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International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com Volume No.04, Issue No. 01, January 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537 A REVIEW ON DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AMPHIBIOUS

Prof. P. S. Shirsath1, Prof. M. S. Hajare2, Prof. G. D. Sonawane3, Mr. Atul Kuwar4, Mr. S. U. Gunjal5

1,2,3Asst. Prof., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sandip Foundation’s- SITRC, Mahiraavani, Trimbak , Nashik, Maharashtra, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, (India) 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sandip Foundation’s- SITRC, Mahiraavani, Trimbak Road, Nashik, Maharashtra, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, (India) 5P. G. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GS Mandal’s- MIT, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, (India)

ABSTRACT An is a means of transport, viable on land as well as on water even under water. It is simply may also called as Amphibian. Amphibious vehicle is a concept of vehicle having versatile usage. It can be put forward for the commercialization purpose with respect to various applications like in the field of military and rescue operations. Researchers are working on amphibious vehicle with capability to run in adverse conditions in efficient way. This paper focuses on concept of amphibious vehicle in detail. In later stage of paper we have explain and described the design and analysis of amphibious . We have followed proper design procedure and enlisted the material used in detail. Capabilities of efficient amphibious vehicle will fulfil all the emerging needs of society. Success of every concept largely relies on research and development, though amphibious vehicle is yet to travel a long journey of innovative development, it has shown excellent potentials for future benefits.

Keywords- Amphibious Vehicle, Design and Analysis, Efficient Way, Excellent Potentials, Future

Benefits, Research and Development, Versatile Usage

I. INTRODUCTION

Vehicle design is one of the important aspects for the performance of a vehicle. When the vehicle across a medium at high speed, the medium will acts on the vehicle in term of resistance [1]. Air is one of the medium of space that provide resistance when vehicle travelling at high speed due to air space densities. This contributes to the consumption of fuel use of for . Besides that, the design of the vehicle should have an aura of attraction to people who see every details of design in terms of creativity and aesthetical value. Therefore, in this paper designs process are documented according to stage which the design is start from scratch. Selection of materials for the manufacture of basic materials is an important vehicle for ensuring that the vehicle is able to float on the water [2]. Among the criteria required material for manufacture of the vehicle is that it must be durable, has good properties of waterproof, easy to set up and easy to do the repairs in the event of damage and maintenance work.

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II. HISTORY

Some of the earliest known amphibious vehicles were amphibious carriages, the invention of which is credited to the notorious Neapolitan Prince Raimondo di Sangro of Sansevero (ca. 1750) or Sir Samuel Bentham (1781). The first known self-propelled amphibious vehicle, a steam-powered wheeled dredging barge, named the Orukter Amphibolos, was conceived and built by inventor Oliver Evans in 1805, although it is disputed to have successfully travelled over land or water under its own steam [3].

Fig. 1 A US DUK-W Amphibious Assault Vehicle Converted For Tourist Use In London. Although it is unclear who (and where and when) built the first combustion-engined amphibian, in all likelihood the development of powered amphibious vehicles didn't start until 1899. Until the late 1920s the efforts to unify a and an automobile mostly came down to simply putting wheels and axles on a boat , or getting a rolling to float by blending a boat-like hull with the car's frame (Pohl, 1998). One of the first reasonably well documented cases was the 1905 amphibious petrol-powered carriage of T. Richmond (Jessup, Iowa, USA). Just like the world's first petrol-powered automobile (1885, Carl Benz) it was a three-wheeler. The single front wheel provided direction, both on land and in the water. A three-cylinder petrol combustion-engine powered the oversized rear wheels. In order to get the wheels to provide propulsion in the water, fins or buckets would be attached to the rear wheel spokes. Remarkably the boat-like hull was one of the first integral bodies ever used on a car (Pohl, 1998) [3]. Since the 1920s development of amphibious vehicles greatly diversified. Numerous designs have been created for a broad range of applications, including recreation, expeditions, search & rescue, and military, leading to a myriad of concepts and variants. In some of them the amphibious capabilities are central to their purpose, whereas in others they are only an expansion to what has remained primarily a watercraft or a land vehicle [3, 4]. 2.1 Background of Amphicar

