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Efes 2018 Combined Joint Live Fire Exercise
VOLUME 12 ISSUE 82 YEAR 2018 ISSN 1306 5998 A LOOK AT THE TURKISH DEFENSE INDUSTRY LAND PLATFORMS/SYSTEMS SECTOR EFES 2018 COMBINED JOINT LIVE FIRE EXERCISE PAKISTAN TO PROCURE 30 T129 ATAK HELICOPTER FROM TURKEY TURAF’S FIRST F-35A MAKES MAIDEN FLIGHT TURKISH DEFENCE & AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES 2017 PERFORMANCE REPORT ISSUE 82/2018 1 DEFENCE TURKEY VOLUME: 12 ISSUE: 82 YEAR: 2018 ISSN 1306 5998 Publisher Hatice Ayşe EVERS Publisher & Editor in Chief Ayşe EVERS 6 [email protected] Managing Editor Cem AKALIN [email protected] Editor İbrahim SÜNNETÇİ [email protected] Administrative Coordinator Yeşim BİLGİNOĞLU YÖRÜK [email protected] International Relations Director Şebnem AKALIN [email protected] Advertisement Director 30 Yasemin BOLAT YILDIZ [email protected] Translation Tanyel AKMAN [email protected] Editing Mona Melleberg YÜKSELTÜRK Robert EVERS Graphics & Design Gülsemin BOLAT Görkem ELMAS [email protected] Photographer Sinan Niyazi KUTSAL 46 Advisory Board (R) Major General Fahir ALTAN (R) Navy Captain Zafer BETONER Prof Dr. Nafiz ALEMDAROĞLU Cem KOÇ Asst. Prof. Dr. Altan ÖZKİL Kaya YAZGAN Ali KALIPÇI Zeynep KAREL DEFENCE TURKEY Administrative Office DT Medya LTD.STI Güneypark Kümeevleri (Sinpaş Altınoran) Kule 3 No:142 Çankaya Ankara / Turkey 58 Tel: +90 (312) 447 1320 [email protected] www.defenceturkey.com Printing Demir Ofis Kırtasiye Perpa Ticaret Merkezi B Blok Kat:8 No:936 Şişli / İstanbul Tel: +90 212 222 26 36 [email protected] www.demirofiskirtasiye.com Basım Tarihi Nisan - Mayıs 2018 Yayın Türü Süreli DT Medya LTD. ŞTİ. 74 © All rights reserved. -
Otokar 2019 Annual Report
OTOKAR 2019 ANNUAL REPORT CONTENTS 2 CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE 4 ABOUT 6 OTOKAR IN NUMBERS 8 SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION 10 AREAS OF OPERATION 12 MILESTONES 14 HIGHLIGHTS OF 2019 18 GENERAL ASSEMBLY 38 COMMERCIAL VEHICLES 40 DEFENSE INDUSTRY 42 R&D ACTIVITIES 44 CREATING VALUE FOR STAKEHOLDERS 46 DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION 48 SUSTAINABILITY 50 HUMAN RESOURCES 52 INVESTOR RELATIONS 54 FUTURE 56 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 72 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 149 INFORMATION DOCUMENTS 154 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COMPLIANCE REPORT 166 GLOSSARY WE EMBARKED ON A JOURNEY WITH THE IDEA OF INTRODUCING A FIRST IN OUR COUNTRY. WE WORKED HARD AND WENT FAR WITH FIRM STEPS. INNOVATIONS AND NEW FIRSTS FOLLOWED. ON EVERY PATH WE SET OFF, SAYING, “WE CAN!”, WE PROVED OURSELVES. WE TRANSCENDED BORDERS WITH OUR NAME AND OPENED UP TO THE WORLD. WE STARTED TO TRAVEL THE ROADS IN MORE THAN 60 COUNTRIES ON FIVE CONTINENTS. WE CONTINUED TO PURSUE OUR GOALS WITH DETERMINATION. EMPOWERED BY OUR PROUD ACHIEVEMENTS, WE NEVER LOST SIGHT OF OUR GOALS. WE ARE ON A JOURNEY TOWARD THE FUTURE SINCE THE VERY FIRST DAY, ALWAYS AIMING TO STAY AHEAD OF THE CURVE, AND TAKING EACH STEP WITH EYES FIRMLY FIXED ON OUR GOALS. WE ARE READY FOR THE FUTURE! OVERVIEW GENERAL ASSEMBLY OTOKAR IN 2019 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS INFORMATION DOCUMENT CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COMPLIANCE REPORT CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE OTOKAR CONTINUED TO REMAIN FOCUSED ON THE LONG-TERM GOALS AND ACHIEVED A RECORD GROWTH OF 45 PERCENT IN 2019 WITH TL 2.4 BILLION IN SALES. 2 OTOKAR 2019 ANNUAL REPORT Esteemed Shareholders, Partners domestic market, we continued to In commercial vehicles, our 2020 and Employees, be the most preferred bus brand target is to increase bus sales globally in our specifc segments, with one and especially in the European I am proud to report that 2019 was a out of every three buses sold in market. -
