SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS

MONTHLY REPORT

AUGUST 1940

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

SPO 188591 THE SOUTffi/SSTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS AUGUST 1940 REPORT INDEX OPENING, by Superintendent Huch M. Miller 75

CONDENSED GENERAL R_SPORT

Travel 77' 300 Activities of Other Agencies . 79 000 General 78 400 Interpretation 80 100 Administrative 78 600 Protection 80 200 Maintenance, Now Con- • "' • Struction and Improvements 78 REPORTS FROM MEN IN THE FIELD

ArchOS 85 Montezuma Castle ...... 113 Arches CCC 87- Mount Eldcn CCC 96 Aztec Ruins 83 Natural' Bridc;cs . IIS Bandolier 100 Navajo . 94 Bandolier CCC 103 Orfjan Pipe Cactus 110 Bandolier Forestry 104 Pipe Sprinc 115 Canyon do Cholly 92 Saguaro 105 Capulin Mountain i .111 Sunset Crater 109 Casa Grande 87 Tonto i . . ; 104 Cliaco Canyon . . - 116 ' • Tuuacacori 110 Chaco Canyon CCC 117 Tuzifioot .' 109 Mobile Unit 118 Walnut Canyon 95 Chiricahua 119 Whito Sands 98 El Morro 97 YJupatki . 108 Gran Quivira 91 Yucca House 89 Hovonwcep 89 '

HBADQffARTEaS

Branch of Accounting 124 Personnel Notes 126 Branch of Historic Sites . . .121 Visitor Statistics 125A Branch of Maintenance . . . .126

THE SpPPCS EM1

Geology of Chiricahua National Monument by Noman Smith , 125

S-./NM SOUTHWSSTIRN NATIONAL MONUMENTS HE/JDQU/JHEaS NATIONAL PARK S131VIC E COOLIDGE, ARIZONA.

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HUGH M. MILLER, SUPERINTENDENT ACRES IN FIELD STATION POST OFFICE CUSTODIANS 1939 VISITORS AREA

1. ARCHES Moab, Utah Honry G. Schnldt 1,835 33,680.00 2. AZTEC RUINS Aztec, NOVJ ilex. Thomas C. Millor 15,188 25.88 3. BANDELIER Santa Fc, N. Mcx,iCheste r A, Thorns 11,048 26,026.20 4. CANYON BE CHELLY Chin Leo, Ariz. Theodore Cronyn 2; 128 83,840.00 5. CAHJUN MOUNT;iIN Capulin, IT. Ilex. Honor J. Farr 24,700 680.42 6. CASA SlriNEE Coolid&o, Ariz. Albert T. Biclciell 25,109 472.50 7. CHACO CANYON Chac Caiiy..u, NH Lewis. T; He Kinney 3,618 21,509.40 8. CHIRICAHUA Douglas, Ariz;na Frank L, Fish 7;975 10,694.80 9. EL MORRO Rariak, Nov/. Hex. R'.bcrt R. Budlonc 2,735 240.00 io. GILA CLIFF D:JEL. Nov; Moxico No Custodian 90 160.00 11. GRAN qUIVTRA Graii Quivira, Nil Joseph H. Toulouse 2,518 610.9'* 12. HOVEN"./EEP Cortoz, Colo. Roland S. Richert 168 285.80 13. MONTEZUMA CASTLE Coup Vordc, Ariz Earl Jackson 7; 887 •521.41 14. NATURE BRIDGES Bloncliiic, Utah Zcko Johnson 1,044 2,740.00 15. NAVAJO Tonalca, Ariz. Ja'ies W. Brewer '435- "360.00 16. ORGAN "PIPE CAC. Ajo, Arizona TJillian Supernaurh 7;000 330,687.00 17. PIPE SPRING Moccasin, Ariz. Lo onard Ho at on,act, 3,192 40.00 18. RAIN36T.7 BRIDGE Tonaloa, Ariz. No Custodian • • '175 •160.00 19. SAGtf;.RO Tucson, Arizona Don. Y.f. Ecpr-iayer 18,000 63;284.00 20. SUNSET CRATER Flacstaff, Ariz. D. Jones, in chco 8,779 3,040.00 21. TONTO Roosevelt, Ariz, John Poavy 4; 500 1,120.00 22. TUliACACORI Nocalec, Ariz. Louis Caywood 18,308 10.00 23. TUZlGOOT Clarkdalc, Ariz, Jack Cotter — • 42.61 24. YJALNUT CxJTYON Flagstaff; Ariz. Paul Bcaubicn 11;050 1,879.46 25. .VHITE SANDS Alno^ordo, N.I.l. Johnwill Faris 58,955 143,227.47 26. ?JDPATffl[ ' Flagstaff, Ariz. David J. Jones 3,122 35,865.30 27. YUCCA HOUSE Cortoz, Colo. Roland S. Richcrt 82 10.00