Fig. 2 Concept of Amphicar

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Amphicar was manufactured in Berlin from 1962 to 1967. Approx 4500 were produced, most went to USA (at least 3700), There are maybe 500 still in regular use, with are 7 in the UK and about 80 in the rest of Europe. Even now, Amphicar is the only non-military Amphibious vehicle ever put into production on a commercial basis (ie more than 50 produced). The many rules and regulations for road and water going vehicles make it very unlikely that another car based amphibian will ever be produced. Amphicar is capable of over 70mph on road, 8 knots on water. It is comfortable enough to drive 500 miles a day, road behaviour is similar to a good 1960s European saloon car or a 1980s American car. Amphicar cost $5m to design in the late 1950's. It is totally watertight. The engine is in the rear, it is the same as used in the , 1147cc, 43HP, drives rear wheels through unique land/water gearbox. Amphicar has connections with other manufacturers, many Amphicar employees came from Borgward and there are many parts in common between the . Much of the braking system and suspension is Mercedes. The transmission internals are 356 as are some parts of the fuel system. In 1967 the Amphicar corporation was owned by the Quandt group, who also owned and still own a controlling share of, BMW. Amphicar failed because it was too expensive when new, however it is capable of some serious sea crossings, ie Africa to Spain, San Diego to Catalina Island and England to (3 times, once in a force 6 gale). Amphicar is made of steel so was prone to rust, however modern paint and waxes can stop rust being a problem. It does need more maintenance than other cars but maintenance schedules are no worse than some 4x4 vehicles. Amphicar has the highest rear fins of any production car, about 1 inch higher than a '59 Cadillac [4].

III. ASPECTS

Apart from the distinction in sizes mentioned above, two main categories of amphibious vehicle are immediately apparent: those that travel on an air-cushion () and those that don't. Amongst the latter, many designs were prompted by the desire to expand the off-road capabilities of land-vehicles to an "all-terrain" ability, in some cases not only focused on creating a transport that will work on land and water, but also on intermediates like ice, snow, mud, marsh, swamp etc.. This explains why many designs use tracks in addition to or instead of wheels, and in some cases even resort to articulated body configurations or other unconventional designs such as screw-propelled vehicles which use auger-like barrels which propel a vehicle through muddy terrain with a twisting motion. Most land vehicles – even lightly armored ones – can be made amphibious simply by providing them with a waterproof hull and perhaps a propellor. This is possible thanks to the vehicle's volume usually being bigger than its displacement, meaning it will float. Heavily armored vehicles however sometimes have a density greater than water (their weight in kilograms exceeds their volume in litres), and will need additional buoyancy measures. These can take the form of inflatable floatation devices, much like the sides of a rubber dinghy, or a waterproof fabric skirt raised from the top perimeter of the vehicle. In the case of the pictured to the side, floats in the shape of oil-drums have been used to create a vehicle that will swim much like an improvised raft. For propulsion in or on the water some vehicles simply make do by spinning their wheels or tracks, while others can power their way forward more effectively using (additional) screw (s) or water jet(s). Most amphibians will work only as a displacement hull when in the water – only a small number of designs have the capability to raise out of the water when speed is gained, to achieve high velocity hydroplaning, skimming over the water surface like speedboats [3, 4].

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3.1 Need of Amphibious Vehicle About 75% of Earth‘s surface is covered by water. A vehicle that could travel on land and water could potentially change current transportation model. Transportation on land is very common but on the other hand water ways are naturally available but are not considerably used relatively, and here the Amphibian vehicles are proved to be beneficial. 3.2 Facts about Amphicar

Fig. 3 Amphicar in Snow Amphicar is great in snow, better than many 4x4s. With 10 inches of ground clearance, a totally flat bottom and narrow rear wheels Amphicar has tremendous traction and ability. The car that looks most like the Amphicar from the rear is the Jaguar XK220, Below bumper level the shape is identical, a large bulge around the engine and everything very flat for ground effect/hydrodynamics. The Jaguar does not have the advantage of which makes it much slower in the water. Amphicar recently featured in US movie "Pontiac Moon". Amphicar spare parts still available in the US, contact Hugh Gordon, 14330 Iseli Road, Santa Fe Springs, 90670. Telephone 714 523 3512 fax 562 404 1904 Many people have tried to build a better Amphibian than the Amphicar, there are as many as 2 or 3 a year, to date nobody has managed to improve on the original package. The very first vehicles were Amphibians. The last two companies to attempt production of Amphibious vehicles were Hobbycar of France and AmphiRanger of Germany. The production always was small scale / build to order but it's sad that the factories finally closed in 1996. A UK Kit Car manufacturer (Tim Dutton) has been

