARY 0.011 Many aspects of human physiology become 0018. This summary provides a general description of involved here, but in a simplistic overview, PEEP slows different aspects of my invention, including certain embodi respiratory rate and tends to increase functional lung Vol ments or elements of my invention. This Summary is not umes, but also tends to slow venous blood return to the heart. intended to limit the Scope of my invention, nor is there any In the water, however, venous blood return to the heart is implication that my invention requires all of the described or already greatly improved simply by the compressive forces identified aspects or elements. Various options and alterna of ambient water. A slowed respiratory rate is preferred as tives are described and are not intended to limit the Scope of each inhalation must displace water, Significantly increasing my invention or claims. the work of breathing, inspiratory muscle fatigue, and the 0019. The invention provides positive end-expiratory asSociated anxiety that accompanies many skin divers. Fur preSSure to the respiratory passages of a user of underwater thermore, the increase in lung Volume, time-averaged over breathing equipment. The underwater breathing equipment the complete respiratory cycle, enhances the of the can be, for example, a Snorkel, a Scuba regulator or Snuba USC. equipment. My invention can be adapted for use with, or to be incorporate in, these and Similar underwater breathing OBJECTS OF THE INVENTIONS equipment. 0012. It is an object of the present inventions to provide 0020. The invention includes a chamber into which air is devices that effect an improved balance between the intrinsic exhaled by the user and a means for releasing the exhaled air airway preSSures of physiologic exhalation and the compet from the chamber and away from the user when exhalation ing extrinsic pressures of ambient water acting on the chest preSSure within the chamber exceeds a counter preSSure US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004

exerted on the exhalation pressure. The chamber can be any preSSure System may include the pressure member described conduit, vessel, container or other space where exhaled air above and further described below. The pressure system is can be received and contained, at least temporarily. An the means by which the counter pressure is applied to the exhalation preSSure within the chamber is created, i.e., exhalation preSSure in the conduit. It may also be the means exhalation pressure is the pressure in the chamber into which by which a threshold pressure may be established. the air is exhaled. This inventive device can provide positive 0026 Preferably, the pressure member moves in response end-expiratory pressure to the respiratory passages of the to a difference in pressure between the exhalation preSSure user during exhalation. in the chamber and the counter pressure. A counter preSSure 0021. The means for releasing the exhaled air can include Such as pressure from ambient water may act directly or a valve adapted to open when the exhalation pressure indirectly on the pressure member. exceeds the counter pressure. The valve can be any valve, 0027 Preferably, a sealing member may be connected to nozzle or other device for regulating or controlling the or be part of the pressure member or may through other release of exhaled air from the chamber. This valve may means be controlled by or responsive to the pressure mem include a preSSure member against which the counter pres ber or movement of the pressure member. The Sealing Sure acts, whereby exhaled air is released from the chamber member acts to regulate the release of exhaled air from the when the exhalation preSSure acting against the pressure chamber by closing or Sealing an exit from the chamber. member exceeds the counter pressure. The counter pressure When the chamber is connected to an exhalation conduit is (or defines) the resistance which the exhalation pressure (see description below), the Sealing member can act to close must overcome in order to provide or allow a release of or Seal the entrance to the exhalation conduit when the exhaled air from the chamber. exhalation pressure does not exceed the counter pressure or 0022. The counter pressure can be a pressure (predeter threshold pressure. When the counter pressure or threshold mined or not) created or dictated by mechanical means, Such preSSure is exceeded, the Sealing member can open the as a Spring, a biased Structure, or other physical Structure entrance to the exhalation conduit allowing exhaled air to adapted to provide the resistance which the exhalation enter the exhalation conduit. The Sealing member can be any preSSure must overcome for a release of exhaled air from the shape Suited for the closing or Sealing purpose. Preferably, chamber. Although not preferred, pneumatic, hydraulic or the Sealing member is dome shaped or Similarly shaped to other forces or devices for applying or creating this counter provide for a gradual, rather than Sudden, release of exhaled preSSure against the exhalation pressure can be used. Most air until the Sealing member is Sufficiently Separated from preferably the counter pressure is created or provided in the exhalation conduit’s entrance, thereby preventing or whole or in part by ambient water pressure. Ambient water reducing vibration or buzz that would otherwise occur. preSSure can act directly or indirectly against a pressure 0028 My invention can be applied to snorkels. The member to provide a counterpreSSure against the exhalation Snorkels of my invention can include (a) an inhalation preSSure in the chamber. The preSSure member can be a disk, conduit adapted to receive inhaled air upon inhalation by a plate, ring, or other physical Structure exposed directly or user of the Snorkel, and (b) an exhalation conduit adapted to indirectly to the ambient water pressure and/or other counter receive exhaled air from the user and to direct the exhaled preSSure. The pressure member applies the counter pressure air under additional pressure out of the Snorkel, and (c) a against the exhalation pressure in the chamber. preSSure System to apply the additional pressure. This can 0023. In an alternative embodiment of this invention, the achieve PEEP for the user. exhaled air is not released until the exhalation preSSure in the chamber exceeds a threshold preSSure. The threshold pres 0029 Preferably the inhalation conduit has an inhalation Sure may be pre-determined or may vary depending on valve (diaphragm, butterfly, umbrella, or otherwise). The inhalation valve is adapted to open to allow inhalation of air, conditions Such as ambient water pressure. When the exha but at other times is closed to maintain preSSure within the lation pressure in the chamber exceeds the threshold pres Snorkel. This inhalation Valve and the associated inhalation Sure, the exhaled air is released. Although not preferred, a conduit should be adequately sized to minimize inhalation sensor or other device can determine if or when the threshold resistance and the valve should close tightly during exhala preSSure has been exceeded by the exhalation preSSure, and tion to maintain pressure within the Snorkel and directional when exceeded the exhaled air is released from the chamber. airflow through the snorkel. 