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Phalacrocorax Carbo) on the Kolut Fish Farm (Nw Serbia

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Phalacrocorax Carbo) on the Kolut Fish Farm (Nw Serbia Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 58 (2), 83-86, 2006. SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN NUMBERS OF GREAT CORMORANT (PHALACROCORAX CARBO) ON THE KOLUT FISH FARM (NW SERBIA) M. TUCAKOV Marka Oreškovića 9, 25275 Bački Breg, Serbia and Montenegro Abstract - Seasonal variations in numbers of great cormorant were studied between 1998 and 2004 on ponds of the Ko- lut fish farm (NW Serbia). Its presence is not detected only during winter. Spring migration culminates in early March. Autumn migration lasts for a long time, with the peak in early October. During the breeding period, the average number never exceeded 20 individuals, probably coming from the nearest breeding colony (35 km from the fishponds). Preda- tion pressure was very low throughout the year, except in October (2.44 individuals/10 ha of ponds). No reason for great cormorant depletion exists in the breeding period, when the predation pressure was below 0.5 birds/10 ha. Key words: Seasonal variation, Phalacrocorax carbo, breeding, predation pressure UDC 598.235.4(497.11):591.5 INTRODUCTION Ponds of the Kolut fish farm are situated on the edge of the village of Kolut in the northwestern part of Serbia, Breeding and wintering distribution and numbers of great province of Vojvodina (UTM CR48, 45o 53’ N 18o 57’ cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) are well known in Ser- E). The Danubian type of continental climate is charac- o bia. It breeds in seven colonies, mainly along the Danube teristic of the area, with the highest temperature (20.9 C) o and Tisa in Vojvodina, as well as on Lake Vlasina in SE in July and the lowest (-0.9 C) in January. The highest Serbia (Puzović et al., 1999; Simonovand precipitation is recorded in June, the lowest in February, Popović, 2001; T u c a k o v, 2002; Puzović, while the yearly average is 569 mm (T o m i ć, 1996). 2003). The most important wintering areas are situated The dominant fish species is carp (Cyprinus carpio), on the Danube, where 5000-8000 individuals overwin- but small percentages of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon tered in the late 1990s (P u z o v i ć, 1999). idella), silver carp (Hypophthalamichtys molitrixi), big- head carp (Hypophthalamichtys nobilis), Danube catfish The presence of this species during the year has (Silurus glanis), zander (Stizostedion lucioperca), and been confirmed on many waterbodies in Vojvodina pike (Esox lucius) are also reared. At the moment, 175 ha (Purger, 1989; G e r g e l j and Š o t i 1990; Dev- is in usage. Fish production takes place in eight large ić, 1995; L u k a č et al., 1995; L a k a t o š, 1992; Lu- ponds, while 10 small ones serve for winter storage kač and L u k a č, 1992; A g o š t o n, 2004.). It is a (Barkjaktarov, 2004). All ponds receive water regular migrant: birds passing through or wintering in from the Plazović river. Fish feeding starts in April. Fat- Northen Serbia have been shown to breed in Estonian, tening technology includes occassional enhancing of Polish, Swedish, Danish, and Hungarian colonies benthos production by fertilizers, as well as water calcifi- (Novčić and I v o v i ć, 2000; Novčić and Bar- cation throughout the year. Fish fattening lasts until late jaktarov, 2002; B a r j a k t a r o v and Novčić, September, after which emptying of the ponds takes place 2001, 2004). However, migration patterns and seasonal and lasts up to one month. Fish harvesting ends by mid- variations in numbers on particular sites have remained December, but the ponds stay empty until the end of Feb- poorly researched. The aim of this paper is to present sea- ruary. However, the ratio of empty ponds and surface sonal variations in great cormorant numbers on the Kolut covered with water throughout the winter is approximate- fish farm as established on the basis of a 6-year survey on ly 50%-50%: since fish production lasts at least two this man-made wetland. years, just two-year individuals are harvested, while the 83 84 M. TUCAKOV others hibernate. 