46 | P a g e International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com Volume No.04, Issue No. 01, January 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537 developing an Amphibious Kit Car called the Dutton Mariner. It has a fibreglass body, water jet propulsion and Ford Fiesta mechanicals, more information on the other amphibious vehicle page. Amphibious vehicle use on UK rivers could become technically impossible if a ridiculous bunch of rules developed by British Waterways become law. The Boat Safety Scheme applies current rules retrospectively and has been universally condemned, more info from the National Association of Boat Owners. Many owners of classic cars, and classic have problems with "bad" laws that are applied retrospectively and without due consideration. It's a problem that is likely to get worse. Amphicar at the movies! Check out the following films: "The Sandwich Man" and "Rotten to the core" (1960s English). "The Presidents Analyst" (1967) and Pontiac Moon (1992). TV includes The Avengers episode "Castle Derth"(1967). Pop Videos include Madonna "Start me up"(1983) and Jameriqui "Summertime"(1996) And don't forget the 1960's Come Alive Pepsi Cola commercial that had an Amphicar driving into the water at over 50mph. Amphicars in British Museums, but ring first to check, now the only place is the Lakeland Motor Museum in South Cumbria, the Amphicars that were at Totnes and Beaulieu have been sold. Amphicar Clubs, there is a small club in Germany, but you really need to speak German. In the UK the Amphicar is represented by the Triumph Sports Six Club TSSC and in the rest of the World, particularly the USA, by the International Amphicar Club.

3.3 Unique features of Amphicar  Road clearance, 2 inches greater than a , make it an ideal off-road vehicle; a low first gear also contributes to its off-road capabilities.  Handles well even on windy days.  is as easy-turning as power steering, 2.5 turns lock to lock.  The tyres are even more oversize than other imported cars tyre life approaching 100,000 miles should not be difficult.  Excellent, easy shifting 4-speed transmission made by the makers of the world renowned Porsche transmission.  Rear engine traction for "go" in mud and snow.  Excellent, easy shifting 4-speed transmission made by the makers of the world renowned Porsche transmission.  space is roomy for a rear engine car. The car has a turning circle of 36feet for "U turn ability.  Much hand craftsmanship goes into the manufacture of the Amphicar.  The car is truly fabulous in the water and remarkably stable even in 58mph winds on large waters.  It takes 18 steps to have a day of boating the conventional way but only 3 steps the Amphicar way.  Because the Amphicar is an enclosed car one can go boating in complete comfort 9 or more months per year.  One must have a large and expensive boat to get the luxury interior features of the Amphicar.  Oversize cooling system.  Oversize oil capacity, plus oil cooler.  Oversize brakes with special waterproof linings.

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IV. LITERATURE SURVEY

4.1 Amphibious Vehicle

There are not many vehicles of this type used in daily use. Only some vehicles are used and that are used in military. Some of them are as follows.

4.2 Amphibious Cycles

An is capable of operation on both land and water. The design which has probably received the most coverage is Saidullah‘s . This has been featured on both the Discovery Channel and BBC News. The bike uses four rectangular air filled floats for buoyancy, and is propelled using two fan blades which have been attached to the spokes. Moraga‘s Cyclo Amphibious uses a simple frame to support three floaters which provide both the floatation and thrust. The wings on the powered wheels propel the vehicle in a similar way to a paddle wheel. The most recent attempt, featured in the Southern Daily Echo (5 June 2008) and The Daily Telegraph (6 June 2008) is that of seven engineering students at the University of Southampton. The Amphibious Cycle combines a recumbent frame with separate floats, and is propelled using a paddle wheel. A speed test on water achieved an average speed of 1.12 m/s. The cyclist was able to transition the cycle both into and out of the water unassisted. This elegant prototype has a real application in urban areas of flooding, as well as applications in the leisure industry [5].