0024. The release of exhaled air from the chamber can be prevented or inhibited until the counter pressure or threshold 0030 The Snorkel may also have an exhalation valve preSSure is exceeded or overcome by the exhalation pres which is adapted to be acted upon by a counter pressure to Sure. Although it is preferred that the release be prevented, regulate the receipt of exhaled air by the exhalation conduit. the invention retains Some of its advantages and benefits The exhalation valve may be adapted to provide exhaled air even if the release is just Substantially inhibited, i.e., release into the exhalation conduit when the pressure of the exhaled of exhaled air from the chamber is substantially inhibited, air exceeds the counter pressure. Preferably this counter but not totally prevented. This inhibited release may occur preSSure is generated in whole or in part by ambient water when the valve is in the form of a nozzle or other device that preSSure. allows for a very limited release of exhaled air from the 0031. The snorkel may include the pressure system or chamber when the exhalation pressure does not exceed or preSSure member described above. The counterpreSSure acts overcome the counter pressure or threshold pressure, but the against this preSSure member to provide the additional inhibition is Sufficient to provide additional preSSure and preSSure. Alternatively, the counter pressure can act as the PEEP preSSure member to provide the additional pressure. 0.025 The invention may include a pressure system that 0032 Preferably, the exhalation conduit is within the provides additional pressure or the counter pressure. The inhalation conduit, but alternatively may be outside of or US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004

external to the inhalation conduit. The exhalation conduit 0041) 2. A purge membrane, which is materially contigu preferably originates near the lower end of the Snorkel, in ous with the exhalation valve's Sealing member and which Sealing proximity to a Sealing member of the exhalation covers the underside of the rapid purge channels of the rigid valve. Support disk, thereby preventing ambient water entry into 0033. The inhalation and exhalation conduits are prefer the Snorkel. This purge membrane also has a molded bias for ably tubes of plastic, rubber or other material. Plastics or closure to remain closed at normal exhalation pressures, but other materials commercially used in Snorkels can be used. to open with the greater preSSures of rapid purging opera The conduit may be any conduit, tube, passageway or other tions. To purge, the user must exert an excessive exhalation means of conveyance through which inhaled air or exhaled preSSure Sufficient to exceed or overcome the preSSure air can flow. Conventional tubes used for Snorkels are required for purging of water through the rapid purge generally Suitable. channels. 0042. 3. Purge membrane ribs which orient radially and 0034. A preferred exhalation valve useful in the practice which provide circumferentially non-uniform preSSure of this invention includes the following: release acroSS the Rapid Purge Channels, thereby minimiz 0.035 1. A sealing member, which facilitates a physical ing the buzz or vibration that otherwise would be experi closure or Seal against the release of exhaled air from the enced chamber. This closure or Seal may be applied directly against 0043. In another exemplary embodiment of my inven the exhalation conduit or against Some connection or inter tion, the exhalation valve apparatus and the purge valve are mediary between the chamber and exhalation conduit. For molded together into a single piece of flexible rubber or example, the Seal may be applied to a mount to which the plastic, comprising a cylindrical wall shaped as an accor exhalation conduit is attached. This Sealing member has a dion, which allows compressible axial movement, and a preferred dome shape which gradually increases the escape circular diaphragm, which is molded to be contiguous with of the pressurized air within the Snorkel at the opening the cylindrical accordion wall that it closes. A central dome preSSure of the valve, thereby minimizing or eliminating the is molded into the upper Surface of the circular diaphragm vibratory buzz that would otherwise be experienced. Alter area, which Serves as the Sealing member of the exhalation native shapes for the Sealing member include that of a valve. The outer folds on the cylindrical accordion wall have teardrop, a cone, or Similar shape Such that elimination of the several small slits, which effectively function as Small duck Vibratory buZZ is accomplished. Valves for rapid purging when the accordion wall is 0.036 2. A rigid support disk, which provides structural extended, as in higher pressure purge operations. Support to the Softer sealing member and provides a rigid 0044 Portions of the above described snorkel (e.g., exha Surface upon which ambient water pressure can act to lation valve) can be applied or adapted to a Scuba regulator generate a counter preSSure. or Snuba equipment (e.g., Snuba tube), i.e., used in conjunc 0037 3. A convoluted membrane, which is generally tion with the Scuba regulator or Snuba equipment. The user annular in shape and Serves to flexibly attach the rigid breathes air from the Scuba regulator or Snuba tube (inha Support disk/sealing member assembly to the rigid and lation), but exhalation of air by the user encounters a counter Stationary lower housing an example of which is described pressure to create PEEP in the of the user. below. The convoluted cross-section of this membrane The exhaled air from the user enters a chamber and there is allows Sufficient non-impeded axial travel of