TOTALS 249,721 761,213.19 AREA, 2ND TRAVEL YEAR, 1939: 1,189.395 Sq. IlilOO OPENING By Hugh M. Miller, Superintendent

A good deal of time was devoted by the superintendent to the new CCC budgeting procedure during the nonth. CCC is our present most important construction agency and nerits the superintendent's detailed consider­ ation. Despite belief expressed in the last monthly report that upon adaptation no serious handicap to the work program would result from the now procedure, grave doubt has arisen with respect to certain of the •limitations.' The allowance for the repair of automotive equipment is not adequate, will bo less nearly adequate if rigid adherence to central repair shot procoduro is insisted upon. It is urged that all camps under the jurisdiction of this office are too far from the proposed central re­ pair shop points to admit cither 'economical or efficient use. Competent camp mechanics, whoso salaries must in any event bo paid, can well por- form'many Class III and IV repairs and if camp mechanics arc not compe­ tent, they should be replaced since, if they arc not competent, they should not be trusted With even protective maintenance, further diffi­ culty is anticipated with respect to the limitations on travel expense and transportation of things, which are so restricted as to prevent full utilization of the economics resulting from the previous practice of transporting heavy equipment from one camp to another as required for tho prosecution of tho work programs. Flexible management of funds, basic In good administration, permitting the benefit of economies to accrue to the camp which effected them, will bo largely lost, it is felt. Perhaps again, however, experience with the now system will remove the doubts which now bosot its application, end every effort will certainly bo made, to make it work. The alignment of tho proposed now road at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument was inspected with the custodian and representatives of the Public Roads Administration, the Branch of Plans and Design, and the ' Branch of Engineering. Rights of way problems will be readily solved, it is believed. Ho construction problems arc apparent which give promise of any difficulty in reconciling the viows of all agencies concerned, and construction should go through on schedule. At Chaco Canyon National Monument heavy rains demonstrated tho necessity of certain corrections in section and drainage or. the now en­ trance road. There was considerable loss of now construction during the rains which occurred late in August. This problem was considered in the field with representatives of the Branch of Engineering end the Branch of Plans and Design. An "out" scorns at last to have been found permit­ ting retention of the proposed headquarters site on tho mesa. With this problem at loast partially solved and work on tho entrance road well under way, the Chaco camp is beginning to take its rightful place as an effective construction agency. Tho now Arches camp promises to get into full production in Sep­ tember. Most of tho men carried by tho Army to complete camp construction have been released; more heavy equipment (still not enough) has boon made available, plans on tho first section of the entrance road cad on the in-

SOUTHUESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 75 MONTHLY REPORT POR AUGUST 1940 OPENING ( cont'd. )

itial pcmanent buildings arc expected shortly. In the meantime the large channel change and rcvctncnt job at headquarters and the headquarters road system have been approved, which, with miscellaneous snail jobs, should anply engage the full canp force. Certificates of oligiblcs have been received for filling five po­ sitions as park ranger. Three of the positions are newly established; the remainder are constructively vacant through the approved transfer of Cus­ todian Cronyn fron Canyon dc Chclly to Kings Canyon National Park, and Ranger Bowcn from Montezuma Castle to Grand Canyon National Monument. Because of the wide dispersion of oligiblcs throughout the United States, it is difficult to obtain acceptances and make selections within the 50 days permitted by the Commission and in the usual case selections must be made without interview or investigation, solely upon the record of ap­ plication and examination. The danger of misfits is unavoidable and emphasized, reliance must be placed on the probationary period as a real test to eliminate employees who fail to fit the assignments for which they are thus rather haphazardly chosen. Approval during the montl: of Mr. Charles A. Richcy's appointment to the vacant position of assistant superintendent will result, upon his entrance on duty, in expanded and more thorough attention to matters of policy and administrative'problems, more extensive contact with field personnel, and, generally, in greatly strengthened organization. After a very slow start in June travel to the Southwestern National Monuments picked up rapidly during July. Travel records for August wore broken at several monuments. The outstanding event of the month occurred on August 7 when a plaque, dedicated to Adolph Bandolier, was unveiled at Bandolier National Monument, Regional Director Tillotson was the principal speaker. His­ torians and Archeologists from all over the Americas wore present. Some inconsistency appears between our heavy travel and the com­ plaints of filling station and hotel operators who claim poor business for the summer. The reason for this is not known, particularly since cut ^of state travelers make up a large percentage of monument visitors.