4.3 Amphibious Amphibious buses are employed in some locations as a tourist attraction. A recent design is the AmphiCoach GTS-1.

Fig. 4 Amphibious buses 4.4 Amphibious and Barges With more than 20.000 units produced, the DUKW was the most successful amphibious of World War II. This 31-foot 6x6 truck was deployed in the Pacific theatre to establish and supply beachheads. It was designed as a wartime project by Sparkman & Stephens, the famous design firm who also designed the hull for the Ford GPA ‗Seep‘. During the war, Germany produced the and Schwimmwagen, and in the ‗50s, the Soviets developed the GAZ 46, BAV 485, and PTS. During the , the US Army used the amphibious articulated and the larger Caterpillar ‗Goer‘ truck-series to move supplies through the canals and rice paddies of Southeast Asia. The latter was based on a 1950s civil construction vehicle and became the US Army‘s standard heavy tactical truck before its replacement by the HEMTT. Although the vehicles‘ wheels were mounted without suspension or steering action,

48 | P a g e International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com Volume No.04, Issue No. 01, January 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537 and land speeds over 20 mph were ill-advised, its articulated design provided it with good maneuverability and helped it to keep all four wheels firmly in touch with uneven ground. Coupled with its amphibious capability, in the Vietnam War (especially during raining season), the M520 Goer developed a reputation of being able to go where other trucks could not [3, 4]. For taking vehicles and supplies onto the beaches the US used the 1950s designed LARC-V and the huge LARC-LX or ―BARC‖. At 63 feet long and 27 feet wide the latter is one of the largest wheeled amphibians to date. It could carry up to 100 tons of cargo or 200 people, but a more typical load was 60 tons of cargo or 120 people. The vehicle was powered by four V8 diesel engines positioned in the sides of the hull, each driving a single 8-foot wheel.

Fig. 5 Amphibious trucks and barges The used the 6x6 wheeled as their amphibious cargo carrier. This highly mobile 5-ton truck entered service with the in 1966. In the water it was driven by vectored thrust water-jet propulsion units at about 6 knots.American manufacturer Terrawind currently offers civilian amphibious buses and motorcoaches. EWK Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern GmbH (now General Dynamics European Land Systems) developed a unique amphibious vehicle, the M3 Amphibious Rig, that can be used as a ferry and as a floating bridge for trucks and heavy combat vehicles.

4.5 Wheeled armored vehicles

Fig. 6 Wheeled armored vehicles Many modern military vehicles, ranging from light wheeled command and reconnaissance, through armoured personnel carriers and , are manufactured with amphibious capabilities. Contemporary examples of wheeled armored amphibians are the French Panhard VBL and GIAT Industries VAB. The VBL (Véhicule 49 | P a g e

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Blindé Léger or "Light armoured vehicle") is a compact, lightly-armored 4x4 all-terrain vehicle that is fully amphibious and can swim at 5.4 km/h. The VAB (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé or "Armored Vanguard Vehicle") is a fully amphibious Armoured personnel carrier (APC), powered in the water by two water jets, mounted one on either side of the rear hull (see detail picture above). It entered service in 1976 and around 5000 were produced in numerous configurations, ranging from basic personnel carrier, anti- missile platform to riot control versions with a water cannon [3, 4]. During the the Soviet bloc states developed a number of amphibious APCs, fighting vehicles and tanks, both wheeled and tracked. Wheeled examples are the BRDM-1 and BRDM-2 4x4 armored scout cars, as well as the BTR-60, BTR-70, BTR-80 and BTR-94 8x8 armored personnel carriers and the BTR-90 infantry fighting vehicle. Turkish defence industry which is developing very fast made Cobra which has superiour abilities and exported it to many countries.