the Sealing an exhalation pressure. A pressure System provides a counter member Such that the Sealing member can both tightly Seal pressure. The exhaled air is released from the chamber when against the exhalation conduit mount and can also move the exhalation pressure exceeds the counter pressure (or a outwardly sufficient to non-obstructively open the valve at threshold pressure). The exhalation valve with Sealing mem the mount. ber and pressure member can be adapted and used for this 0.038 A purge valve is preferably included for purging purpose. water from the snorkel. The purge valve can be used with or BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS can be incorporated into the exhalation valve apparatus. The 004.5 FIG. 1A is a front view of the assembled snorkel purge valve provides for the purging of water from the Snorkel. To accomplish this, an excessive exhalation pres 0046 FIG. 1B is a front exploded view of the snorkel Sure is required. For example, normal exhalation may result 0047 FIG. 2A is a top perspective view of the inhalation in an exhalation preSSure that exceeds the counter pressure cap and the inhalation valve diaphragm member, which or threshold pressure, but is insufficient to exceed or over together form the inhalation valve. come the preSSure required for a purge. To purge, the user 0048 FIG. 2B is a transverse sectional view of the must exert an excessive exhalation pressure Sufficient to inhalation cap showing the inhalation valve in open position exceed or overcome the preSSure required for purging of Such as occurs during inhalation water through the purge valve. In other words, the purge 0049 FIG. 2C is a transverse sectional view of the preSSure is greater than the counter pressure Such that the inhalation cap showing the inhalation valve in the closed exhalation pressure required to purge water from the Snorkel position Such as occurs during breath holding or exhalation is greater than the exhalation pressure required to exceed the counter preSSure for a release of exhaled air from the 0050 FIG. 3A is a transverse sectional view of the main chamber into the exhalation conduit. tube and its associated Structures 0051 FIG. 3B shows the transverse sectional view of 0039. A preferred purge valve includes: FIG. 3A with the exhalation tube coursing within the main 0040 1. Rapid purge channels in the exhalation valve's tube and mounting to the main tube's exhalation tube upper rigid Support disk. mount US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004

0.052 FIG. 4A is a side view of the ribbed flexible 0068 FIG. 1A shows the assembled snorkel in front connecting tube View perspective. Several major Structural elements are 0053 FIG. 4B is a sectional view of the connecting tube identified including the Inhalation Cap 7, the Main Tube 13, shown in FIG. 4A. the Connecting Tube 19, the Mouthpiece 54, the Junction 22 which houses a Chamber 23 which communicates with the 0054 FIG. 5A is an exploded side view of the junction Inhalation Conduit 1, the Exhalation Conduit 48, and the with the mouthpiece, the exploded exhalation valve/purge Purge Reservoir 27. At the lower end of the Snorkel is the Valve assembly, and the purge cap. Purge Cap 50. And near the upper end of the Main Tube 13 0055 FIG. 5B is an exploded perspective view of the is the Exhalation Conduit Exit Port 16 where the exhaled air exhalation valve/purge valve assembly. normally exits the Snorkel. 0056 FIG. 5C is an exploded transverse sectional view 0069 FIG. 1B shows an exploded front view of the of the exhalation valve/purge valve assembly major Structural components of the entire Snorkel with the 0057 FIG. 5D shows the top view of this exhalation Inhalation Cap 7, the Inhalation Valve Diaphragm Member Valve/purge valve assembly 10, the Main Tube 13, the Connecting Tube 19, and the Junction 22. The Combined Sealing Assembly 6 comprises 0.058 FIG. 5E shows a collapsed transverse sectional the Combined Sealing Member 30, the Rigid Support Disk View of the exhalation valve/purge valve assembly 36, and the Convoluted Membrane 40, which serves to 0059 FIG. 6A is a transverse sectional view of the flexibly mount the active components of the Exhalation Valve 4 which is a functional component of the Combined junction with the exhalation valve in closed position. Sealing ASSembly acting against the Sealing Ring 47 of the 0060 FIG. 6B is a transverse sectional view of the Exhalation Tube Lower Mount 44. The Exhalation Tube 48 junction with the exhalation valve in open position as occurs mounts to the upper aspect of this Structure as shown. The in normal exhalation Exhalation Tube then courses up the central chambers of the 0061 FIG. 6C is a sectional view of the junction with the Snorkel until it mounts at its upper end by Sandwiching rapid purge ports open as occurs during purging levels of between the Main Tube 13 and the hollow Exhalation Tube exhalation Mounting Plug 49. The Exhalation Tube Lower Mount 44 is connected to the Junction 22 by a Supporting Structure 46 0062 FIG. 7A is a sectional view of an alternative which on a top down view resembles Spokes extending out exhalation valve/purge valve apparatus showing a com to an outer rim. Therefore, this Supporting Structure 46 does pressible accordion-style wall. This wall has slits in the not impede fluid/air movement acroSS it, e.g., from top to lower, Outer accordion walls that are closed, unless the walls bottom. The Purge Cap 50 screws onto the Junction 22 and are fully distended as in a purge operation. thereby secures the Combined Sealing Assembly 6 where its 0063 FIG. 7B is a sectional view similar to FIG. 7A Convoluted Membrane 40 attaches between these two struc showing the exhalation valve in open position with the purge tures. Importantly, the Junction 22 houses the Chamber 23 Valve in the closed position. where exhalation pressure is maintained by the combination of the Inhalation Valve 1 and the Exhalation Valve 2. The 0064 FIG. 7C is a sectional view similar to FIG. 7A lower most portion of the Chamber 23 within the Junction 22 showing both the exhalation valve and the purge valve open. is referred to as the Purge Reservoir 27 as this is where 0065 FIG. 8 is another cross-sectional view of an alter Splash/flood water would first accumulate. native exhalation valve/purge valve apparatus showing a 0070 FIG. 2A shows the Inhalation Cap 7, the Thru dome that travels vertically and an externally positioned Passages 8, and the Inhalation Valve Diaphragm Member exhalation tube. 