The Defence Needs of Azerbaijani Armed Forces for Peace, Security, and Stability
Open Military Studies 2020; 1: 79–87 Research Article Muhammad Ali Baig*,† The Defence Needs of Azerbaijani Armed Forces for Peace, Security, and Stability https://10.1515/openms-2020-0106 Received Oct 15, 2020; accepted Dec 11, 2020 Abstract: Azerbaijan is a peace-loving country and a cooperative member of the United Nations Organization. Being a sovereign member of the international community, it has all the rights and privileges entitled to a state. However, the claims of neighbouring Armenia driven by irredentism and revanchism over the contested region of Nagorno Karabakh have led to numerous conflicts between the two. Having the role of ensuring Azerbaijan’s political integrity and sovereign status, the role of its armed forces is demanding yet challenging. This article is geared towards analysing the operational capabilities of Azerbaijani Armed Forces with a special focus on equipment, doctrine, and command and control platforms. It also assesses and prescribes the necessary and immediate needs to deter the threats and to thwart any military conflict. It theorises the potential of Azerbaijan-Pakistan defence relations. Finally, it aspires to take a structural approach in explaining the state behaviour and the relevance of security in contemporary times. Keywords: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Nagorno Karabakh, Armed Forces, Caspian Sea, Peace and Security 1 Introduction The military force of a state not only ensures security, but it guarantees a rapid yet credible response in case of an armed conflict. The size, structure, organization and equipment along with training play a vital role in such endeavours. Apart from these pivotal constituent elements, the doctrine by the virtue of which an armed force guides its actions serves as the basic framework to achieve policy objectives. -
Soloturk Celebrates Its 10Th Anniversary
VOLUME 15 . ISSUE 108 . YEAR 2021 SOLOTURK CELEBRATES ITS 10TH ANNIVERSARY ASELSAN’S NEW ELECTRO-OPTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR NATIONAL UAV PLATFORMS PN-MILGEM CORVETTES TO BE ARMED WITH THE S-80 PLUS MBDA’S ALBATROS SUBMARINE NG NBAD SYSTEM! PROGRAM ISSN 1306 5998 Yayıncı / Publisher Hatice Ayşe EVERS 6 48 Genel Yayın Yönetmeni / Editor in Chief Hatice Ayşe EVERS (AKALIN) [email protected] Şef Editör / Managing Editor Cem AKALIN [email protected] Uluslararası İlişkiler Direktörü / International Relations Director Şebnem AKALIN [email protected] Kıdemli Editör/ Senior Editor TEI-PD170-DT Turbodiesel İbrahim SÜNNETÇİ [email protected] Aviation Engine Through the Eyes of an Engineer İdari İşler Kordinatörü / Administrative Coordinator Yeşim BİLGİNOĞLU YÖRÜK [email protected] Muhabir / Correspondent Saffet UYANIK Major General Sergei 50 [email protected] SIMONENKO: “We Could Take Çeviri / Translation Certain Steps Towards Building up Tanyel AKMAN Our Contacts and Strengthening, [email protected] Among Other things, Military- Redaksiyon / Proof Reading Technical Cooperation Between Mona Melleberg YÜKSELTÜRK the Defense establishments of Our States.” Grafik & Tasarım / Graphics & Design Gülsemin BOLAT Görkem ELMAS [email protected] Fotoğrafçı / Photographer Sinan Niyazi KUTSAL Havacılık Fotoğrafçısı / Aviation Photographer 20 Cem DOĞUT Yazarlar / Authors Cem DOĞUT Cem Devrim YAYLALI Feridun TAŞDAN Yayın Danışma Kurulu / Advisory Board (R) Major General -
Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository
Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository Modeling and Analyzing a Patch of Human Red Blood Cell by Coarse-Grained Particle Method Kaya, Orhan 2019 Find more at https://preserve.lib.lehigh.edu/ This document is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modeling and Analyzing a Patch of Human Red Blood Cell by Coarse-Grained Particle Method by Orhan Kaya A Thesis Presented to the Graduate and Research Committee of Lehigh University in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Science in Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics Lehigh University Jan - 2019 I Thesis is accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science in Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics. -------------------------- Date Approved ---------------------------------------------- Dr. Yaling Liu, Thesis Advisor ---------------------------------------------- Dr. Gary Harlow, Chairperson of Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to dedicate this thesis to my family, including my mother Yazgül Kaya, my sister, Duygu Kaya, and my father, Hıdır Kaya. As someone who was not able to go to school, my mother dedicated her life to me. She invested all her time and energy, in working nonstop to finance my education. Second, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Yaling Liu, who gave me the opportunity to pursue my Master of Science at his excellent interdisciplinary research laboratory and to purchase a mini workstation to run my simulation on it. His laboratory allowed me to acquire high-quality knowledge and taught me how to do real research not only in my research area but also in diverse research fields with different scopes. -
Experimental and Numerical Approaches to Evaluate the Crushing Behavior of Combined Geometry Core Sandwich Structures Against Blast
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL APPROACHES TO EVALUATE THE CRUSHING BEHAVIOR OF COMBINED GEOMETRY CORE SANDWICH STRUCTURES AGAINST BLAST A Thesis Submitted to The Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences of İzmir Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Mechanical Engineering by Ali KARA July 2015 İZMİR We approve the thesis of Ali KARA12 points Student's name (bold) Examining Committee Members: ______________________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alper TAŞDEMİRCİ Department of Mechanical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology ______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ramazan KARAKUZU Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University ______________________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. H. Seçil ARTEM Department of Mechanical Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology ______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Hakan ÇETİNEL Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celal Bayar University ______________________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Buket OKUTAN BABA Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celal Bayar University 09 July 2015 ________________________ ________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alper TAŞDEMİRCİ Prof. Dr. Mustafa GÜDEN Supervisor, Department of Co-Supervisor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering İzmir Institute of Technology İzmir Institute of Technology ________________________ ________________________ Prof. Dr. Metin TANOĞLU Prof. Dr. Bilge KARAÇALI Head of the Department of Dean of the Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering and Sciences ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly I would like to thank to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alper TAŞDEMİRCİ for accepting me to unique Dynamic Testing and Modeling Laboratory, for his lead the way for me in the high strain rate universe, and for the great contributions, encouragement, and support during my studies even at the times that I feel desperate. Secondly, I would like to thank to my co-supervisor Prof. -
A Review on Design and Analysis of Amphibious Vehicle