4.6 Amphibious tanks At the end of WW1 a Mark IX tank had airdrums attached to the side and was tested as an Amphibious vehicle. In World War II the British further developed amphibious tanks. First the Valentine, then the M4 Medium tank (named the Sherman by the British) were made amphibious with the addition of a rubberized canvas screen to provide additional buoyancy and propellers driven by the main engine to give propulsion. These were DD tanks (from "Duplex Drive") and the Sherman DD was used on D-Day to provide close fire support on the beaches during the initial landings. The Sherman DD could not fire when afloat as the buoyancy screen was higher than the gun. A number swamped and sank in the operation, due to rough weather in the (with some tanks having been launched too far out), and to turning in the current to converge on a specific point on the battlefield, which allowed waves to breach over the screens. Those making it ashore, however, provided essential fire support in the first critical hours. Some light tanks such as the PT-76 are amphibious, typically being propelled in the water by hydrojets or by their tracks. In 1969, the U.S. Army rushed the new M551 Sheridan to Vietnam. This 17 ton was built with an aluminium hull, steel turret and gun (although the 152 mm gun was called a "launcher" at the time), and could swim across bodies of water. Because the U.S. Army had done away with the old heavy, medium, and light tank classifications prior to the Vietnam War, and had adopted the Main Battle Tank (MBT) system, the M551 was officially classified as an Airborne Reconnaissance Assault Vehicle. The M551 upon arrival in Vietnam began replacing the M48A3 Patton in all cavalry squadrons, leaving only the M48A3 in the U.S. Army's three armored battalions in Vietnam, the 1/77th, 1/69th, and the 2/34th Armor. However, the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment did retain some M48s, as they were the only full regiment in country. Armor Crewmen Trainees at the U.S. Army's Armor School at Fort Knox Kentucky, at the time of the Sheridan entering service, were specifically instructed to refer to the Sheridan by its designated nomenclature. However, for nearly everyone today, civilian and military alike, the Sheridan is a "light tank." The Sheridan needed no modifications for river crossings, crewmen simply raised the cloth sides that were tucked inside rubber tubes along the hull's upper edges, raised the driver's front shield which had a acrylic glass window, the driver turned on his bilge pumps, shifted his transmission lever to water operations and the Sheridan entered the water. For newly arrived Sheridans, this might work as engineered. For "war weary" M551s, the driver's window was often "yellowed" and/or cracked as to obscure his vision, and the rubber tubes that contained the rolled up side sleeves were often cracked and/or frozen into place. The Sheridan could still cross a body of water, but like its cousin, the M113 APC (Armoured Personnel Carrier, also built of aluminium) the river had to be narrow, less than 50 | P a g e International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com Volume No.04, Issue No. 01, January 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537

100 yards (100 m). In all cases, the bilge pumps had to be working properly, and even then by the time the Sheridan or the APC reached the other side, water would often fill the insides up to their armoured roofs, spilling through the hatches' cracks and emptying onto the earth once safely ashore. Often a fold down trim vane is erected to stop water washing over the bow of the tank and thus reducing the risk of the vehicle being swamped via the driver's hatch.

4.7 Articulated and multi-unit tracked amphibians The unique capability that distinguishes multi-unit vehicles from single unit ones, is the ability to help each other. According to a 1999 article in Military Parade magazine, multi-unit, all-terrain transport vehicles were first proposed by the British in 1913, and by the 1950s, over 40 types of articulated tracked vehicles (ATVs) were in production. The articulated tracked concept is chosen primarily for its combination of high maneuverability, cross-country abilities, and remarkable load-carrying capacity. In some cases the design is made amphibious, giving them all-terrain capability in the truest sense. Usually the front unit houses at least the engine, gearboxes, fuel tank(s) and the driver's compartment, and perhaps there is some space left for cargo or passengers, whereas the rear unit is the primary load carrier. Examples of this concept are the Russian Vityaz DT-(10/20/30)P models, the Swedish Volvo Bv202 and Hagglunds Bv206 designs, and Singapore Bronco ATTC (All-Terrain Tracked Carrier). A highly specialised development is the Arktos expedition and evacuation craft, that uses a linkage with two joints to connect the two units, as well as fitting each unit with its own engine, to give each unit enhanced independence of movement.