10, which taken together form the Inhalation Valve 3. The 0.066 FIG. 9 is a transverse sectional view of the junction Inhalation Valve Diaphragm Member 10 has an optional which houses the exhalation Valve, as it is adapted to mount partial thickness Groove 12 acroSS its diameter and is to a connecting tube, which in turn mounts to the exhalation centrally anchored at its Central Hole 11 by the Inhalation vents or equivalent of a Scuba regulator. Valve Anchor 9 that is shown in FIG. 2B and FIG. 2C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 0071 FIG. 2B shows a transverse sectional view of the Inhalation Cap 7 and the deformed shape of the Inhalation 0067. To facilitate understanding of the flow through the Valve Diaphragm Member 10, representative of the valve in Snorkel, inhalation goes through an inhalation conduit 1 to its open position as occurs during inhalation. All inhaled air the mouthpiece of the user, and exhalation goes from the passes through the Thru-Passages 8 of the Inhalation Cap 7 mouthpiece to an exhalation conduit from which exhaled air to enter the snorkel. Therefore the Inhalation Cap can be exits the snorkel. The inhalation valve 3 includes all parts considered the first member of the Inhalation Conduit 1. The necessary to make a functioning valve; and the exhalation Inhalation Valve Diaphragm Member 10 is very flexible and Valve 4, which is a complex Structure, refers to the valvular easily deforms to minimize any contribution to airway action of these parts as they functionally come together. The resistance in the Inhalation Conduit 1. The optional partial Purge Valve 5 is also shares structures of the Exhalation thickness Groove 12 across its diameter allows this valve to Valve 4 and is best thought of as a functional aspect of the function as a more efficient butterfly-style valve. Addition Snorkel that allows rapid purging. Although these items are ally, the Inhalation Cap 7 is sized such that the Thru best thought of in terms of their function, rather than passages 8 combine in area to Similarly minimize their graphically on paper, the individual components of these contribution to airway resistance even at rapid inhalation various Structures are Supplied in the drawings. flow rates. The Internal Threads 55 of the Inhalation Cap 7 US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004 are shown and mate with corresponding threads on the Main 0078 FIG. 4B is a transverse sectional view of the ribbed Tube 13 as described in FIG. 3A. flexible Connecting Tube 19 that is also described in FIG. 4A. Now shown is the Central Channel 20 of this tube, 0072 FIG. 2C is similar to FIG. 2B, but shows the which is the third functional member of the Inhalation Inhalation Valve Diaphragm Member 10 in its flattened shape as occurs while not inhaling. The Inhalation Valve Conduit 1. Further revealed herein are the Upper Grooves 58 Diaphragm Member 10 naturally, but gently, assumes this of the Connecting Tube 19 that mate with corresponding flat shape when no pressure gradient exists acroSS the valve Ribs 57 on the Main Tube 13 (shown in FIG. 3A) and the in order to minimize the closing Sounds that would be Lower Grooves 59 of the Connecting Tube 19 that mate with experienced if the valve did not flatten until forcefully Ribs 60 on the Junction 22 (shown in FIG. 5A) closed. Then, as exhalation occurs, the valve remains tightly 007.9 FIG. 5A is an exploded side view of the Junction closed as the pressure acting on the Exhalation Valve 4 22 and its related Structures: (described in FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C) at the bottom of the Snorkel propagates within the Snorkel to provide the closing 0080 Three mounts are integral to the Junction 22 pressure for this Inhalation Valve 3. As long as the snorkel including the Connecting Tube Mount 24 with its attachment is generally oriented in the normal use position (i.e., with the Ribs 60, the Mouthpiece Mount 25 with its attachment Ribs Inhalation Valve 3 higher than the Exhalation Valve 4), and 61, and the Purge Cap Mount 29 with its External Threads the user is not actively inhaling, this pressure will be 64. adequate to prevent water from entering the Snorkel via the 0081. The Junction 22 houses a small volume Chamber Inhalation Cap 7. 23, which receives inhaled air from the Central Channel 20 of the Connecting Tube 19 (shown in FIG. 4B), thereby 0073 FIG. 3A shows a transverse sectional view of the becoming the fourth functional member of the Inhalation Main Tube 13 and its related structures. The Inhalation Cap Conduit 1. In other embodiments, the chamber might not be 7 mounts to the top end of the Main Tube 13 with a mating a functional member of the inhalation conduit. This Cham set of Internal Threads 55 and External Threads 56 on their ber 23 receives exhaled air from the Mouthpiece 54. This respective components. The represented Structures of the Chamber 23 is pressurized during exhalation and function Inhalation Valve 3 are as described above for FIG. 2B and ally provides the counter pressure to the user's airways. The FIG. 2C. The Main Tube's Central Channel 14 directly lower region of the Chamber 23 is more specifically referred receives inhaled air from the Inhalation Valve 3 and there to as the Purge Reservoir 27, as any captured water accu fore becomes the second functional member of the Inhala mulates here first. tion Conduit 1, wherein the Inhalation Conduit 1 is defined to be the network of tubes and other hollow structures 0082 Importantly, the Junction 22 also houses the func through which inhaled air Sequentially passes. The Exhala tional Exhalation Valve 4 and Purge Valve 5. In the preferred tion Tube Upper Mount 15 is integral with the Main Tube 13 embodiment, these two valves share three Structural ele and provides a circular outer wall against which the upper ments which, taken together, are simply referred to as the end of the Exhalation Tube 48 is sandwiched by the hollow Combined Sealing Assembly 6. The structures of this assem Exhalation Tube Mounting Plug 49. This design effectively bly are depicted for the preferred embodiment in FIGS. 6A eliminates a potential air leak between the Exhalation Con through 6C, while examples of alternative embodiments of duit 48 and the Inhalation Conduit 1 of the Snorkel that could the Exhalation Valve 4 and the Purge Valve 5 are shown otherwise be problematic as the Exhalation Conduit 48 separately in FIGS. 7 and 8. passes through this wall of the Inhalation Conduit 1. The Exhalation Conduit Exit