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The Case of Kataragama Pāda Yātrā in Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences 2017 40 (1): 41-52 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljss.v40i1.7500 RESEARCH ARTICLE Collective ritual as a way of transcending ethno-religious divide: the case of Kataragama Pāda Yātrā in Sri Lanka# Anton Piyarathne* Department of Social Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Sri Lanka. Abstract: Sri Lanka has been in the prime focus of national and who are Sinhala speakers, are predominantly Buddhist, international discussions due to the internal war between the whereas the ethnic Tamils, who communicate in the Tamil Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and the Sri Lankan language, are primarily Hindu. These two ethnic groups government forces. The war has been an outcome of the are often recognised as rivals involved in an “ethnic competing ethno-religious-nationalisms that raised their heads; conflict” that culminated in war between the LTTE (the specially in post-colonial Sri Lanka. Though today’s Sinhala Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, a military movement and Tamil ethno-religious-nationalisms appear as eternal and genealogical divisions, they are more of constructions; that has battled for the liberation of Sri Lankan Tamils) colonial inventions and post-colonial politics. However, in this and the government. Sri Lanka suffered heavily as a context it is hard to imagine that conflicting ethno-religious result of a three-decade old internal war, which officially groups in Sri Lanka actually unite in everyday interactions. ended with the elimination of the leadership of the LTTE This article, explains why and how this happens in a context in May, 2009. -
Between Convergence and Divergence: Reformatting Language Purism in the Montreal Tamil Diasporas
Sonia Neela Das UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Between Convergence and Divergence: Reformatting Language Purism in the Montreal Tamil Diasporas This article examines how ideologies of language purism are reformatted by creating inter- discursive links across spatial and temporal scales. I trace convergences and divergences between South Asian and Québécois sociohistorical regimes of language purism as they pertain to the contemporary experiences of Montreal’s Tamil diasporas. Indian Tamils and Sri Lankan Tamils in Montreal emphasize their status differences by claiming that the former speak a modern “vernacular” Tamil and the latter speak an ancient “literary” Tamil. The segregation and purification of these social groups and languages depend upon the intergen- erational reproduction of scalar boundaries between linguistic forms, interlocutors, and decentered contexts. [Tamils, Quebec, diaspora, linguistic purism, spatiotemporal scales] ontreal is situated within the Canadian province of Quebec, a self- identifying francophone nation that seeks to be recognized as a “distinct Msociety” within North America1 (Lemco 1994). This society’s ever-present fear of being engulfed by a demographically expanding, English-speaking populace has contributed to a heightened level of metalinguistic awareness among French- speaking Québécois citizens. For the residents of Montreal, this metalinguistic aware- ness appears to be even more acute. Often characterized by scholars, politicians, and media as an inassimilable, globalizing element located within the otherwise -
Part I: the Kandyan Kings and Cosmopolitan Discourse
THE MANY FACES OF THE KANDYAN KINGDOM, 1591-1765: LESSONS FOR OUR TIME?1 PART I: THE KANDYAN KINGS AND COSMOPOLITAN DISCOURSE Introduction This paper discusses the reign of Vimaladharmasūriya, the first consecrated king of Kandy (1591-1604) and his successors during whose reigns the Kandyan kingdom became a place that provided a home for diverse cultures and communities. Prior to this Kandy was ruled by three local kings, the first being Senāsammata Vikramabāhu (c. 1469-1511). Senāsammata means elected by the sēna or army or perhaps by members of the aristocratic class known as banḍ āras (“lords).” Vikramabāhu tried to assert his independence from the sovereign kings of Kōṭṭe. That kingdom commenced with Bhūvanekabāhu V (1371-1408) and ended with Bhūvanekabāhu VII (1521-51) and his grandson Dharmapāla (1551- 1597), the first Catholic sovereign. Vikramabāhu was badly defeated and had to pay a large tribute. After Dharmapāla died Kōṭṭe became part of Portugal which now had control over much of Jaffna in the north and the Maritime provinces in the south. The Portuguese were a presence in Kōṭṭe from 1506 and had the support of Bhūvanekabāhu VII but not his brother Māyādunne, the ruler of Sītāvaka 1 who was a foe of the Portuguese. His intrepid son Rājasinha I (1581-1593) at one time nearly brought about the whole kingdom of Kōṭṭe and much of Kandy under his rule. As for the fortunes of Kandy Vikramabāhu was followed by his son Jayavīra Banḍ āra (1511- 1552) during whose time Catholic friars became a presence in the court.2 In order to please the Portuguese and the king of Kōṭṭe he became a nominal Catholic until he was deposed and exiled by his son Karalliyadde Banḍ āra (1552-1582) who became a devoted Catholic and publicly embraced Catholicism around 1562-1564. -