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SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 76 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 CONDENSED REPORT IN WHICH HIGHLIGHTS OF THE. MONTH AR.EGIVEN

Coolidgc, Arizona, September 1, 1940.

The Director National Park Service Washington, D. C.

Dear Mr. Director: The Condensed Report for the mouth of August, 1940, follows:

STATION 1 940 1 939

August Travel year August Travel year Archos 297 2365 225 1543 Capulin Mountain 9000 28600 8000 28200 Chiricahua 1661 8766 886 7257 Natural Bridges 157 530 220 926 Organ Pipe Cactus 550 9085 500* 5940* Rainbow Bridge 50* 150* 35* 164* Saguaro 739 16361 350* 167.24* Sunset Crater 2618* 10552* 1498* 7345* jjhito' Sands 10904 45476 5408 55000 TOTAL, Geol. & Biol. 25976 122885 17122 • 123099

Aztec Ruins 2794 8740 1967 13656 Bandolier 3727 11975 2547 9750 Canyon do Chclly 537 2396 354 1836 Casa Grande 616 11185 592 24441 Chaco Canyon 571 2044 303 3556 El Morro 409 1449 771 2576 Gila Cliff Dwellings 10* 50* 20* 80* Gran Quivira 453 2148 438 2175 Hovcnv/oop 99 378* 48 135* Montozuna Castle 1272 7045 855 7195.. Navajo 178 466 64 378 Pipe Spring 192 1085 305 3133 Tonto 276 4952 300 4282 Tunacacori 267 7016 260 18041 Tuzigoot 938 5248 Walnut Canyon 2669 10560 2272 9932' . , Uupatki 578 2887 746 2679 Yucca House 30 110* 12 79* Total: Hist. Sitos 15621 79735 11864 103725 Total: All Areas 41597 202620 28986 226824

Last Month 30009 156836 27205 189253 *Travel Estimated SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 77 MONTHLY TaiPORT ITOR AUGUST 1940 CONDENSED REPORT ( cont'd. )

020 General Weather Conditions General weather conditions have been general. Very hot, quite cool, very dry and very wot weather was recorded at the various nonunonts during August. At Casa Grande the drouth continued unabated; 70 niles south, Tucson was flooded; Chiricahua remained dry but the surrounding mountains received sone hoavy rains. Most of the northern nonunonts rccicvcd rains sufficient to put ranges in excellent condition. Three custodians of nonunonts at'hi oh elevations ncntion the necessity of starting fires in the evenings because of tho chill.

100 ADMINISTRATIVE

110 Superintendents special activities: Sec 'Opening'of this report. 120 Monument Inspections Archos_ - Hugh Miller; Natt Dodge; Luis Gastollun; J. H. Tovrca; Jcrono | Miller; Charles Richcy. (page 06) Aztoc Ruin - Erik Rood; Jossc Nusbaun. (page 84) Bandolier - Miner Tillotson; E. A. Montgoncry; Charles Richcy; Lylo Bennett; Harvey Cornel; Aubrey Noashan; Jesse Nusba\in. (page 100) Canyon de Cholly - John White, (page 93) Chaco Canyon - B. L. Douglas; Erik Reed; Jesse Nusbauvi; Dale King, (page 117) 31 Morro - Aubrey Ncashan; Charles Richoy; J. H. Tovroa. (page 97) Gran Quivira - W. B. MacDougal; Engineer Widnan. (page 91) Hovonwccp - T. C. Miller (page 90) Montozuna Castle -E. A. Mont gone ry (pago 113) Natural Bridges - Parke Soulc (page 112) Organ Pipe Cactus - Hugh Miller; J. H. Tovrca; Jorone Miller (page 110) ?ipoi Spring - Al Kouhl; George Norgard; Lylo Bennett (page 115) Tunacacori - Jcrono Miller; J. H. Tovrca (pago 111) Tuzigoot - Parke Soulc (pago 109) Walnut Canyon - Dale King; Parke Soulo; Luis Gastolluia; Raymond HiggLns. (page .95] Whlto Sands - Minor Tillotson; 17. 3. MacDougal; Boles Erickson; Jesse Nusbaun;, Erik Reed, (page 99)

