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Hydrology and Geomorphology of the Santa Maria and Big Sandy Rivers and Burro Creek, Western Arizona

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Hydrology and Geomorphology of the Santa Maria and Big Sandy Rivers and Burro Creek, Western Arizona Hydrology and Geomorphology of the Santa Maria and Big Sandy Rivers and Burro Creek, Western Arizona By Jeanne E. Klawon Arizona Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-02 March, 2000 Arizona Geological Survey 416 W. Congress, Suite #100, Tucson, Arizona 85701 46 p. text Investigations supported by the Arizona State Land Department As part of their efforts to gather technical information for stream navigability assessments Investigations done in cooperation with JE Fuller Hydrology / Geomorphology Hydrology and Geomorphology of the Santa Maria and Big Sandy Rivers and Burro Creek, Western Arizona by Jeanne E. Klawon Page 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provides hydrologic and geomor- than 10 cfs. Flood events are dramatic in phologic information to aid in the evaluation of comparison. Historical peak flow estimates for the navigability of the Big Sandy River, Santa these rivers have been estimated at 68,700 Maria River, and Burro Creek. These streams cubic feet per second (cfs) (2/9/93) for the Big flow through rugged mountainous terrain of Sandy River, 47,400 cfs (2/14/80) for Burro Mohave, Yavapai, and La Paz counties in Creek, and 23,100 cfs (3/1/78) for the Santa western Arizona and join to form the Bill Maria River. The largest flow events have Williams River at what is now Alamo Dam occurred during the winter months when and Reservoir. The rivers reflect a diversity of meteorological conditions cause a series of channel patterns, and include the mainly wide storms to pass through the region, frequently and braided sandy alluvial channels of the Big generating multiple floods within a given year. Sandy River, the narrow bouldery channels in All three rivers in many cases record the same bedrock canyons of Burro Creek, and a mix of flood events, reflecting the regional extent of bedrock canyons and wide alluvial channels on the storms. the Santa Maria River. Substantial channel changes have oc- Although none of these tributaries has an curred along the alluvial reaches of these rivers abundant water supply, the relative surface- in the past 100 years. Most channel changes water flow of each river does vary. For most of have occurred during large floods. Channel its length, Burro Creek contains water that changes typically have involved erosion of flows year round or is relegated to discontinu- stream terraces and tributary fans around ous pools during the dry portions of the year. outside bends, removal of vegetation within The Big Sandy River maintains perennial flow the channel, and in some cases, channel widen- along some portions of its length and is fed by ing. Analysis of channel change spans the 20th upper watershed perennial streams such as century. Based on historical accounts, dramatic Trout Creek. The Santa Maria is the driest of channel changes occurred around the turn of all three rivers, with most of its surface-water the century; based on interpretation of aerial flow produced by tributaries in the upper photographs of the rivers, dramatic channel watershed and in the main channel for 10-15 changes also occurred during floods from 1978 miles near its mouth. Low flow discharge to 1995. measurements of each river are generally less Hydrology and Geomorphology of the Santa Maria and Big Sandy Rivers and Burro Creek, Western Arizona by Jeanne E. Klawon Page 2 INTRODUCTION This report summarizes the geomorphology some detail in order to understand the meteo- and hydrology of the three principal tributary rology and hydrology of the largest flows in streams of the Bill Williams River in western the gage record. Pre-gage historical documents Arizona. The Bill Williams River basin drains and paleoflood records provide additional most of west-central Arizona, straddling information on the hydrologic behavior of the Mohave, Yavapai and La Paz counties (Figure Bill Williams River basin. Following the 1). The principal tributaries of the Bill Will- hydrologic discussions, channel characteristics iams are Big Sandy River, which heads east of are described as well as channel changes that Kingman, and Santa Maria River, which heads may have occurred within the last century. near Hillside. These tributaries join to form the Because of the extensive length of each river, Bill Williams River at what is now Alamo specific reaches were selected and studied Lake. Burro Creek is the largest tributary of using aerial photographs, topographic maps, Big Sandy River, entering south of Wikieup. and general land office surveys from the early The rugged terrain of the Bill Williams 1900’s. Appendices include a list of contacts, River basin has limited human habitation to a rating curves for primary stream gages, and few small towns and land development to photo documentation of river reaches. irrigation agriculture and ranching mainly in the Big Sandy Valley and along the Bill Will- iams. Although the area was host to many Acknowledgments mines which sought gold, silver, copper, and