A Short Historical Review by Fr. Lawrence Hyde
LAURENCE HYDE O.S.B. A SHORT HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE SYLVESTRINE MONKS IN CEYLON from 1845 to 1920 FOREWORD Several years ago during a visit to the Benedictine Abbey of New Norcia, Western Australia, a monk who had visited Sri Lanka in 1967, gave me as a gift a photocopy of a manuscript in his own possession. The title of the manuscript is «Short Historical Review of the Sylvestrine Monks in Ceylon from 1845 to 1920». It was an essay of a then-young Sylvestrine monk, Laurence Hyde, written in 1920 (1). In the Introduction (Chapter I) he had explained the reasons for his essay. «In undertaking to compile this short brochure on the work of the Benedictine Monks of the Sylvestrine Congregation in Ceylon I have been actuated by two motives - the first, to commit in writing what must very soon pass out of the realm of actual tradition and become only a memory of the past, second, to encourage the young gene-rations of my brethren to emulate the great deeds of their fathers». When Hyde wrote his Historical Review in 1920, the chief players mentioned in this essay had died: Mgr. Bonjean had passed away 18 years earlier, in 1902, and Mgr. Pagnani ten years later, in 1911. Yet, the memories of the 1880s were still a painful reminiscence for some of the surviving missionaries such as the Sylvestrine Augustine Pancrazi and the secular priest Pius Fernando, who had through lived the vicissitudes of the Colombo vicariate at that time. Hyde continued his Historical Review: «The older generation of missionaries must in due course of nature succumb to the inevitable fate that awaits all human kind, and the older generation of Christians, who have been witnesses of their labours for the salvation of souls are fast dying out. -
Entre Goa E Ceilão: a Formação Do Clero Nativo E As Dimensões Das Mestiçagens No Oriente Português (Séculos XVI-XVIII)
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS - FAFICH PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA Ana Paula Sena Gomide Entre Goa e Ceilão: a formação do clero nativo e as dimensões das mestiçagens no Oriente português (Séculos XVI-XVIII). Belo Horizonte 2018 Ana Paula Sena Gomide Entre Goa e Ceilão: a formação do clero nativo e as dimensões das mestiçagens no Oriente português (Séculos XVI-XVIII). Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em História. Linha de pesquisa: História Social da Cultura Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo França Paiva Belo Horizonte 2018 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior pela bolsa de doutorado concedida entre 2014 e 2018, que possibilitou a realização desta pesquisa. Agradeço ao professor Eduardo França Paiva, que gentilmente aceitou orientar esta pesquisa. Agradeço por toda paciência, pelas críticas e reflexões historiográficas realizadas ao longo do doutorado, que sem dúvidas, acrescentaram, e muito, no resultado final deste trabalho. Obrigada por me apresentar o universo das dinâmicas de mestiçagens! Ao professor Manuel Lobato devo uma orientação que me ajudou a aprofundar nos aspectos mais complexos do mundo português no Oriente, especialmente nas relações políticas e culturais em Ceilão. Obrigada pelas ótimas sugestões e por propor um caminho temático mais produtivo para a tese, que sem dúvidas, fez toda diferença no resultado final. À professora Maria de Deus Beites Manso, que desde os anos da graduação é uma das minhas grandes referências na temática da presença portuguesa na Índia, agradeço por todos os conselhos e pela leitura sempre cuidadosa. -
The Holy See
The Holy See APOSTOLIC JOURNEY OF HIS HOLINESS POPE FRANCIS TO SRI LANKA AND THE PHILIPPINES (12-19 JANUARY 2015) HOLY MASS AND CANONIZATION OF BLESSED JOSEPH VAZ HOMILY OF HIS HOLINESS POPE FRANCIS Galle Face Green, Colombo Wednesday, 14 January 2015 [Multimedia] “All the ends of the earth will see the salvation of our God” (Is 52:10) This is the magnificent prophecy which we heard in today’s first reading. Isaiah foretells the preaching of the Gospel of Jesus Christ to all the ends of the earth. This prophecy has a special meaning for us, as we celebrate the canonization of a great missionary of the Gospel, Saint Joseph Vaz. Like countless other missionaries in the history of the Church, he responded to the Risen Lord’s command to make disciples of every nation (cf. Mt 28:19). By his words, but more importantly, by the example of his life, he led the people of this country to the faith which gives us “an inheritance among all God’s holy ones” (cf. Acts 20:32). In Saint Joseph we see a powerful sign of God’s goodness and love for the people of Sri Lanka. But we also see in him a challenge to persevere in the paths of the Gospel, to grow in holiness ourselves, and to testify to the Gospel message of reconciliation to which he dedicated his life. A priest of the Oratory in his native Goa, Saint Joseph Vaz came to this country inspired by missionary zeal and a great love of its people. -