160 General Publicity Wupatki - Two articles issued during August; one by ITatt Dodge in Arizona Highways, the other by Mrs. Jones in tho Christian Science Monitor, (page 108)

170 General Conplaints Bandolier - One written end several oral conplaints were received because of the necessity of sending parties to tho ruins with CCC guides. Sev­ eral oral conplaints on tho state of tho approach road, (pago 101)

200 MAINTENANCE, NET CONSTRUCTION AND IIJFROVEG3NTS 210 Unusual Maintenance Aztec - Custodian's residence painted; steps on visitors trail repaired; all roof drains cleaned .(page 83) Bandolier - Hotel refrigeration plant broke dovjr..'and had to bo repaired; hoavy rains filled cellars with wator and sand, and utility area and

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL IBNTMENTS' 78: MONTHLY REPORT EOR AUGUST 1940 CONDENSED REPORT ( cont'd. )

roadway wore covered with sand; ventilator in hotel kitchen failed to work and a temporary repair effected; line chlorinator overhauled. (pace 100). Gaga Grande - Repairs nado on two residences; two refrigerators sent to Phoenix for riajor repairs, (page 88) Chaco Canyon - Now ramada and drinking fountain installed in picnic ground; pit toilets placed over new pits; new poles and insulators erected on power lino; old wire fences around Pueblo Bonito taken down, (page 117) Chiricahua - Heavy maintenance on Bonita Canyon road needed. (page 119) Gran Quivira - One cistern bailed; filter replaced on other; defective drinking fountain dismantled; work of filling treasure shaft continued, (pace 92) Navajo - Rains washed out approach roads. Custodian spent 6 nan-days re­ pairing roads. ' (page 94) Saguaro - throe days spent on the telephone line, (page 106)

220 Now Construction El Morro - Visitor trail completed, (page 98)

230 Special Improvement Activities - CCC Arches - Snail crew repairing present road in the monument; other men quarrying rock, (page 87) Bandolier - Roof and flagstone floors of cabin S-l and S-2 complete; in­ terior work carried on in those two units and roof construction of E-3 started; construction started on fire lookout, (page 103) Chaco Canyon - Rains destroyed much road and erosion control work, (page 117) Mount Eldon - Walnut Canyon - Floors of 'residence 2 finished; floors of residence 1 sanded; flagstone boing laid at adninistration'building en­ trance; one-quarter mile boundary fence built; yard layout,residence 2 is 80$ complete. Uupatki - Excavations for administration building started; fill materials for parking and utility areas hauled; road maintenance a major project due to recent storms; signs, map cases and a work bench prepared by the carpenter shop. ( pago 96 )

240 Improvements to Monument Approaches Aztec - State highway department continued work oh bridge over Estos. Ar­ royo. Work was delayed a littlo by a flood on August 20. (page 83).

300 ACTIVITIES OP OTHER AGENCIES IIT THE LICNUiENTS 320 Cooperating Government Agencies Saguaro - Two officials of the Bureau of Plant Industry made a'study of . • . the bacterial infection of saguaros in tho monument, (page 106)

350 Donations and Accessions Aztec Ruin - Wator color by Chris Jorgcnson loaned by Yosomitc National Park; copy of Prehistory of El Rito de los Frijolcs donated by S".M Association, (page 85) Gran Quivira - 2 Kodaslidc carriers; repaired copies of Monthly Report free January, 1935 to July, 1939; 15 Kodachromc slides; Prehistory of El Rito de los Frijoles. (page 91)

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 79 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 CONDENSED REPORT (cont'd.)

