A Review on Design and Analysis of Amphibious Vehicle
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International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com Volume No.04, Issue No. 01, January 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537 A REVIEW ON DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AMPHIBIOUS VEHICLE Prof. P. S. Shirsath1, Prof. M. S. Hajare2, Prof. G. D. Sonawane3, Mr. Atul Kuwar4, Mr. S. U. Gunjal5 1,2,3Asst. Prof., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sandip Foundation’s- SITRC, Mahiraavani, Trimbak Road, Nashik, Maharashtra, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, (India) 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sandip Foundation’s- SITRC, Mahiraavani, Trimbak Road, Nashik, Maharashtra, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, (India) 5P. G. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GS Mandal’s- MIT, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, (India) ABSTRACT An Amphibious vehicle is a means of transport, viable on land as well as on water even under water. It is simply may also called as Amphibian. Amphibious vehicle is a concept of vehicle having versatile usage. It can be put forward for the commercialization purpose with respect to various applications like in the field of military and rescue operations. Researchers are working on amphibious vehicle with capability to run in adverse conditions in efficient way. This paper focuses on concept of amphibious vehicle in detail. In later stage of paper we have explain and described the design and analysis of amphibious car. We have followed proper design procedure and enlisted the material used in detail. Capabilities of efficient amphibious vehicle will fulfil all the emerging needs of society. Success of every concept largely relies on research and development, though amphibious vehicle is yet to travel a long journey of innovative development, it has shown excellent potentials for future benefits. Keywords- Amphibious Vehicle, Design and Analysis, Efficient Way, Excellent Potentials, Future Benefits, Research and Development, Versatile Usage I. INTRODUCTION Vehicle design is one of the important aspects for the performance of a vehicle. When the vehicle across a medium at high speed, the medium will acts on the vehicle in term of resistance [1]. Air is one of the medium of space that provide resistance when vehicle travelling at high speed due to air space densities. This contributes to the consumption of fuel use of for vehicles. Besides that, the design of the vehicle should have an aura of attraction to people who see every details of design in terms of creativity and aesthetical value. Therefore, in this paper designs process are documented according to stage which the design is start from scratch. Selection of materials for the manufacture of basic materials is an important vehicle for ensuring that the vehicle is able to float on the water [2]. Among the criteria required material for manufacture of the vehicle is that it must be durable, has good properties of waterproof, easy to set up and easy to do the repairs in the event of damage and maintenance work. 43 | P a g e International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com Volume No.04, Issue No. 01, January 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537 II. HISTORY Some of the earliest known amphibious vehicles were amphibious carriages, the invention of which is credited to the notorious Neapolitan Prince Raimondo di Sangro of Sansevero (ca. 1750) or Sir Samuel Bentham (1781). The first known self-propelled amphibious vehicle, a steam-powered wheeled dredging barge, named the Orukter Amphibolos, was conceived and built by United States inventor Oliver Evans in 1805, although it is disputed to have successfully travelled over land or water under its own steam [3]. Fig. 1 A US DUK-W Amphibious Assault Vehicle Converted For Tourist Use In London. Although it is unclear who (and where and when) built the first combustion-engined amphibian, in all likelihood the development of powered amphibious vehicles didn't start until 1899. Until the late 1920s the efforts to unify a boat and an automobile mostly came down to simply putting wheels and axles on a boat hull, or getting a rolling chassis to float by blending a boat-like hull with the car's frame (Pohl, 1998). One of the first reasonably well documented cases was the 1905 amphibious petrol-powered carriage of T. Richmond (Jessup, Iowa, USA). Just like the world's first petrol-powered automobile (1885, Carl Benz) it was a three-wheeler. The single front wheel provided direction, both on land and in the water. A three-cylinder petrol combustion-engine powered the oversized rear wheels. In order to get the wheels to provide propulsion in the water, fins or buckets would be attached to the rear wheel spokes. Remarkably the boat-like hull was one of the first integral bodies ever used on a car (Pohl, 1998) [3]. Since the 1920s development of amphibious vehicles greatly diversified. Numerous designs have been created for a broad range of applications, including recreation, expeditions, search & rescue, and military, leading to a myriad of concepts and variants. In some of them the amphibious capabilities are central to their purpose, whereas in others they are only an expansion to what has remained primarily a watercraft or a land vehicle [3, 4]. 