12 Manogaran.Pdf
Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka National Capilal District Boundarl3S * Province Boundaries Q 10 20 30 010;1)304050 Sri Lanka • Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka CHELVADURAIMANOGARAN MW~1 UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII PRESS • HONOLULU - © 1987 University ofHawaii Press All Rights Reserved Manufactured in the United States ofAmerica Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data Manogaran, Chelvadurai, 1935- Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Sri Lanka-Politics and government. 2. Sri Lanka -Ethnic relations. 3. Tamils-Sri Lanka-Politics and government. I. Title. DS489.8.M36 1987 954.9'303 87-16247 ISBN 0-8248-1116-X • The prosperity ofa nation does not descend from the sky. Nor does it emerge from its own accord from the earth. It depends upon the conduct ofthe people that constitute the nation. We must recognize that the country does not mean just the lifeless soil around us. The country consists ofa conglomeration ofpeople and it is what they make ofit. To rectify the world and put it on proper path, we have to first rec tify ourselves and our conduct.... At the present time, when we see all over the country confusion, fear and anxiety, each one in every home must con ., tribute his share ofcool, calm love to suppress the anger and fury. No governmental authority can sup press it as effectively and as quickly as you can by love and brotherliness. SATHYA SAl BABA - • Contents List ofTables IX List ofFigures Xl Preface X111 Introduction 1 CHAPTER I Sinhalese-Tamil -
The Temples of the Interfaces a Study of the Relation Between Buddhism and Hinduism at the Munnesvaram Temples, Sri Lanka
The Temples of the Interfaces A Study of the Relation between Buddhism and Hinduism at the Munnesvaram Temples, Sri Lanka. by Rohan Neil Bastin A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. University College, The University of London. June 1991 ProQuest Number: 10609845 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10609845 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The two important temples at Munnesvaram, on the west coast of Sri Lanka, are Hindu and are run by Tamil priests. Their patronage is largely Sinhalese Buddhist. They are the context for an examination of the relations between Hinduism and Buddhism in modern Sri Lanka in a period of violent ethnic tension between Tamils and Sinhalese. The thesis falls in two parts. The first deals with the history of the temples in the colonial and post-colonial eras, the history of religious difference, and with a social analysis of the two groups of priests and of the worshippers. This establishes grounds for a consideration of current anthropological debates on hierarchy and on historicity. -
Sri Lanka: Tamil Politics and the Quest for a Political Solution
SRI LANKA: TAMIL POLITICS AND THE QUEST FOR A POLITICAL SOLUTION Asia Report N°239 – 20 November 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. TAMIL GRIEVANCES AND THE FAILURE OF POLITICAL RESPONSES ........ 2 A. CONTINUING GRIEVANCES ........................................................................................................... 2 B. NATION, HOMELAND, SEPARATISM ............................................................................................. 3 C. THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT AND AFTER ................................................................................ 4 D. LOWERING THE BAR .................................................................................................................... 5 III. POST-WAR TAMIL POLITICS UNDER TNA LEADERSHIP ................................. 6 A. RESURRECTING THE DEMOCRATIC TRADITION IN TAMIL POLITICS .............................................. 6 1. The TNA ..................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Pro-government Tamil parties ..................................................................................................... 8 B. TNA’S MODERATE APPROACH: YET TO BEAR FRUIT .................................................................. 8 1. Patience and compromise in negotiations -
Tamil Insurgency in Sri Lanka Insurgency Tamil 1900 to Present Can Can Be Significantly Reduced in Sri Lanka If the Sinhala Its Institutions