Kyle House and Pat Shafroth provided infor- other associated minerals, the rugged terrain mation and feedback that facilitated prepara- and limited water resources in the area im- tion of this report. Phil Pearthree reviewed and peded the development of large-scale enter- edited the report. Pearthree and Tim Orr helped prises. A notable exception is the Bagdad prepare figures for inclusion in this report. Pete copper mine in the Santa Maria River drainage Corrao is responsible for final layout of the basin. Thus, for the most part, this area re- text and illustrations. mains a remote location in Arizona. Geologic Setting Purpose and Scope The Bill Williams River basin is located in the This section provides hydrologic and geologic Basin and Range and Transition Zone geologic information to aid in the determination of provinces in west-central Arizona. The Basin navigable versus non-navigable status for the and Range province extends from the Snake major tributaries of the Bill Williams River in River Plain in Idaho through southern Arizona western Arizona. It begins with a brief intro- and into Mexico. The Basin and Range prov- duction to the geology, climate, and physiogra- ince is characterized by generally north- phy of the region. Hydrologic information is trending mountain ranges (Spencer and the focus of the paragraphs which follow Reynolds, 1989) which are separated by basins introductory information and includes the formed by normal faulting along mountain history of stream gages within the basin and fronts. In southern and western Arizona, basins analysis of their surface water records. Se- are deep, well-defined grabens which trend lected floods from this century are discussed in north to northeast, and have fairly regular Hydrology and Geomorphology of the Santa Maria and Big Sandy Rivers and Burro Creek, Western Arizona by Jeanne E. Klawon Page 3 Figure 1. Location of the Big Sandy and Santa Maria rivers and Burro Creek in western Arizona. Hydrology and Geomorphology of the Santa Maria and Big Sandy Rivers and Burro Creek, Western Arizona by Jeanne E. Klawon Page 4 spacings of 25 to 50 km (Menges and diate volcanism to predominantly basaltic Pearthree, 1989). The Big Sandy Valley is the volcanism. most prominent basin in the study area and is Sediments that filled the structural basins composed of basin fill over 3000 ft in depth formed by regional extension can be grouped (Davidson, 1973). The Transition Zone is the into upper and lower basin fill, and Quaternary rugged, mountainous country between the deposits. Lower basin fill ranges in age from Basin and Range and the Colorado Plateau. It middle to late Miocene, was deposited as has geologic and physiographic characteristics normal faulting continued, and has a thickness that are transitional between the highly de- of at least 3,000 ft in the Big Sandy Valley. formed Basin and Range and the relatively Upper basin fill is as much as 300 ft thick and undeformed, fairly high Colorado Plateau to was deposited in the waning stages of defor- the northeast. mation during the Pliocene and early Quater- The geology of the Bill Williams River nary. Pedimentation along mountain fronts was basin reflects the complex history of the Basin begun in this period and continued into the and Range province, with several periods of middle Quaternary along with the deposition of magmatism and overprinting of compressional thin coarse-grained fans. Through the Quater- and extensional terranes in the past 80 million nary, alluvial fans and terraces have been years. A period of wide-reaching magmatism deposited, modified, and eroded through and crustal shortening associated with the processes which are for the most part driven by Laramide orogeny occurred in middle to late climate changes. The oldest and highest allu- Cretaceous to early Tertiary period, about 80 to vial fans in the Big Sandy Valley occur in the 60 million years ago. This same area was upper watershed of Tule Wash and are about extended in the middle Tertiary between about 200 ft thick. The bedrock mountains and 20 and 10 million years ago, forming major alluvial basins have continued to be dissected low-angle normal faults trending east-north- during the Pliocene and Quaternary as regional east-west-southwest. Large amounts of exten- drainage systems have continued to downcut. sion occurred in the area south and west of the Sediments from coalescing drainages, depos- Big Sandy - Santa Maria confluence, resulting ited in the floodplains and streams of the study in the exposure of rocks in the Buckskin, area, usually amount to no more than 40 ft in Rawhide, and Harquavar mountains that were thickness (Menges and Pearthree, 1989; buried beneath many miles of rock prior to the Davidson, 1973). period of extension. Lesser amounts of middle Tertiary extension occurred in the Transition Zone to the northeast. As a result of this Physiography extension, the region experienced a reversal of Most of the Bill Williams River basin is in the surface drainage direction from north-flowing Basin and Range province and the rugged to south-flowing streams as the extended part Transition Zone along the margin of the high of the crust subsided.
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