International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com Volume No.04, Issue No. 01, January 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537 A REVIEW ON DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AMPHIBIOUS VEHICLE Prof. P. S. Shirsath1, Prof. M. S. Hajare2, Prof. G. D. Sonawane3, Mr. Atul Kuwar4, Mr. S. U. Gunjal5 1,2,3Asst. Prof., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sandip Foundation’s- SITRC, Mahiraavani, Trimbak Road, Nashik, Maharashtra, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, (India) 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sandip Foundation’s- SITRC, Mahiraavani, Trimbak Road, Nashik, Maharashtra, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, (India) 5P. G. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GS Mandal’s- MIT, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, (India) ABSTRACT An Amphibious vehicle is a means of transport, viable on land as well as on water even under water. It is simply may also called as Amphibian. Amphibious vehicle is a concept of vehicle having versatile usage. It can be put forward for the commercialization purpose with respect to various applications like in the field of military and rescue operations. Researchers are working on amphibious vehicle with capability to run in adverse conditions in efficient way. This paper focuses on concept of amphibious vehicle in detail. In later stage of paper we have explain and described the design and analysis of amphibious car. We have followed proper design procedure and enlisted the material used in detail. Capabilities of efficient amphibious vehicle will fulfil all the emerging needs of society. Success of every concept largely relies on research and development, though amphibious vehicle is yet to travel a long journey of innovative development, it has shown excellent potentials for future benefits. -
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MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 2490 The Escalating Northern Front in Yemen by Michael Knights, Alex Almeida Sep 24, 2015 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Michael Knights Michael Knights is the Boston-based Jill and Jay Bernstein Fellow of The Washington Institute, specializing in the military and security affairs of Iraq, Iran, and the Persian Gulf states. Alex Almeida Alex Almeida is the head security analyst at a leading risk advisory firm. Brief Analysis The GCC-backed ground campaign to liberate Sana is building momentum, but urgent points of focus for U.S. security cooperation are becoming evident as Houthi resistance stiffens. ince liberating the southern port city of Aden in July, forces loyal to Yemeni president Hadi Abdu Rabu S Mansour and their Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) allies have been engaged in a multipronged offensive to roll back Houthi control of the south. The United Arab Emirates mechanized brigade task force and Egyptian special forces backed by Emirati and Saudi AH-64 Apache helicopters are now battling to control Taizz, Yemen's third- largest city. Similar task forces have fanned out into Abyan, Bayda, and Ibb provinces, advancing within a hundred kilometers of the capital and liberating the Balhaf oil terminal. Houthi resistance has been stiffening in recent weeks, however. On August 25, a UAE-supported column ran into a Houthi ambush near Mukayras in Bayda province, losing at least seven UAE-supplied mine-resistant ambush- protected (MRAP) vehicles. The northward advance on Sana is now pausing as a second front develops from the east. EASTERN FRONT AGAINST SANA n August 7, an armored column entered Yemen's Marib province from Saudi Arabia at al-Wadiah border Ocrossing, composed of UAE ground troops and Saudi-trained Hadi loyalists. -