Saguaro - 8 Kodachrone slides; 21 mammal and bird skins, all talcon above 7500 feet; a copy of El Rito do los Frijolos.' (pace 107) Touto - a four drawer filing cabinet; £ repaired volumes of Monthly Re­ port; a copy of Prehistory of El Rito do los Frijolos, and Bibliography of the Southwestern Honunonts. (pace 104)

400 INTERPRETATION 410 Sunoory of Lecture and Guide Service - sec chart on pago 125.

420 Museum. Activities Chiricaliua - Preliminary plans for exliibits completed anil forwarded through proper channels, (page 122) Ualnut Canyon - Start nade on preparation of exhibit plan. ( pace 96)

430 Research and Observations

431 Botany Chiricaliua - Temporary Ranger Ora Clark completed a revised check list of the flora of the monument, (page 119)

435 History Bandolier - Commemorative plaque to Adolph Bandolier unvoilcd. (pceo 101)

600 PROTECTION 620 Police - Indians with gone arrested by custodian, turned over to Immigration Service, (page 110) 640 Forest Fire Protection Saraxaro - Fire guards finish season. Four class A fires during month. (page 107) Bandolier - Two lightning fires found and suppressed, (page 104)

650 Ruins Stabilization Aztec Ruin - Two Navajo stono masons spend 17 nan-days stabilizing walls. (page 83) Chaco Canyon Mobile Unit - worked on Wijiji and r-ucblo Bonito. (page 118) Tuzigoot - Wall behind museum and several walls in the ruins stabilized with NYA labor. (;x.go 109)

680 Accidents Aztec Ruin - Young girl fainted in ruins; two adults showed signs of fainting, (page 84)

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SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MCNU1IENTS 80 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 FIELD REPORTS ._• FROMJ[HE_MEN_ON THE JOB AlTEC RUIN By T. C. Miller, Custodian Aztec, New Mexico

Visitors this month, 2,794; travel year to date 8,740.

General: Travel has shown a noticeable increase commencing August first. This is the only month during the heavy travel season that, we show an increase over the corresponding period of last year. In all, .August has been a very busy and successful month with a lot of things being accomplished that has been badly needed. Work has continued by the State Highway Department on the Estes Arroyo bridge on the approach road to the monument. The road was closed for a few hours on the 20th because of a heavy rain above the monument headquarters. The arroyo was up carrying several feet of flood water which washed our temporary detour into the Annimas River. The foreman and bridge crew worked most of the night building a new detour and by 7:00 A.M. on the 21st travel was resumed in a very satisfactory manner. To date this bridge job is 80 per cent complete. No doubt but what the detour has hampered our travel to some extent the entire month, but this department has displayed a fine spirit of co-operation and in the long run our travel should be greatly increased when the bridge has been completed.

Weather Statistics; Maximum temperature was 94 on August 9•and minimum temperature Wc.s 51 on August 12. 'There were 14 clear days, 14 partly cloudy, and 3 cloudy days. Thunder clouds gathered almost every day bringing a total precipitation of .38 inches.

Projects, Routine and Coraplcteji, SpcL *>rPJ?5£S. £2E. ??RS2ii5Ja J?2H5iL: "^1C custodian's residence received a now coat of paint during the month and two badly needed electric outlets in the wall were installed. Steps in the visitor trail through sono of the inner rooms in the pueblo and stops leading into Kiva E woro repaired. All drains on building roofs have been cleaned. A spray pump and one gallon of NPS-Z solution was loaned to this monument by the Mobile Unit, Chaco Canyon National Monument. Plaster on the oast wall of "Room 225 and the north wall of Room 117 where there arc several incised pictographs was treated. Two Navajo stone masons have spent 17 man-days in stabilization work. Brush grown so large that its roots wore penetrating the walls

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MCMJIIENTS 83 MONTHLY R~]?0RT FOR AUGUST 1940 AZTEC RUINS ( cont'd. ) was removed and repair of the west wall of Room 116 is now under way. This room is adjacent to the visitor trail and the wall had become so undermined that it'-was dangerous. Guide service has been maintained. Back numbers of the monthly report have been catalogued and wrapped and will bo mailed to your office for repair at an early date. Guide service will be maintained, supervision of ruins stabilization, pro­ tection and maintenance will require the entire time of the staff during the ensuing month.

Monument Inspections: Kovenwoep and Yucca House wore inspected on Aug­ ust 10th. See daily report. Frequent inspections of all activities in the monument were made by the custodian.

Insect Control: Vegetation was sprayed to combat insect pests and caterpillar nests were removed from the cotton-wood trees end burned.

"Visitor Trail: Deep cracks had developed in the visitor trail immed­ iately in front of the museum. These have boon scaled with bitumuls and the patched places sanded.