2.1 Background of Amphicar Fig. 2 Concept of Amphicar 44 | P a g e International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com Volume No.04, Issue No. 01, January 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537 Amphicar was manufactured in Berlin Germany from 1962 to 1967. Approx 4500 were produced, most went to USA (at least 3700), There are maybe 500 still in regular use, with are 7 in the UK and about 80 in the rest of Europe. Even now, Amphicar is the only non-military Amphibious vehicle ever put into production on a commercial basis (ie more than 50 produced). The many rules and regulations for road and water going vehicles make it very unlikely that another car based amphibian will ever be produced. Amphicar is capable of over 70mph on road, 8 knots on water. It is comfortable enough to drive 500 miles a day, road behaviour is similar to a good 1960s European saloon car or a 1980s American car. Amphicar cost $5m to design in the late 1950's. It is totally watertight. The engine is in the rear, it is the same as used in the Triumph Herald, 1147cc, 43HP, transmission drives rear wheels through unique land/water gearbox. Amphicar has connections with other manufacturers, many Amphicar employees came from Borgward and there are many parts in common between the cars. Much of the braking system and suspension is Mercedes. The transmission internals are Porsche 356 as are some parts of the fuel system. In 1967 the Amphicar corporation was owned by the Quandt group, who also owned and still own a controlling share of, BMW. Amphicar failed because it was too expensive when new, however it is capable of some serious sea crossings, ie Africa to Spain, San Diego to Catalina Island and England to France (3 times, once in a force 6 gale). Amphicar is made of steel so was prone to rust, however modern paint and waxes can stop rust being a problem. It does need more maintenance than other cars but maintenance schedules are no worse than some 4x4 vehicles. Amphicar has the highest rear fins of any production car, about 1 inch higher than a '59 Cadillac [4]. III. TECHNICAL ASPECTS Apart from the distinction in sizes mentioned above, two main categories of amphibious vehicle are immediately apparent: those that travel on an air-cushion (Hovercraft) and those that don't. Amongst the latter, many designs were prompted by the desire to expand the off-road capabilities of land-vehicles to an "all-terrain" ability, in some cases not only focused on creating a transport that will work on land and water, but also on intermediates like ice, snow, mud, marsh, swamp etc.. This explains why many designs use tracks in addition to or instead of wheels, and in some cases even resort to articulated body configurations or other unconventional designs such as screw-propelled vehicles which use auger-like barrels which propel a vehicle through muddy terrain with a twisting motion. Most land vehicles – even lightly armored ones – can be made amphibious simply by providing them with a waterproof hull and perhaps a propellor. This is possible thanks to the vehicle's volume usually being bigger than its displacement, meaning it will float. Heavily armored vehicles however sometimes have a density greater than water (their weight in kilograms exceeds their volume in litres), and will need additional buoyancy measures. These can take the form of inflatable floatation devices, much like the sides of a rubber dinghy, or a waterproof fabric skirt raised from the top perimeter of the vehicle. In the case of the Land Rover pictured to the side, floats in the shape of oil-drums have been used to create a vehicle that will swim much like an improvised raft. For propulsion in or on the water some vehicles simply make do by spinning their wheels or tracks, while others can power their way forward more effectively using (additional) screw propeller(s) or water jet(s). Most amphibians will work only as a displacement hull when in the water – only a small number of designs have the capability to raise out of the water when speed is gained, to achieve high velocity hydroplaning, skimming over the water surface like speedboats [3, 4]. 45 | P a g e International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com Volume No.04, Issue No. 01, January 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537 3.1 Need of Amphibious Vehicle About 75% of Earth‘s surface is covered by water.