Port 16 is an opening in the 0083) The Exhalation Tube Lower Mount 44 is statically Inhalation Conduit 1 through which the Exhalation Conduit attached, via its spoke and rim-like Supporting Structure 46, 48 exits the Snorkel. The Main Tube 13 has an Ellipsoid to the Junction 22 at said junction's Snap Mount for Exha Cross-Section 17 at its lower end to reduce hydrodynamic lation Tube Lower Mount 26 (which is shown in FIGS. 6A, drag while Swimming and it transitions to a Circular CroSS 6B, and 6C). The Exhalation Tube Lower Mount 44 addi Section 18 at its upper end to allow the Inhalation Cap 7 to tionally provides the Sealing Ring 47 for the Exhalation Screw-mount. The lower end of the Main Tube 13 mounts to Valve 4. Inasmuch as this Exhalation Tube Lower Mount 44 the flexible Connecting Tube 19 with the Ribs on Main Tube directs exhaled air from the Chamber 23 to the Exhalation 57 mating with the Grooves in Connecting Tube 58. Tube 48 (also referred to as exhalation conduit 48). 0074 FIG. 3B shows the Circular Cross-Section 18 of 0084. The Exhalation Valve 4 is comprised of elements of the upper end of the Main Tube 13. the Combined Sealing Assembly 6 and the Sealing Ring 47, which items are described in more detail in FIGS. 6A, 6B, 0075 FIG. 3C shows the Ellipsoid Cross-Section 17 of and 6C. the lower end of the Main Tube 13). 0085 FIG. 5A also shows the Purge Cap 50 which 0076 FIG. 3D is identical to FIG. 3A except that it also Screws onto the Junction 22 at the corresponding mount. The shows the Exhalation Tube 48 as it courses through the Main Pure Cap 50 also is shown with the Purge Cap Perforations Tube 13. 52 which allow water pressure to act on the Exhalation Valve 4 and provides an exit for water that is purged acroSS the 0077 FIG. 4A is a side view of the ribbed flexible Connecting Tube 19. The Outer Ribs 21 provide radial Purge Valve 5. support for the tube, while still allowing it to be flexible and 0.086 FIG. 5B is an exploded perspective view of the bend. This bending provides improved comfort while the Combined Sealing Assembly 6. This assembly comprises Snorkel is being worn, particularly if other diving gear is also the silicon rubber Combined Sealing Member 30, the Rigid concurrently being used. Support Disk 36, and the flexible Convoluted Membrane 40. US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004

0087. The Combined Sealing Member 30, which is a 0090 FIG. 5C is a transverse sectional view of the parts one-part Structure, provides the Exhalation Valve Sealing shown in FIG. 5B. Member 31 and the Purge Valve Sealing Member 32. In the preferred embodiment, the Exhalation Valve Sealing Mem 0091 FIG. 5D is top view of the Combined Sealing ber 31 is dome-shaped in order to very gradually open exit Assembly 6 as comprised by the parts of FIG. 5B. flow and reduce vibration as exhaled air escapes across the 0092 FIG. 5E is a transverse sectional view of the Exhalation Valve 4 when just minimally open. Other shapes Combined Sealing Assembly 6 as comprised by the parts of that could similarly result in dampening include teardrop or FIG 5C. cone. The contiguous Purge Valve Sealing Member 32 notably has Dampening Ribs 33 that project out radially in 0093 FIG. 6A is a transverse sectional view of the various lengths from the underside of the Purge Valve Junction 22 with the Exhalation Valve 4 in closed position. Sealing Member 32 and serve to reduce or eliminate the Numerous items identified in this figure are described in buZZ that would otherwise occur while purging. The Com detail in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B. Of note, the User's Airway bined Sealing Member 30 also has an Attachment Groove 34 Pressure 65, which acts on the Combined Sealing Assembly around its midsection that provides Secure attachment to the 6 from above, is inadequate to overcome the inward com Rigid Support Disk 36. The Hollow Region 35 allows the pressing that the Ambient Water Pressure 66 produces Combined Sealing Member 30 to be compressed for assem from below. Therefore, the Exhalation Valve Sealing Mem bly purposes, and provides a receSS mount for an optional ber 31 assumes tight closure against the Sealing Ring 47 and exhalation flow is prevented. The Convoluted Membrane 40 Spring 68 (FIG. 6A) that could further refine the exhalation assumes a transverse Sectional shape that is compatible with Airway Pressure 65 if modification is desired in the future. the Rigid Support Disk 36 being at its upper end of axial 0088. The Rigid Support Disk 36 provides several func travel. Also shown is an the optional mechanical Spring 68 tions: It supports the Combined Sealing Member 30 that which could be used to further refine the counter pressure allows the Exhalation Valve Sealing Member 31 to form a upon exhalation that is achieved. stable seal with the Sealing Ring 47 (shown in FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B, and FIG. 6C); it provides a broad surface against 0094 FIG. 6B is a transverse sectional view of the which the Ambient Water Pressure 66 (depicted in FIG. 6A, Junction 22 with the Exhalation Valve 4 in open position. FIG. 6B, and FIG. 6C) acts to balance the desired exhala This figure is very similar to that of FIG. 5C, except that tion Airway Pressure 65 (depicted in FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B, and FIG. 5D depicts the condition of normal exhalation in which FIG. 6C) within the Snorkel; it supports the Purge Valve the user's Airway Pressure 65 exceeds Ambient Water Sealing Member 32 to maintain proximity with the sealing Pressure 66, thereby exerting a net downward force on the Surface of Same disk; and it provides a Smooth, rigid Surface Combined Sealing Assembly 6, removing the Exhalation against which the Purge Valve Sealing Member 32 can seal. Valve Sealing Member 31 from its sealing position against The Rapid Purge Channels 39 in the Rigid Support Disk 36 the Sealing Ring 47. Flow Arrows 67 depict the direction of are closed by the Purge Valve Sealing Member 32, except airflow through the Chamber 23, across the Exhalation Valve during active purging operations when Airway PreSSure 65 4, and into the Exhalation Tube 48, from whence it is reaches a sufficient threshold for them to open for very rapid channeled to exit the Snorkel. The Convoluted Membrane 40 purge, taking full advantage of the higher exhalation Airway assumes a transverse Sectional shape that is compatible with Pressures 65 which are maintained within the Snorkel. The the Rigid Support Disk 36 being near