Otokar 2020 Annual Report Contents
OTOKAR 2020 ANNUAL REPORT CONTENTS 2 CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE 4 ABOUT 6 OTOKAR IN NUMBERS 7 ComPetITIVE ADVantages 8 SUMMARY FINANCIAL INFORMATION 10 AREAS OF OPERATION 12 MILESTONES 14 HIGHLIGHTS OF 2020 18 GENERAL ASSEMBLY 38 COMMERCIAL VEHICLES 40 DEFENSE INDUSTRY 42 R&D ACTIVITIES 44 CreatIng Value for StakeholDers 48 DIGItal TransformatIon 50 SustaInabILIty 56 Human Resources 58 INVestor RelatIons 60 FUTURE 62 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 82 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 157 INFORMATION DOCUMENTS 163 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COMPLIANCE REPORT 176 GLOSSARY AS WE EMBARK ON NEW JOURNEYS, INTRODUCE FIRSTS, MAKE OUR MARK IN EVERY STEP WE TAKE, KEEP INNOVATING, REACH EACH AND EVERY TARGET, BELIEVING THAT “WE CAN,” TRANSCEND BORDERS WITH OUR BRAND, TRAVEL THE ROADS OF THE WORLD MILE AFTER MILE, PROUDLY ACHIEVE MORE AND MORE FOR OURSELVES AND OUR COUNTRY, OUR GOAL REMAINS THE SAME, NO MATTER WHAT: WE ARE ALWAYS HEADED TOWARD THE FUTURE! OVERVIEW GENERAL ASSEMBLY OTOKAR IN 2020 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS INFORMATION DOCUMENT CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COMPLIANCE REPORT CHAIRMAN’S MESSAGE Esteemed Shareholders, Partners and Employees, We left behind a very difficult year that challenged the entire world. We deeply felt impact of pandemic on our fields of operation. From the early days of the pandemic, we took all necessary measures to protect the health of our employees as a priority, ensure business continuity, mitigate the impact and prevent infection. With safe production practices and several measures in place, our operations continued in the healthiest manner. During these trying times, our biggest strength and most valuable asset was our employees as always. I am thankful too all our colleagues for their selfless efforts in ensuring that our company delivered successful results in 2020 despite the pandemic. -
2019 9-Month Financial Results INTRODUCTION
2019 9-Month Financial Results INTRODUCTION Turkey’s the largest private and 100% domestically owned company in defense industry A global company, intellectual property rights belong to itself and its products are in use on 5 continents as well as in more than 60 countries Turkish Armed Forces’ leading supplier and exporter of land platforms Turkey’s market leader in passenger bus segment with a capacity of 25 people and over for the last 10 years 1 1 VISION & MISSION Vision Otokar’s vision is to preserve the local and national identity of its products by developing technologies in-house, also to provide continued satisfaction for its clients, employees, and shareholders with total excellence philosophy. Mission Otokar’s primary mission is to design, manufacture and market commercial vehicles and various defense industry products with global competitive strength, all developed to meet customer expectations. 2 2 BRIEF HISTORY 1963 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s . Establishment .Turkey’s first .Production of .Military armoured .Merge with the .Establishment of Otokar . Production of interciy bus 4x4 tactical vehicles by own İstanbul Fruehauf Europe (OESAS) buses under .The first Turkish vehicle under desing A.S. .Multi-wheeled armoured the license of Armoured the license of .Turkey’s first .Production of small tactical vehicle family Magirus-Deutz Vehicle Land Rover export of tactical and mid size buses .Production of City Buses production armoured vehicle .Production of .Turkey’s first electric bus Turkey’s first hybrid .Atlas Light Truck .Partnering with .Sakarya bus .Introduced new armoured Koç Group plant/factory .The prime contractor tactical wheeled vehicle, URAL of ALTAY Project .Tracked Armoured Vehicle TULPAR .POYRAZ midibus .Establishment of Otokar Land Systems (OLS) in U.A.E .Turkey’s first electric armoured vehicle, AKREP IIe 3 OVERVIEW Koç Holding USD 268 MILLION 45% EXPORT REVENUES IN 2019 9M FOUNDED IN 1963 SHAREHOLDING Ünver Holding A.Ş. -