4.8 Hovercraft For certain applications wheeled and tracked amphibious vehicles are slowly being supplanted by air-cushioned in many modern militaries. An air-cushion vehicle (ACV) or hovercraft is designed for traveling over land or water supported by a cushion of slow moving, low-pressure air ejected downwards against the surface below it. In principle a hovercraft can travel over any sufficiently smooth surface, solid, liquid, mixed, or anything in between. Considering that hovercraft can be quite large, some riding on an air-cushion contained by skirts several meters tall, these can deal with a reasonable level of unevenness in the terrain, unfazed by obstacles 1 to 2 meters in height. On the other hand the smallest personal hovercraft—ACVs no bigger than a compact —are nimble enough to follow some rolling of the terrain just as easily. One of the benefits of this type of amphibious craft is the possibility of making them large—the British-built SR-N4 Mk-3 Channel-crossing ferries were 56.4 m (185 ft) in length and 23.8 m (78 ft) wide. Other benefits of ACVs include their very high water speed (an SR-N4 Mk-1 could do 83 knots (95 mph or 154 km/h !) and the fact that they can make the transition from land to water (or vice versa) at speed—contrary to most wheeled or tracked amphibians. Drawbacks are high fuel consumption and noise levels. For military purposes, the hovercraft's ability to distribute its laden weight evenly across the surface below it makes it perfectly suited to the role of amphibious landing craft. The US Navy LCAC can take troops and materials (if necessary an tank) from ship to shore and can access more than 70% of the world's coastline, as opposed to conventional landing craft, that have only about 17% of that coastline available to them for landing.

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Fig. 7 Hovercraft 4.9. Gibbs Aquada The Aquada gets nearly a tonne of thrust out of a jet which is half the length and a quarter of the weight of what might ordinarily be expected. It's got the biggest intake ever known for a two-tonne boat and develops enough power. It throws a hundred cubic metres of water a minute out of the back of the impeller. This engine provides power to the amphibian’s jet, which propels the vehicle through water. As Gibbs developed the Aquada, it was necessary to design a jet that was lightweight and compact. The jet also needed to expel 1 ton of thrust, which is the force required for the vehicle to plane in the water. The jet is 35 inches (.89 meters) long and weighs 88 pounds (40 kilograms). Most jets that produce the same amount of force are twice as long and would not fit the Aquada. The jet's thrust and the low power-to-weight ratio of the engine allow the amphibian to travel up to a maximum of 34.7 mph (55.8 kph) and accelerate to a plane in five seconds [6]. 4.9.1 Specifications of Gibbs Aquada  Brakes: All-round discs  Tires: F215x65, R225x60  Wheels: F-16 X 6.5J; Alloy 6-spoke  Fuel capacity: 15 gallons (67 liters)  Fuel type: 95 Ron Unleaded  Trim tabs: Dihedral trim (Trim tabs are plates attached to the rear of the vehicle that push down on the water to help the vehicle plane.)  Bilge pumps: Three independent systems (Bilge pumps remove water taken on due to normal operation.)  Weight without occupants: 2,976 pounds (1,350 kg)  Transmission: Four-speed automatic  Maxmium speed: On road-100mph(I60 kilometers per hour) accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in less than 10 seconds. On water 30mph  Current cost :$271,318,90.

The aluminum frame and composite body is powered by a 175hpV6 2.5-liter, 24-valve gasoline engine

V. AMPHIBIOUS CARS

Amphibious automobiles have been conceived from ca. 1900, however the Second World War significantly stimulated their development. Two of the most significant amphibious cars to date were developed during World War II. The most proliferous was the German Schwimmwagen, a small jeep-like 4x4 vehicle designed by the Porsche engineering firm in 1942 and widely used in World War II. The amphibious bodywork was designed by

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Erwin Komenda, the firm's body construction designer, using the engine and drive train of the Kübelwagen. An amphibious version of the MB jeep, the Ford GPA or 'Seep' (short for Sea jeep) was developed during World War II as well. A specially modified GPA, called Half-Safe, was driven and sailed around the world by Australian in the 1950s. One of the most capable post-war amphibious off-roaders was the German Amphi-Ranger, that featured a hull made of seawater-resistant AlMg2 aluminium alloy. Extensively engineered, this costly vehicle was proven seaworthy at a Gale force 10 storm off the North Sea coast (Pohl, 1998). Only about 100 were built – those who own one have found it capable of crossing the English Channel almost effortlessly. Purely recreational amphibian cars include the 1960s Amphicar and the contemporary Gibbs Aquada and Humdinga. With almost 4.000 pieces built, the Amphicar is still the most successfully produced civilian amphibious car to date. The Gibbs Aquada stands out due to its capability of high speed planing on water. Other amphibious cars currently in production include the Dutton Commander 'AmphiJeep' (GB), the US Hydra Spyder and WaterCar, as well as several Chinese designs like the JMC BY5020TSL (see also) and BJ5032(XZHE), and the even longer JMC JX5021TLYDS. American distributor Rodedawg is now seeking to bring an adapted version of the Chinese amphibs to America [3, 4].