its lower end of axial Central Hole 37 in the Rigid Support Disk 36 Supports the travel. Combined Sealing Member 30 at said member's Attachment 0.095 FIG. 6C is a transverse sectional view of the Groove 34. The Outer Groove 38 of the Rigid Support Disk Junction 22 with the Purge Valve 5 in open position. Note 36 provides mounting attachment to the Central Anchor 41 that the Exhalation Valve 4 is also in open position, because of the flexible Convoluted Membrane 40. the Airway PreSSure 65 required for purging is excessive for normal exhalation. As per FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B, the 0089. The Convoluted Membrane 40 is a flexible, annular description of many items shown in this figure is deferred to Structure that has transverse Sectional convolutions to allow their descriptions in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B. Note that the axial travel of the Rigid Support Disk 36 and the Combined Purge Valve Sealing Member 32 is separated from the Rigid Sealing Member 30. This functionally allows the Exhalation Support Disk 36, thereby allowing the contents of the Valve Sealing Member 31 to appropriately open and close its Snorkel to be expelled through the Rapid Purge Channels 39. seal against the Sealing Ring 47 (shown in FIG. 6A, FIG. The Purge Valve Sealing Member 32 has a bias for closure 6B, and FIG. 6C), thereby utilizing the Ambient Water molded into its shape such that the Airway Pressure 65 must Pressure 66 to modulate the user's immersed and Submersed be distinctly greater than the Ambient Water Pressure 66 in exhalation rates. The Convoluted Membrane 40 has a Cen order for the Purge Valve Sealing Member 32 to become tral Anchor 41 for secure attachment to the Rigid Support displaced form the Rigid Support Disk 36. The Convoluted Disk 36 and a Peripheral Anchor 42 for secure mounting in Membrane 40 assumes a transverse Sectional shape that is the space defined by the Convoluted Membrane Junction compatible with the Rigid Support Disk 36 being at its Groove 28 (of the Junction 22 described separately in FIG. 6A) and the corresponding Convoluted Membrane Purge lowest end of travel. Cap Groove 51 (of the Purge Cap 50 described separately in 0096 FIG. 7A is a sectional view of an alternative FIG. 6A). The screw mount of the Purge Cap 50 onto the embodiment of the Snorkel that replaces the three parts of the Junction 22 slightly compresses this Peripheral Anchor 42, Combined Sealing Assembly 6 with one single molded which beneficially creates a Seal to prevent water from flexible rubber part, the Flexible Sealing Member 69. In entering the Snorkel, and helps to lock the threads of the doing so, the Junction 75, the Purge Cap 76, and the Purge Cap Mount 29. Exhalation Tube Lower Mount 77 are all modified for this US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004

alternative embodiment. This Flexible Sealing Member 69 tive embodiment as it may be adapted for Scuba or Snuba has a Sealing Member Anchor 70 along it circumference that purposes. Furthermore, the Mouthpiece Mount 25 of the secures this member to the Juntion 75 and the Purge Cap 76 preferred Snorkel embodiment has been eliminated as this is in similar fashion to the Peripheral Anchor 42 previously not necessary for Scuba The exhalation vent from the Sepa described for the preferred embodiment. The Flexible Seal rate Scuba regulator attaches via a Connecting Tube 94 to the ing Member 69 also has a Sealing Dome 73 component that Ribbed 90 Connecting Tube Mount 89. The Exhalation Tube provides the functionality of the Exhalation Valve Sealing 92 has been significantly shortened and the Exhalation Member 31 previously described for the preferred embodi Conduit Exit Port 95 has been moved to the Junction 88. The ment. The Rigid Support Disk 36 of the preferred embodi Chamber 93 importantly continues to serve as a counter ment has been eliminated. An optinal Rigid Ring 74 may be preSSure chamber to accomplish the improved exhalation placed within the deeper folds of the Accordion Wall 71 for preSSures as described herein. additional mechanical Support. Purge operations are facili 0101 FIG. 9 is transverse sectional view of the Exhala tated by a series of small Purge Slits 72 in the outer folds of tion Valve 4 and related structures as described in FIG. 6B Accordion Wall 71 which remain closed due to the molded shape of the wall and the compressive forces of ambient and as adapted to mount to the exhalation vent on a Scuba water, until the Airway Pressure 65 is adequate to fully regulator or Snuba equipment. Note that the Exhalation Tube distend the Accordion Wall 71, thereby opening these Purge 48 is significantly shortened and exits from the Junction 22 Slits 72 in a fashion similar to duck bill valves. through a sidewall in the Junction 22. 0102) While the present inventions have been described 0097 FIG. 7B is the alternative embodiment of FIG. 7A and illustrated in conjunction with a number of Specific in a condition of normal exhalation as is the condition of the embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that preferred embodiment in FIG. 6B, in which the Airway variations and modifications may be made without departing Pressure 65 is adequate for exhalation, but inadequate for from the principles of the inventions as herein illustrated, rapid purge operation. The Sealing Dome 73 has separated described and claimed. from the Exhalation Tube Sealing Ring 47 allowing exhaled air to exit the snorkel as shown by the Flow Arrows 75 0103) The present inventions may be embodied in other Specific forms without departing from their Spirit or char 0.098 FIG.7C is the alternative embodiment of FIG. 7A acteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in a condition of purge operation as is the condition of the in all respects as only illustrative, and not restrictive. The preferred embodiment in FIG. 6C, in which the Airway Scope of the inventions is, therefore, indicated by the PreSSure 65 is exceeds the threshold pressure for purging. appended claims, rather than the foregoing descriptions. All Purge Slits 72 are now evident in the lower, outer silicon changes and variations that come within the meaning and rubber (or otherwise flexible) Accordion Wall 71. These range of equivalency of the claims and their elements or Purge Slits 72 open with sufficient pressure to provide limitations are to be embraced within their Scope. excellent purge capability, but otherwise generally remain closed for normal exhalation activities.

