Compact Bone Spongy Bone Lamella (B) Bone Matrix Central (Haversian
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Connectomics of the Lacuno-Canalicular Network in Bone
The Small World of Osteocytes: Connectomics of the Lacuno-Canalicular Network in Bone Philip Kollmannsberger1,2,*, Michael Kerschnitzki1,3, Felix Repp1, Wolfgang Wagermaier1, Richard Weinkamer1, Peter Fratzl1 1Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany 2ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland 3Weizmann Institute of Science, Dept. of Structural Biology, Rehovot, Israel * current address: Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Abstract Osteocytes and their cell processes reside in a large, interconnected network of voids pervading the mineralized bone matrix of most vertebrates. This osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN) is believed to play important roles in mechanosensing, mineral homeostasis, and for the mechanical properties of bone. While the extracellular matrix structure of bone is extensively studied on ultrastructural and macroscopic scales, there is a lack of quantitative knowledge on how the cellular network is organized. Using a recently introduced imaging and quantification approach, we analyze the OLCN in different bone types from mouse and sheep that exhibit different degrees of structural organization not only of the cell network but also of the fibrous matrix deposited by the cells. We define a number of robust, quantitative measures that are derived from the theory of complex networks. These measures enable us to gain insights into how efficient the network is organized with regard to intercellular transport and communication. Our analysis shows that the cell network in regularly organized, slow-growing bone tissue from sheep is less connected, but more efficiently organized compared to irregular and fast-growing bone tissue from mice. -
BSC2085L Practice Quiz 2
Preparation for Quiz 2: Bone/cartilage descriptions. Match the name of the bone/cartilage in Table 1 with the description in Table 2: Table 1 Bone/cartilage Table 2 Bone Marking/Description A. Sutures Bones that are longer than they are wide B. Sesamoid Bone Majority of Skeletal Cartilage C. Compact Bone Bones that develop inside Tendons D. Spongy Bone Intervertebral Disks and Knee Joint Cartilage E. Long Bone Smooth and Homogenous Bone Tissue F. Short Bone Found in external Ear and Epiglottis G. Flat Bone Bones that are thin and wafer like H. Irregular Bone Bones that do not fall into another category I. Hyaline Cartilage Bones with lots of open spaces J. Elastic Cartilage These are found between Cranial Bones K. Fibrocartliage Bones that are cube-shaped Preparation for Quiz 2: Bone Markings Match the name of the bone marking in Column 1 with the correct description in Column 2: Column 1 Column 2 A. Condyle Very large, blunt projection (only on femur) Irregularly shaped B. Ramus Arm-like bar of bone C. Crest Round or oval opening D. Epicondyle Narrow ridge of bone E. Tubercle Rounded articular projection F. Tuberosity Sharp Slender Process G. Trochanter Canal-like passageway H. Meatus Shallow Depression I. Fossa Narrow, slit-like opening J. Fissure Raised area on or above a condyle K. Sinus Large rounded projection L. Groove Air filled cavity in a bone M. Head Smooth nearly flat articular surface N. Facet Bony expansion on a narrow neck O. Spine Projection or prominence P. Foramen Narrow ridge smaller than a crest Q. -
Pg 131 Chondroblast -> Chondrocyte (Lacunae) Firm Ground Substance
Figure 4.8g Connective tissues. Chondroblast ‐> Chondrocyte (Lacunae) Firm ground substance (chondroitin sulfate and water) Collagenous and elastic fibers (g) Cartilage: hyaline No BV or nerves Description: Amorphous but firm Perichondrium (dense irregular) matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae. Function: Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress. Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends Chondrocyte of long bones in joint cavities; forms in lacuna costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx. Matrix Costal Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from the cartilages trachea (750x). Thickness? Metabolism? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pg 131 Figure 6.1 The bones and cartilages of the human skeleton. Epiglottis Support Thyroid Larynx Smooth Cartilage in Cartilages in cartilage external ear nose surface Cricoid Trachea Articular Lung Cushions cartilage Cartilage of a joint Cartilage in Costal Intervertebral cartilage disc Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Pubic Bones of skeleton symphysis Meniscus (padlike Axial skeleton cartilage in Appendicular skeleton knee joint) Cartilages Articular cartilage of a joint Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages Pg 174 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8g Connective tissues. (g) Cartilage: hyaline Description: Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae. Function: Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress. Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends Chondrocyte of long bones in joint cavities; forms in lacuna costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx. -
Measurement of the Diffusion Pathway Between Osteocyte Lacuna and Blood
Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal Volume 9 Number 1 Article 22 3-1961 Halo Volume - Part IV: Measurement of the Diffusion Pathway Between Osteocyte Lacuna and Blood Harold M. Frost Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/hfhmedjournal Part of the Life Sciences Commons, Medical Specialties Commons, and the Public Health Commons Recommended Citation Frost, Harold M. (1961) "Halo Volume - Part IV: Measurement of the Diffusion Pathway Between Osteocyte Lacuna and Blood," Henry Ford Hospital Medical Bulletin : Vol. 9 : No. 1 , 137-144. Available at: https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/hfhmedjournal/vol9/iss1/22 This Part II is brought to you for free and open access by Henry Ford Health System Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal by an authorized editor of Henry Ford Health System Scholarly Commons. HALO VOLUME - PART IV MEASUREMENT OF THE DIFFUSION PATHWAY BETWEEN OSTEOCYTE LACUNA AND BLOOD HAROLD M. FROST, M.D. INTRODUCTION Thc osteocyte differs trom the rest of thc somatic cells in that it resides in a lacuna with walls made of bone. With the exception of halo volume peculiarities," the bone enveloping an osteocyte is impervious to organic and inorganic ions and molecules. If no special provision for diffusion of nutrients existed, osteocytes would promptly dic.^ A diffusion pathway is provided thc osteocytes in thc system of canaliculae which -onnect osteocyte lacunae to vascular channels. This is the pathway through which he average osteocyte obtains anabolic substances and excretes catabolic substances. \ u. Jt ( Figure 1 "•oo X. Fresh, undecalcified, basic fuchsin stained section of human tibia. -
Introduction to Anatomy Skeletal System: Bone
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONE Foundation block - Anatomy - Lecture 1 Objective Color guide : •At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Only in boys slides in Green • Define the word “Anatomy” Only in girls slides in Purple important and doctors note in Red • Enumerate the different anatomical fields Extra information in Blue • Describe the anatomical position • Describe different anatomical terms of position & movements as well different anatomical planes • Classify bones according to shape, structure & development • Enumerate different bones of both axial & appendicular skeleton ANATOMY & its Sciences. THE WORD ANATOMY is of GREEK origin meaning cutting up(ana=up,tomy=cutting). Girls slides DEFINITION OF ANATOMY: the science which deals with the study of, The structure & shape of the body parts & their relationships to one another. Boys slides ANATOMICAL SCIENCES: 1. Gross Anatomy: study of the human body with NAKED EYES 2. Microscopic Anatomy(Histology): Study of FINE STRUCTURE (cells & tissues) of the human body with the help of Microscope. 3. Developmental Anatomy (Embryology) 4. Radiologist Anatomy (study of the structure and morphology of the tissues and organs of the body based on their x-ray visualization). 5. Surgical Anatomy (practical) 6. Cross-sectional Anatomy (study of the relationship of the structures of the body by the examination of cross sections of the tissue or organ) 7. Applied Anatomy (study of the structure of the organs of the body as it relates to the diagnosis and treatment of disease) -
16 Cartilage
Cartilage Cartilage serves as a rigid yet lightweight and flexible supporting tissue. It forms the framework for the respiratory passages to prevent their collapse, provides smooth "bearings" at joints, and forms a cushion between the vertebrae, acting as a shock absorber for the spine. Cartilage is important in determining the size and shape of bones and provides the growing areas in many bones. Its capacity for rapid growth while maintaining stiffness makes cartilage suitable for the embryonic skeleton. About 75% of the water in cartilage is bound to proteoglycans, and these compounds are important in the transport of fluids, electrolytes, and nutrients throughout the cartilage matrix. Although adapted to provide support, cartilage contains only the usual elements of connective tissue cells, fibers, and ground substance. It is the ground substance that gives cartilage its firm consistency and ability to withstand compression and shearing forces. Collagen and elastic fibers embedded in the ground substance impart tensile strength and elasticity. Together, the fibers and ground substance form the matrix of cartilage. Cartilage differs from other connective tissues in that it lacks nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels and is nourished entirely by diffusion of materials from blood vessels in adjacent tissues. Although relatively rigid, the cartilage matrix has high water content and is freely permeable, even to fairly large particles. Classification of cartilage into hyaline, elastic, and fibrous types is based on differences in the abundance and type of fibers in the matrix. Hyaline Cartilage Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage and forms the costal cartilages, articular cartilages of joints, and cartilages of the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. -
Anatomy, Skeletal System Review.Pdf
Name____________________________________Period_____ Anatomy & Physiology Part 1 – Mr. Rizzo, Mr. Romano Skeletal System Review Match/Label the following: (1 point each) 1. Flat Bone 2. Short Bone 3. Irregular Bone 4. Long Bone 5. Axial Skeleton 6. Appendicular Skeleton E – Bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip F – Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage Match the following: (1 point each) 7. Found in the external ear and the epiglottis A. Hyaline 8. Provides support, flexibility, and resilience, is found in the nose B. Fibrocartilage 9. Contains collagen fibers, found in the menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs C. Interstitial 10. Growth of cartilage: cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the D. Elastic external face of existing cartilage E. Appositional 11. Growth of cartilage: lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within. Match the following: (1 point each) 12. Diaphysis 13. Compact Bone 14. Proximal Epiphysis 15. Spongy Bone 16. Distal Epiphysis 17. Medullary Cavity 18. Ephyseal Plate True/False: (1 point each) 19. Bone markings can be the sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons. 20. Calcification of cartilage occurs during normal bone growth and old age. 21. A ‘sinus’ is a cavity in a bone. 22. A compact bone has a honeycomb texture of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow. 23. Long bones consist of a diaphysis and an epiphysis. 24. Short, irregular, AND flat bones have no diaphysis or epiphyses. 25. Hematopoietic tissue (red marrow) is located in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone in adults. -