Hope Probe »مسبار األمل« Launch of the Emirati Dream االنطالقة األجمل للحلم االماراتي in the Coming 50 Years في »الخمسينية« الثانية
A Specialised Journal on Military & Strategic Affairs - 49 th Year - Issue No. 590 MARCH 2021 مجلة عسكرية استراتيجية - السنة 49 العــدد 590 مارس 2021 رجب 1442هـ :Hope Probe «مسبار اﻷمل» Launch of the Emirati Dream اﻻنطﻻقة اﻷجمل للحلم اﻻماراتي in the Coming 50 Years في «الخمسينية» الثانية IDEX, NAVDEX 2021 Otokar’s Vehicles محمد بن راشد آيدكس ونافدكس 2021 UAE hosted world, Steal the Show يرعى حفل تخريج الدورة الـ 45 من نجاح استثنائي وحضور proved recovery from المرشحين الضباط في كلية زايد متميز للصناعات العسكرية COVID-19 الثاني العسكرية بالعين اﻹماراتية 2021 MARCH 590 Issue No. SmartGlider: المركبة المدرعة The Answer to Destroying TITUS تتخطى موانع Best-defended Targets الحرب المختلطة CAE to be Prime Integrator “مسبار اﻷمل” .. عنوان لقوة for NSE Ecosystem اﻹمارات الشاملة رئيس التحرير مدير التحرير سكرتير التحرير العالقات العامة التصميم واإلخراج العقيد الركن/ يوسف جمعة الحداد المقدم/ جميل السعدي حسين المناعي ندى الشاطري أحمد محمود MMP_210x297_NS_uk.indd 1 04/02/2021 11:16 رئيس التحرير مدير التحرير سكرتير التحرير العالقات العامة التصميم واإلخراج العقيد الركن/ يوسف جمعة الحداد المقدم/ جميل السعدي حسين المناعي ندى الشاطري أحمد محمود اﻹفتتاحية “آيدكس 2021” .. يقود العالم للتعافي من جائحة كورونا وهذا ﻻ شك إنجاز نوعي يحسب لدولة اﻹمارات التي استطاعت أن تعيد الزخم ًمجددا لهذه النوعية من الفعاليات الكبرى التي شهدت ًتراجعا كبيرًا منذ ظهور جائحة كورونا«كوفيد-19« نهاية العام 2019، وتوقفت معها معظم المعارض الدولية. لقد أعادت الدورة الحالية لـ«آيدكس« و«نافدكس« الثقة في إمكانية التعافي السريع من تداعيات هذه الجائحة، فحجم المشاركة الدولية فيها سواء من جانب -
Mortar Carriers
MORTAR CARRIERS MORTAR CARRIERS Argentine Mortar Carriers Austrian Mortar Carriers Brazilian Mortar Carriers British Mortar Carriers Canadian Mortar Carriers Chinese Mortar Carriers Czech Mortar Carriers Finnish Mortar Carriers French Mortar Carriers German Mortar Carriers Hungarian Mortar Carriers Indian Mortar Carriers International Mortar Carriers Iraqi Mortar Carriers Israeli Mortar Carriers Japanese Mortar Carriers Kuwaiti Mortar Carriers Portuguese Mortar Carriers Romanian Mortar Carriers Russian Mortar Carriers Saudi Mortar Carriers South African Mortar Carriers South Korean Mortar Carriers Spanish Mortar Carriers Swedish Mortar Carriers Turkish Mortar Carriers US Mortar Carriers file:///E/My%20Webs/mortar_carriers/mortar_carriers_2.htm[5/7/2020 10:51:51 AM] Argentine Mortar Carriers TAMSE VCTM Notes: The VCTM (sometimes called the VCTM-TAM or TAM-VCTM) is an Argentine mortar carrier based on the chassis of the VCTP armored personnel carrier. The Argentines have 54 of these vehicles on hand at present, though they do not currently have plans to manufacture more. In this role, the turret is removed, and in its place is a hump-backed rear with a set of large hatches, which are opened when the mortar is to be fired. What is normally the rear cargo area is taken up by the mortar, a turntable built into the floor of the vehicle, a special bipod and sight assembly designed for the vehicle, and ammunition racks. However, the VCTM carries only a limited amount of ammunition and charges internally (like almost all mortar carriers) and during most extended firing missions, the VCTM is fed by crewmembers manning ammunition stacks and charge containers outside the rear doors of the vehicle, who attach the charges to the rounds according to the range required and then pass them by hand to the assistant gunner (the crewmember who actually drops the round down the tube).