70 s l 60 a The shallow banks of all ponds and several small is- u d i 50 v i lets within the ponds are covered by dense emerging veg- d n i 40 f o etation (Phragmites australis, Typha sp.). During the . o 30 n growing season, submerged vegetation (Myriophyllum e g a 20 r sp., Ceratophylum sp.) covers the greater part of pond e v bottoms, while floating vegetation (Nymphaea alba) is a 10 developed just patchily. Within the fish farm area there 0 I I I I I II I I I II IV V V I I IX X X I are groups of blackthorn (Prunus nigra), white willow V V X months (divided into decades) (Salix alba), white poplar (Populus alba),goat willow (S. caprea), and grey willow (S.cinerea), growing on the Fig. 1. Changes in average number of great cormorants occurring on pond edges. The fish farm is surrounded by agricultural the Kolut fish farm between 1998 and 2004 fields, marshy depressions of the Plazović, and gardens of the village of Kolut. gave similar results. The average number of individuals per 10 ha of the fish-rearing ponds was very low through- MATERIALS AND METHODS out the year, except in October (Fig. 2). We made 118 visits to ponds of the Kolut fish farm Except during foraging, great cormorants rest on between July 4th, 1998 and May 15th, 2004, when the en- fishponds, exclusively on the bare edges of the reed islets tire surface of all ponds was examined from the embank- or on the bare shallow part of the banks. Roosting of a ments situated between the ponds, using points from maximum of 10 individuals was observed on a neighbor- which all parts of this site were clearly visible. All indi- ing stand of white poplar. However, the great majority viduals registered in the study area were counted. It was leave the fishpond and fly west before dark. assumed that few birds were overlooked during migra- tion, having in mind that great cormorants were very dis- DISCUSSION tinctive and visible. A period of occurrence of great cormorant similar to For the purpose of comprehensive analysis of this that on the Kolut fish farm was established on fishponds species’ presence, monthly data were divided into three at Srpski Miletić (P u r g e r, 1988), Bečej (L u k a č and periods (first: 1st – 10th, second: 11th – 20th, third: 21st L u k a č, 1992), and Svilojevo (L a k a t o š, 1992). Lack – 31st day in the month). The average number of birds of foraging possibilities after freezing of the ponds present on the fish farm in each period (“decade”) was caused absence of this and other waterbirds during most calculated and taken into account in drawing the graph. of December and the whole of January (T u c a k o v, 2004, 2005a), which is also true of other fishponds in Central Europe (B u k a c i n s k a et al., 1996). A simi- RESULTS The frequency of great cormorant occurrence on the 3 a h study site was 74,45%. Its presence is detected through- 0 1 2,5 / s out the year excluding late December and January (Fig. l a u 2 d i 1). Spring migration is poorly pronounced and culmi- v i d 1,5 n i nates in early March (the maximum number in that peri- f o nd . od was 52 individuals, on March 2 , 2001. Although o 1 n e g birds were also present during breeding, numbers varied, a r 0,5 e v but never exceeded 20 individuals on average. Autumn a 0 migration lasts for a very long time, but the period of in- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec tensive flocking is early October (maximum: 210 indi- months viduals, October 1st, 2000). Fig. 2. Changes in average number of great cormorants per 10 ha on the Relative evaluation of great cormorant presence Kolut fish farm during the year in the study period SEASONAL VARIATION IN GREAT CORMORANT 85 lar spring migration peak was observed in Slovenian wet- Barjaktarov, D. and Novčić, I. (2001). Report of the center for Animal lands (V o g r i n, 1996a), as well as in ones of the Czech Marking. Ciconia 10, 9-17. Republic (V a v r i k, 1998). Autumn migration in Slo- Barjaktarov, D. and Novčić, I. (2004). The fifth report of the Center for venia, however, reaches its peak later in comparison to Animal Marking. Ciconia 13, 13-29. [In Serbian with English abstract]. our study site (V o g r i n, 1995, 1996b). Bukacinska, M., Bukacinski, D., Cygan, J., Dobrowolski, K. A. and The presence of great cormorants on our study site Kaczmarek, W. (1996): The importance of fishponds to water- fowl in Poland. Acta hydrobiologica 37, Supplement 1, 57-73. during the breeding season (April-June) suggest the ori- gin of these birds from the nearest breeding colony, Gergelj, J. and Šoti, J. (1990). Ornithofauna of the “Kapetanski Rit” fish pond. Ciconia 2, 22-49. which is situated on the Danube floodplain at Kopački Rit (Croatia), 35 km southwest of the fish farm. That is in Lakatoš, J. (1992). Ornithofauna of a fishpond in Svilojevo. Ciconia 4: 28-42. agreement with the flying direction of birds leaving the fishponds (see Results).
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