Human Anatomy and Physiology
LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students. -
Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION STRUCTURE OF NORMAL BONE concentrically around the central canal. The The skeleton serves several important func- haversian canals form an anastomosing system tions, for which its structure is ideally suited. of canals arranged along the long axis of the First, it performs a mechanical function by bone; thus, in cross section, bones appear as supporting the body and providing attachment round openings surrounded by rings of bone. sites for muscles and tendons that provide mo- The lamellae have a large number of lacunae, tion. Second, it protects vital organs and houses which contain osteocytes and connect with the bone marrow. Third, it serves as a reservoir one another through a series of canaliculi. The for various minerals, especially calcium, and has haversian canals are connected to the external a role in meeting the immediate needs of the organism for calcium (3). Bones are divided into two main types: the flat bones of the axial skeleton (skull, scapula, clavicle, vertebra, jaw, and pelvis) and the tubu- lar bones of the appendicular skeleton (9). Both types consist of cortical (or compact) bone and cancellous (or spongy) bone. In a typical long bone such as the femur, the diaphysis, or shaft, is composed of cortical bone surrounding a voluminous marrow, or medul- lary, cavity (fig. 1-1). The epiphyses at the ends of long bones consist mostly of cancellous bone and a thin peripheral rim of cortical bone. In an immature skeleton, the epiphyses are separated from the diaphysis by the epiphyseal cartilage plates. The broad part of the long bone between the epiphyseal plate and the tubular diaphysis is termed the metaphysis. -
Variations in the Quantity of Uncalcified Fibrocartilage at the Insertions of the Extrinsic Calf Muscles in the Foot
J. Anat. (1995) 186, pp. 417-421, with 4 figures Printed in Great Britain 417 Short Report Variations in the quantity of uncalcified fibrocartilage at the insertions of the extrinsic calf muscles in the foot P. FROWEN AND M. BENJAMIN School of Molecular and Medical Biosciences (Anatomy Unit), University of Wales College of Cardiff, UK (Accepted 13 October 1994) ABSTRACT It has been suggested that fibrocartilage at entheses (tendon-bone junctions) prevents collagen fibres bending at the hard tissue interface. We have investigated this function by exploring the relationship between the presence or amount of fibrocartilage at the attachments of the major extrinsic muscles in the foot, and the extent to which these tendons bend near their entheses during movement. The tendons were taken from each of 5 formalin-fixed dissecting room cadavers and prepared for routine histology, and sections were collected systematically throughout the blocks. Tendons that attached to the tarsus and metatarsus had fibrocartilaginous entheses, but those attached to the phalanges had fibrous entheses. In all tarsal and metatarsal tendons, the fibrocartilage was significantly thicker (P < 0.05) in the deepest part of the enthesis. Here the greatest amount of fibrocartilage was in the Achilles tendon (mean thickness + S.E.M.: 1560 + 161 gim). There were moderate amounts at the medial cuneiform attachment of tibialis anterior (533 + 82 gm), peroneus brevis (472 + 64 gm) and tibialis posterior (454 +26 gm), small quantities at the first metatarsal attachment of tibialis anterior (104+ 14 gm) and peroneus longus (21 + 8 pm), but only traces at the attachments of the flexor and extensor tendons of the phalanges. -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria. -
Biology of Bone Repair
Biology of Bone Repair J. Scott Broderick, MD Original Author: Timothy McHenry, MD; March 2004 New Author: J. Scott Broderick, MD; Revised November 2005 Types of Bone • Lamellar Bone – Collagen fibers arranged in parallel layers – Normal adult bone • Woven Bone (non-lamellar) – Randomly oriented collagen fibers – In adults, seen at sites of fracture healing, tendon or ligament attachment and in pathological conditions Lamellar Bone • Cortical bone – Comprised of osteons (Haversian systems) – Osteons communicate with medullary cavity by Volkmann’s canals Picture courtesy Gwen Childs, PhD. Haversian System osteocyte osteon Picture courtesy Gwen Childs, PhD. Haversian Volkmann’s canal canal Lamellar Bone • Cancellous bone (trabecular or spongy bone) – Bony struts (trabeculae) that are oriented in direction of the greatest stress Woven Bone • Coarse with random orientation • Weaker than lamellar bone • Normally remodeled to lamellar bone Figure from Rockwood and Green’s: Fractures in Adults, 4th ed Bone Composition • Cells – Osteocytes – Osteoblasts – Osteoclasts • Extracellular Matrix – Organic (35%) • Collagen (type I) 90% • Osteocalcin, osteonectin, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, lipids (ground substance) – Inorganic (65%) • Primarily hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3(OH)2 Osteoblasts • Derived from mesenchymal stem cells • Line the surface of the bone and produce osteoid • Immediate precursor is fibroblast-like Picture courtesy Gwen Childs, PhD. preosteoblasts Osteocytes • Osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix – trapped in lacunae • Function