5.1 Construction and Working

The Amphibian car consists of following part:- Tube The tube is located at the bottom side of the car frame or chassis. It has two valves are provided, one is to fill the air in tube and the other is for outlet valve to exhaust the air. When we want the car to run on the water then air filler machine is started for the filling the air in tube. Thus the tube is filled by air which will help the car to float on water and also carry the weight of car. Thus the tube serves the function that it help to float the car on water. The tube is manufacture of some special material which will not puncture easily.

Fig. 8 Views of Model Amphibian Car Blades There are two blades (fans) each of them having four plates used in amphibian car. These are circular in shape with some inclination. The diameter of the blades is slightly less than that of diameter of wheel, as the car has the front engine rear wheel drive (frwd) the blades fitted on the rear axle which will propel the car on the water. It serves the function to give motion like wheel, on water surface. Compressor (air filler) As its name indicates it serves as the function to fill the air in the tube with high pressure and instantly. It doesn‘t require fuel to work. The machine is connected to the battery. This machine requires the d c voltage of 12 volt. It is fitted in car body.

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Motor The motor transmits the power to rear axle with the help of bevel gear arrangement to transmit the power in 90º from motor to rear axle. The range of power required to it is 12v. The motor will run with the help of battery supply. (In model the motor will serve as the function of engine). Batter The battery used in the car is of 12v, 3.5amp. The battery is used to supply the power to air filler machine, motor and other equipments or accessories like head light, tail lamps and horns. It supplies dc current to the motor which requires 12v dc supply and also to the air filler machine. Transformer Transformer is used to reduce the ac power supply and charge the battery. It is fitted in the car body to charge the battery by connecting to ac supply. It requires 12 hrs to completely charge the battery.

Fig. 9 Demonstration of working

Table 1 Dimension of vehicle with part description Sr. No. Parts of vehicle Dimension /weight 1 Size of the vehicle body 870 × 500 mm 2 Wheel diameter 190 mm 3 Diameter of rear shaft 10 mm 4 Size of blade 130 × 27 mm 5 Distance between front & rear wheel 330 mm 6 Total height of car 470 mm 7 Diameter of driver pulley 21 mm 8 Diameter of driven pulley 78 mm 9 Ground Clearance 150 mm 10 Total Wt. of vehicle 13.1 kg 11 Wt. of battery 2 kg 12 Wt. of motor 1 kg

In our model of amphicar, we have used a wiper motor which is connected to the D.C. supply battery as an engine. The engine rotates the driver shaft and so the bevel gear rotates and due to which the power is transmitted from engine to rear shaft. As the rear shaft rotates the blades assembled on it also rotate with rear axle speed, thus the blades propels the vehicle in forward direction. 54 | P a g e International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com Volume No.04, Issue No. 01, January 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537

5.2 Materials Used

Table 2 Material used for various parts of the amphibious car [7] Sr. No. Parts of vehicle Material

1 Shaft Stainless steel

2 Tube Rubber

3 Gears Cast Iron

4 Compressors Fiber

5 Model Vehicle Plastic

6 Blades Cast Iron

7 Motor Cast Iron

8 Base of Vehicle Plywood

9 Chassis Cast Iron

VI. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

Design consists of application of scientific principle, technical information and imagination for development of new or improvised machine or mechanism to perform a specific function with maximum economy and efficiency. Hence the careful design approach has to be adopted. The total design work has been split of into two parts as follows.

6.1 System design System design mainly concerns with various physical constrains, deciding basics working principles, space requirement, arrangement of various component etc. Following parameters are look upon in system design [8, 9]  Selection of system based on physical constrains. The mechanical design has directs norms with the system design hence system is designed such that distinctions and dimensions thus obtain in mechanical design can be well fitted in to it.  Arrangement of various components made simple to utilized every possible space.  Ease of maintenance and servicing achieved means of simplified lay out that enables quick decision assembly of component.  Scope of future improvement.

