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Bathynomus Giganteus) Using Reflex Impairment Florida State University Libraries 2016 Post-Release Mortality of Deep Sea Bycatch Species Brendan Suneel Talwar Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES POST-RELEASE MORTALITY OF DEEP SEA BYCATCH SPECIES By BRENDAN SUNEEL TALWAR A Thesis submitted to the Department of Biological Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2016 Brendan Suneel Talwar defended this thesis on March 31, 2016. The members of the supervisory committee were: R. Dean Grubbs Professor Directing Thesis Edward J. Brooks Committee Member Don Levitan Committee Member Joseph Travis Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii This thesis is dedicated to Sydney and Sara. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis represents the hard work, generosity, and support of countless friends, family members, advisors, and students. Let me begin by acknowledging everyone that helped see it through, from heavily invested volunteers to strangers who donated the funds to get this work off the ground- this would not have been possible without you. I offer my sincerest thanks to my advisor, Dean Grubbs, for his guidance, support, and incredible expertise. The independence I was afforded within the Grubbs Lab pushed me to become heavily invested in my work and ultimately gain more from my Master’s degree than I thought possible, a testament to his mentorship. I must also thank Edd Brooks and Travis Perry for the opportunities that they have given me since the beginning of my career. My limited success so far is largely attributable to their hard work. I also greatly appreciate Don Levitan, John Mandelman, and Joseph Travis, who improved the quality of this work and act as exceptional role models to many early career scientists including me. For contributing to my field work, lab work, and general well-being, thank you to numerous hard working volunteers and friends including I Boyoucos, K Durglo, E Van Eepoel, R Fry, A Gokgoz, C Grossi, K Magnenat, J Mitchell, K Ontiveros, O O’Shea, Team EP, C Raguse, C Seslar, M Violich, C Ward, and many others at the Cape Eleuthera Institute. I am also forever grateful to the students of The Island School Fall ’14 and Spring ’15 semesters, including M Abouhamad, K Addams-Pilgrim, C Close, M Edie, S Gallagher, A Heher, N Henderson, A Hoffman, H Lavelle, O Rask, M Rogers, and L Zachau for their field support and contagious enthusiasm. Coiling rope into a bucket wouldn’t have been the same with anyone else. For financial and logistical support, I thank Experiment.com crowdfunding donors, the PADI Foundation, the Cape Eleuthera Foundation, The Island School, the Guy Harvey Ocean iv Foundation, the Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society, the New England Aquarium, and the Florida State University Coastal & Marine Laboratory. Lastly, I thank my Mom for throwing me into the deep end before I could walk and for sparking my interest in the natural world. I also thank my Dad for his constant encouragement and interest in my work. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................x Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... xii 1. AN ASSESSMENT OF POST-RELEASE MORTALITY FOR A COMMONLY DISCARDED DEEP-SEA ISOPOD (BATHYNOMUS GIGANTEUS) USING REFLEX IMPAIRMENT ........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 1.2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................3 1.2.1 Study Area ........................................................................................................3 1.2.2 Evaluating Reflexes ..........................................................................................3 1.2.3 Field Trials ........................................................................................................3 1.2.4 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................4 1.3 Results ............................................................................................................................5 1.3.1 Capture Characteristics .....................................................................................5 1.3.2 Reflex Action Mortality Predictors ...................................................................6 1.3.3 Factors Affecting Mortality ..............................................................................6 1.3.4 Post-Capture Behavior ......................................................................................6 1.3.5 Cumulative Effects of Capture and Cage Stress ...............................................7 1.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................................8 1.4.1 Reflex Action Mortality Predictors ...................................................................8 1.4.2 Factors Affecting Mortality ..............................................................................8 1.4.3 Post-Capture Behavior and Cage Effects ........................................................10 1.4.4 Conclusions .....................................................................................................11 2. STRESS, POST-RELEASE MORTALITY, AND RECOVERY OF COMMONLY DISCARDED DEEP-SEA SHARKS CAUGHT ON LONGLINES ....................................16 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................16 2.2 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................17 2.2.1 Longline Sampling ..........................................................................................17 2.2.2 Blood Sampling ..............................................................................................18 2.2.3 Caging .............................................................................................................19 2.2.4 Post-Release Behavior ....................................................................................20 2.2.5 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................20 2.3 Results ..........................................................................................................................22 2.3.1 Capture Characteristics ...................................................................................22 2.3.2 Mortality and Blood Chemistry ......................................................................22 2.3.3 Predicting At-Vessel Blood Chemistry ...........................................................23 2.3.4 Predicting Post-Release Mortality ..................................................................23 vi 2.3.5 Post-Release Behavior: S. cubensis ................................................................24 2.3.6 Post-Release Behavior: Centrophorus sp. ......................................................25 2.4 Discussion ....................................................................................................................26 2.4.1 At-Vessel and Post-Release Mortality ............................................................26 2.4.2 Stress and Behavior.........................................................................................28 2.4.3 Predicting Post-Release Mortality ..................................................................30 2.4.4 Limitations ......................................................................................................33 2.4.5 Conclusions .....................................................................................................34 APPENDICES ...............................................................................................................................48 A. ACUC LETTER OF APPROVAL ........................................................................................48 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................50 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .........................................................................................................61 vii LIST OF TABLES 1 The reflexes identified for assessing condition of trap-caught Bathynomus giganteus. The test for each reflex is the action required to elicit a given response (i.e. positive or negative), listed in the same order as they were conducted in the field. ............................12 2 Summary of negatively scored reflexes for emersion (n=50; 15 minutes) and control (n=50) groups of Bathynomus giganteus prior to caging. Proportions of negative responses for each reflex are shown as percentage of total negative responses for each group
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