Tamil Insurgency in Sri Lanka 299 1900 to Present threatened the stability of the Hamid Karzai’s Afghan where a large majority of ethnic Tamils and minority government. !e Pakistani Taliban’s goal is not only Muslims live. !is entry will deal with the roots of the to assist their Afghan counterparts in recapturing Tamil insurgency. It would also attempt to provide a Kabul, but also establish a true Islamic emirate. brief overview on the growth and demise of the Tamil insurgency led by the LTTE. It will finally suggest Srinivasan Sitaraman some solutions to the Tamil national question. Clark University The Beginnings: The Colonial Period See Also: Afghanistan; Art; Corruption; Oil; Pakistan; !e history of Sri Lanka’s Tamil conflict or the roots Soviet Union in Central Asia; Taliban and Al-Qaeda; of the Tamil insurgency can be identified from the Television; Terrorism; Women. colonial period. !ree regional sovereign kingdoms existed in the country, when the Portuguese, the first Further Readings of the Western colonialists, arrived on the shores of Magnus, Ralph H. and Eden Naby. Afghanistan: Mullah, Ceylon in 1505. One of these was the independent Marx, and Mujahid. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998. Tamil Kingdom located on the northern Jaffna Penin- Marsden, Peter. !e Taliban: War, Religion, and the New sula of the same name. Two were Sinhalese with their Order in Afghanistan. New York: Zed, 1998. capitals at Kotte and at Kandy in the central hill coun- Peimani, Hooman. Falling Terrorism and Rising Conflicts: try. !e northern Tamil Kingdom had been in exis- !e Afghan Contribution to the Polarization and tence since the early 13th century. -
Scotland Mourns with Paris
Archbishop Church’s resolute Fisichella heads to pro-life stance Glasgow to speak in from conception Catholic education to death. Pages week. Page 3 SUPPORTING 50 YEARS OF SCIAF, 1965-2015 9, 11, 12 No 5603 JOIN THE KNIGHTS OF ST COLUMBA PARYER CAMPAIGN, SEE PAGE 13 Friday January 16 2015 | £1 Demonstration outside SRI LANKA’S ‘APOSTLE’ IS Holyrood as assisted FIRST SAINT suicide bill progresses Pope Francis arrives for the Canonisation Mass of St Joseph By Ian Dunn Vaz at Galle Face Green in compassionate response is Colombo, Sri Lanka, on Wednesday help and good care.” morning, near the seafront. He THE latest attempt to Inside the parliament, Canonised the nation’s first saint legalise assisted suicide in legal experts and the police on the second day of his visit to Scotland has run into said the proposed law needed the country. In front of huge difficulties as lawyers more clarity. crowds, estimated at 500,000, suggested it could be Professor Alison Britton of the Pope urged people to follow unworkable, while the Law Society of Scotland the example of 17th Century protesters made their said a definition of assisting missionary Joseph Vaz, an opposition clear outside suicide was needed, especially example of religious tolerance the Scottish Parliament. in cases where someone had relevant to Sri Lanka. The Assisted Suicide become too ill to end their “St Joseph shows us the (Scotland) Bill would give life. “We need to be very clear importance of transcending people with a progressive what actually this assistance religious divisions in the service degenerative condition or encompasses, and we need to of peace,” the Pope said in terminal illness the right to be also clear at what point is his homily. -
Sri Lanka and the Mythical Tamil Homeland
SRISRI LANKALANKA ANDAND THETHE MYTHICALMYTHICAL TAMILTAMIL HOMELANDHOMELAND WHY A SEPARATE STATE IN SRI LANKA IS AN IMPRACTICAL GOAL Compiled by Embassy of Sri Lanka, Washington DC, U.S.A SRI LANKA - GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECONOMIC REALITIES 25,000 sq. miles in extent. Similar to West Virginia in size. Population : West Virginia - 1.8 million Sri Lanka - 20 million Not an ethnic conflict between Sinhalese and Tamils in north and east of the island, but an issue of poverty and underdevelopment, affecting all communities. In 1971, Sinhala youth rebelled in the south due to similar reasons. KINGDOMS OF SRI LANKA & WHAT EELAMISTS SAY Note, the yellowed section is not given as part of the Jaffna kingdom, but as “main areas where Tamils reside”! HISTORICALHISTORICAL REFERENCEREFERENCE MATERIALMATERIAL HOWEVERHOWEVER INDICATESINDICATES THAT:THAT: In ancient Sri Lanka, there were three kingdoms viz. Ruhunu, Maya, Pihiti. In the 16th century (between 1515-1597AD), Sri Lanka was divided into several sub- kingdoms under the Kotte Kingdom (up to 1597), viz. Sitawaka (1521- 1594 AD), Kandy (1590- 1815 AD), and Jaffna Origin of the Jaffna kingdom is said to go back to 1246 AD and lasted until 1620 AD in Singai Nagar and Nallur. (C.Rasanayagam : Ancient Jaffna pp.370,374). No separate Tamil kingdom in Jaffna prior to 13th century. Eastern region of the island was never a part of the Jaffna kingdom. Jaffna was a sub-kingdom under the King of Kotte, during the latter part of the 15th century. So was Kandy, years later. However, when the Kotte kingdom became weak, Jaffna sub-kingdom was able to exercise greater power (Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylon, De Queyros (Book I; page 101) The Jaffna kingdom ended nearly four centuries ago in 1620 AD, with Sankili Kumara being deposed and hanged by the Portuguese.