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6.3 Mechanical design In mechanical design the components are listed down and store on the basis of their procurement in two categories

6.3.1 Design Parts For Design part details design is done and dimensions there obtained are compare to next dimensions which are already available in the market. This simplifies the assembly as well as the post production and maintenance work. The various tolerances on work are specified. The process charts are prepared and passed to manufacturing stage.

6.3.2 Parts to Be Purchased The parts to be purchased directly are selected from various catalogs and are specified so as to have case of procurement. In mechanical design at the first stage selection of appropriate material for the part to be design for specific application is done.

6.4 Approach to the Mechanical Design of Amphicar System In design of part we shall adopt the following approach [8, 9]

6.4.1 Selection of Appropriate Material  Assuming an appropriate dimension as per system design Our present model is a demonstrative set up in order to show the motion on road as well as on water.

6.4.2 Drive Motor Selection

 Type: - DC wiper motor  Voltage: - 12VOLTS

 Current: - 3.5AMPS

 Speed: - Minimum = 0 rpm

Maximum = 1400 rpm

6.4.3 Torque Calculation Assuming data,  Power P = 42watt  Speed N =108 rpm (at load condition) We know that, P = 2ΠNT 60 By putting values in above equation, we get, 42 = 2 × Π ×108 × T 60 T = 42 × 60 2 ×Π × 108 Therefore, T = 3.71 N-m 56 | P a g e International Journal of Science, Technology & Management www.ijstm.com Volume No.04, Issue No. 01, January 2015 ISSN (online): 2394-1537

T = 3.71×10 N-m Now, Assuming 100% over load T design = 2 × T = 2 × 3.71×10 =7.42 × 10 N-mm

VII. ASSEMBLY

Assembly procedure is as follows [10],  The chassis is assembled to the model vehicle.  The plywood is fitted below the chassis frame.  The Bevel gear is fitted on the rear axle and then it is connected to the wheels.  Blades are welded to the rear axle at inner side of wheels.  The gear is connected to the motor shaft.  The tube is fitted on the base plate & for increasing the height of the tube Hitlon is placed.  Compressor is assembled in the vehicle and pipe is connected to the tube to fill the air.  Exhaust valve arrangement is made to draw out the air from tube when not required. This arrangement is near the driver seat.  The Battery is assembled in the vehicle.  The connections of compressor, motor, headlight are made to the battery.

VIII. CONCLUSION

As ordinary cars run only on the road our Amphicar can run on the road as well as in water. The speed of Amphicar is same as that of the ordinary car on road. As we provide the tube it can float on water and due to blades the car moves forward in water and due to blades the car can run on water than the ordinary boats.

IX. ACKNWOLEDGEMENT

I am indebted to many persons for their help and contributions during the preparation of this Project. These individuals deserve special mention for their timely help. I would like to express my grateful thanks to our workshop department for their valuable guidance & to lead the project to it‘ ultimate aim. I am also thankful to all staff members of department of Mechanical Engineering, SITRC, for their continuous support.

REFERENCES

[1] McBeath, S. and Rouke Brian competition car composites, a practical book (Haynes Publishing 2000). [2] Savitsky D. and Brown P. W., ―Procedures for hydrodynamic evaluation of planning hulls in smooth and rough water”, Marine Technology, Vol. 13, No. 4, October, pp.381-400, (1976). [3] www.amphicar.com [visited 29/12/2014]. [4] www.amphibiousvehicle.com [visited 21/08/2014].

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[5] Carter A. Malkasian Charting the Pathway to OMFTS: A Historical Assessment of Amphibious Operations From 1941 to the Present CRM D0006297.A2/ Final July 2002. [6] www.aquada.co.uk/ [visited 03/01/2015]. [7] V. D. Kodgire and S. V. Kodgire material science and metallurgy for engineers (Everest Publishing House 2010). [8] V. B. Bhandari design of machine elements (Tata McGraw-Hill Education 2010). [9] R. S. Khurmi and J. K. Gupta theory of machines (S. Chand and Company limited 2010). [10] P. C. Sharma production technology (manufacturing processes) (S. Chand and Company Limited 2008).

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