0099 FIG. 8 reveals another embodiment of the snorkel What is claimed is: that now features a Significantly modified design of the 1. A device for providing positive end-expiratory pressure Junction 78 that similarly contains a Chamber 80 for counter to the respiratory passages of a user of underwater breathing pressure, but has an Exhalation Exit Port 83 near the bottom of the Snorkel, an External Exhalation Tube Mount 84, and equipment, Said device comprising a chamber into which air an External Exhalation Tube. The moving element which is exhaled by the user and a means for releasing the exhaled provides counter pressure for our desired PEEP is the air from the chamber when exhalation pressure within the Sealing Cup 80 which travels coaxially and is supported chamber exceeds a threshold preSSure, wherein the device laterally by the a Sealing Cup Rigid Support 81. As the provides Said positive end-expiratory pressure during exha forces of Airway Pressure 65 in the Chamber overcome the lation. forces of Ambient Water Pressure 66, the Sealing Cup 81 2. A device in accordance with claim 1 wherein the Separates from the O-Ring Seal 82, allowing air to escape threshold pressure comprises a counter pressure exerted on into the space above the perimeter of the Sealing Cup 81, the exhalation pressure. which is then vented to the External Exhalation Tube 86 via 3. A device in accordance with claim 2 wherein the means the External Exhalation Tube Mount 85. A Sliding Seal 87 for releasing the exhaled air comprises a valve adapted to helps maintain dryneSS within the Snorkel and deflects open when the exhalation pressure exceeds the counter downward with the greater FIG. 8 is another cross sectional preSSure. preSSures accomplished during purge operations 4. A device in accordance with claim 3 wherein the valve includes a pressure member against which the counter 0100 FIG. 9 is a transverse sectional view of the enclos preSSure acts, and wherein exhaled air is released from the ing structures of the Exhalation Valve 4 as is modified to chamber when the exhalation preSSure acting against the attach, via a non-collapsible air tube, to the exhalation vent on a typical Scuba regulator. This invention, in effect, preSSure member exceeds the counter pressure. becomes an “exhalation regulator' for pur 5. A device in accordance with claim 4 wherein the poses, as it functions to regulate the exhalation rate of the counter pressure comprises ambient water pressure. scuba diver. The device may be worn at mouth orchest level, 6. A device in accordance with claim 5 wherein the depending on the comfort of the user. The Junction 88 has counter pressure further comprises mechanical pressure. been shortened from the preferred embodiment (described in 7. A device in accordance with claim 6 wherein said FIGS. 5A thru 5D and FIGS. 6A thru 6C) for this alterna mechanical pressure is generated by a Spring. US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004

8. A device in accordance with claim 4 wherein the 22. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 20 further com preSSure member moves in response to a difference in prising an exhalation valve which is adapted to be acted preSSure between the exhalation preSSure in the chamber and upon by a counter pressure to regulate the receipt of exhaled the counter pressure. air by the exhalation conduit. 9. A device in accordance with claim 4 wherein the valve 23. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 22 wherein the also includes a Sealing member that opens and closes in exhalation valve is adapted to provide exhaled air into the response to the movement of the pressure member; and exhalation conduit when the pressure of the exhaled air wherein exhaled air is released from the chamber when the exceeds the counter pressure. Sealing member is opened. 24. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 23 wherein the 10. A device in accordance with claim 9 wherein said counter pressure comprises ambient water pressure. Sealing member is dome shaped. 25. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 20 wherein the 11. A device in accordance with claim 1 wherein Said preSSure System includes a pressure member against which device is adapted to be used with a Scuba regulator. a counter pressure acts to provide the additional pressure. 12. A device in accordance with claim 11 wherein the 26. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 25 further com means for releasing the exhaled air comprises a valve prising a Sealing member; wherein the exhalation conduit adapted to open when the exhalation pressure exceeds the has an entrance and an exit; wherein the Sealing member is threshold pressure. adapted to close the entrance of the exhalation conduit when 13. A device in accordance with claim 12 wherein the the exhalation pressure does not exceed the counter pres threshold pressure comprises a counter pressure exerted on Sure, and wherein the Sealing member is adapted to open the the exhalation preSSure, and wherein the valve includes a entrance of the exhalation conduit when the exhalation preSSure member against which the counter pressure acts, preSSure exceeds the counter pressure thereby allowing and wherein exhaled air is released from the chamber when exhaled air to be released into the exhalation conduit. the exhalation pressure acting against the preSSure member 27. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 26 wherein the exceeds the counter pressure. Sealing member is dome shaped. 14. A device in accordance with claim 1 wherein Said 28. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 20 wherein the device is adapted to be used with Snuba equipment; and exhalation conduit is within the inhalation conduit. wherein the means for releasing the exhaled air comprises a 29. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 20 wherein the Valve adapted to open when the exhalation pressure exceeds exhalation conduit is external to the inhalation conduit. the threshold pressure. 30. A Snorkel comprising (a) an inhalation conduit 15. A device in accordance with claim 14 wherein the adapted to receive inhaled air in response to inhalation by a threshold pressure comprises a counter pressure exerted on user of the Snorkel, (b) a chamber adapted to receive exhaled the exhalation preSSure, and wherein the valve includes a air from the user and further adapted to release exhaled air preSSure member against which the counter pressure acts, from the chamber when exhalation pressure in the chamber and wherein exhaled air is released from the chamber when exceeds a counter pressure, (c) an exhalation conduit the exhalation pressure acting against the preSSure member adapted to receive the released exhaled air from the chamber and further adapted to direct the exhaled air out of the exceeds the counter pressure. Snorkel, and (d) a pressure System adapted to apply the 16. A device in accordance with claim 1 wherein the counter pressure to the exhalation pressure in the chamber. means for releasing the exhaled air comprises a valve 31. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 30 further com adapted to prevent the release of exhaled air from the prising a valve adapted to control the release of exhaled air chamber until the exhalation pressure exceeds the threshold from the chamber into the exhalation conduit in response to preSSure. a difference in preSSure between the exhalation pressure and 17. A device in accordance with claim 1 wherein the the counter pressure; wherein the valve is adapted to allow means for releasing the exhaled air comprises a valve the exhaled air to enter the exhalation conduit when the adapted to inhibit the release of exhaled air from the exhalation pressure exceeds the counter preSSure, and chamber until the exhalation pressure exceeds the threshold wherein the valve is adapted to Substantially prevent the preSSure. exhaled air from entering the exhalation conduit when the 18. A device comprising a means for inhaling air, a means exhalation pressure does not exceed the counter pressure. for exhaling air, and a means for providing positive end 32. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 30 wherein the expiratory preSSure to respiratory passages of a user of preSSure System includes a pressure member against which underwater breathing equipment. the counter pressure acts to provide the counter pressure to 19. A device in accordance with claim 18 adapted to use the exhalation pressure in the chamber. ambient water pressure to regulate release of exhaled air. 33. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 32 further com 20. A Snorkel comprising (a) an inhalation conduit prising a Sealing member; wherein the exhalation conduit adapted to receive inhaled air upon inhalation by a user of has an entrance and an exit; wherein the Sealing member is the Snorkel, and (b) an exhalation conduit adapted to receive adapted to close the entrance of the exhalation conduit when exhaled air from the user and to direct the exhaled air under the exhalation pressure does not exceed the counter pres additional pressure out of the Snorkel, and (c) a pressure Sure, and wherein the Sealing member is adapted to open the System to apply the additional pressure. entrance of the exhalation conduit when the exhalation 21. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 20 wherein the preSSure exceeds the counter pressure thereby allowing inhalation conduit has an inhalation Valve; wherein the exhaled air to be released into the exhalation conduit. inhalation valve is adapted to open to allow inhalation of air, 34. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 33 wherein the but at other times is closed to maintain preSSure within the preSSure member is movable in response to a preSSure Snorkel. difference between the exhalation pressure and the counter US 2004/0035414A1 Feb. 26, 2004

preSSure, and wherein the Sealing member is movable in 43. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 42 wherein the response to movement of the pressure member. rigid Support disk has purge channels to allow for purging of 35. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 30 wherein the water from the Snorkel, wherein a purge pressure is required counter pressure comprises ambient water pressure. for purging of water through the purge channels, and 36. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 30 wherein the wherein the purge pressure is greater than the counter Snorkel further comprises an exit port adapted to allow preSSure. exhaled air received by the exhalation conduit to exit from 44. A method for using underwater breathing equipment, the exhalation conduit and the Snorkel. Said method comprising inhaling air, and then exhaling air 37. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 30 wherein the against a counter preSSure to create positive end-expiratory preSSure System comprises an exhalation valve adapted to preSSure in respiratory passages. exert the counter preSSure against the exhalation pressure 45. A method in accordance with claim 44 wherein the and to regulate entry of exhaled air into the exhalation counter pressure comprises ambient water pressure. conduit. 46. A method in accordance with claim 45 wherein the 38. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 30 further com counter pressure comprises mechanical pressure. prising a purge valve for purging water from the Snorkel 47. A method in accordance with claim 44 wherein the when exhalation preSSure exceeds a purge pressure; wherein underwater breathing equipment comprises a Snorkel, and normal exhalation pressure is Sufficient to exceed the wherein the method includes inhaling through an inhalation counter pressure, but is insufficient to exceed the purge conduit and exhaling through an exhalation conduit; wherein preSSure, and wherein an excessive exhalation pressure is exhalation through the exhalation conduit requires an exha greater than normal exhalation preSSure and is Sufficient to lation that overcomes the counter pressure. exceed the purge pressure and to cause the purge of water 48. A method in accordance with claim 47 wherein the from the Snorkel. method is practiced by a Snorkeler while immersed in water, 39. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 30 further com thereby exposing the inhalation conduit to ambient air prising a purge valve for purging water from the Snorkel preSSure and the chest and lungs of the Snorkeler to ambient when exhalation preSSure exceeds a purge pressure; wherein water pressure; and wherein the counter pressure is caused the purge pressure is greater than the counter pressure Such by Said ambient water pressure. that the exhalation pressure required to purge water from the 49. A method in accordance with claim 44 further com Snorkel is greater than the exhalation pressure required to prising purging water from the Snorkel by an excessive exceed the counterpreSSure for a release of exhaled air from exhalation preSSure, wherein normal exhalation is Sufficient the chamber into the exhalation conduit. to overcome the counter preSSure but insufficient for the 40. A snorkel in accordance with claim 30 further com purge; and wherein the excessive exhalation pressure is prising an exhalation conduit mount; wherein the mount is greater than normal exhalation preSSure and is Sufficient for connected to the chamber and the exhalation conduit is the purge. connected to the mount. 50. A method in accordance with claim 44 wherein the 41. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 40 further com underwater breathing equipment comprises a Scuba regula prising a Sealing member; wherein the Sealing member is tor, and wherein the method includes inhaling air from the adapted to close the exhalation conduit by closing the Scuba regulator, and wherein exhalation requires an exha entrance of the mount when the exhalation pressure does not lation that overcomes the counter pressure. exceed the counter pressure, and wherein the Sealing mem 51. A method in accordance with claim 44 wherein the ber is adapted to open the exhalation conduit by opening the underwater breathing equipment comprises a Snuba tube as entrance of the mount when the exhalation pressure exceeds a Source of inhaled air, wherein the method includes inhaling the counter pressure thereby allowing exhaled air to be air from the Snuba tube, and wherein exhalation requires an released into the exhalation conduit. exhalation that overcomes the counter pressure. 42. A Snorkel in accordance with claim 30 wherein the 52. A method in accordance with claim 44 wherein the preSSure System includes a pressure member comprised of a exhaled air is exhaled into a chamber and then released from rigid Support disk and a flexible Support membrance, the chamber when exhalation pressure in the chamber wherein the pressure member is adapted, when acted upon exceeds the counter pressure. by the counter pressure, to provide the counter pressure to the exhalation pressure in the chamber. k k k k k