Park Sorvico Officials: Bob Lister, Chaco Canyon National Monument; Jesse L. Nusbaum and Erik Reed of Santa Fc brought a group of seven aroncologists, members of the Coronado Congress, on their way from the Chaco Conference to Mesa Verde National Park; H. Miller, Colorado National Monument; Custodian Supernaugh, Organ Pipe National Monument; Mr. Rush and Mr. Phelps, foremen at the Chaco Canyon CCC Camp; Roland Richert, Yucca House National Monument,

Activities Outside the Monument: A field party sponsored by Columbia University and headed by Mrs. Dorothy Keur has been workir^ for several weeks in the Govornador district about fifty miles east' of Az'ree. '-L'heir purpose has been to investigate early Navajo sites and some very inter­ esting material has been obtained.. Scores of hogan sites were located and mapped and several were excavated.

Accidents: On August 17 a 1- year old girl fainted while making the trip through the ruins. First aid was rendered by the Ranger in charge and Sic was brought back to the museum to await the return of her party. Two more visitors who wore in large parties have come near fainting while- passing through the back roons of the pueblo. Apparently the large parties within close quarters aro too much for them.

Travel: 2 ,794 people arrived in 759 automobiles. Of the total number of visitors 8,159 were guided through the ruins in 205 groups. Average time per group was 69.5 minutes and avoiva .; visitors par trip were 10.5. Total persons guided through the museum 1,968 in 259 groups. Average persons per group was 8 with an average time per group of 30.4 minutes. Five hundred and forty-five persons received information but did not re­ ceive guide sorvico. Guide tickets sold 1,517; Revenue collected ',579.25.

SCUTHVJESTERN NATI0HA1 MONUMENTS 84 MONTHLY REPORT FCR AUGUST 1940 AZTEC HUE'S ( cont'd. )

Accessions and Donations: A thirteen by seventeen inch water color painting, "Road Through Desert Canyon" was received for display pur­ poses. • A copy of "Prehistory of SI Rito de Los Erijoles, Bandolier National Monument" was donated to this monument's library by the Southwestern National Monuments Association.

'.leather Bureau: A new maximum thermometer was received and installed to replace one that was faulty.

SWNM

Apz-nrr , By Henry G. Schmidt, custodian r\l\L-ntj Moab, Utah "Visitors this month, 297; Travel year to date, 2365.

Weather: The month of August brought a continuation of the hottest, driest summer recorded in this section of Utah in the past 40 years. Only 2 very light rains fell in scattered areas this mouth, leaving vast range lands of this section in dire need of moisture and the Colo­ rado River at the lowest stage in many years. A majority of the days wore partly cloudy and several times threatening skies have given hope of rain but high winds always appeared to blow the rain clouds into the nearby mountain areas of Colorado.

Roads: The road into the Windows Section has been seriously affected by the wind and dry spell, and during the first part of the month there wore times when the portion of the road through the sand flats near Willow Springs'was impassable. Several cars wore towed through the worst sand pockets, and three different parties, arriving at the monument after I had made the usual patrol and returned to Moab in the evening, stalled their cars in these sand pockets end were forced ,to remain until I dis­ covered their plight the next morning and towed them cut of the sand. Since the approval of a CCC project on maintenance of the existing road, however, I have supervised a crow of 13 men improving the norst sections of the road. One 36" 18-foot CMP was placed in the worst dip and both approaches shaled to make a level grade across this small wash. Material improvement has beer, made by spreading approximately 50 yards of shale in the sand pockets and rougher sections of the road. The mainten­ ance crew is doing a splendid job and I am certain that next'month a more favorable report can bo made on the road conditions. The upper end of the Salt Valley road to the Devil's Garden and Delicate Arch sections, is rough and dusty but passable.

Visitors: Travel to the monument has increased over the corresponding month of 1939 and over the preceding month, in spite of the unfavorable weather and road conditions. A total of 271 visitors hiked through the

..SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 85 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 ARCHES ( cont'd. )

Windows section and 25 of the more adventuresone travelers mado the trip to the Devil's Garden, making a total travel count of 297 people. Thirty-two guided trips wore conducted through the various sections of the Monument, with an attendance of 153 people, and 16 parties, totaling 54 people, wore contacted on the Windows section road, making a total count of 207 people and a total of 2,640 contact minutes. Park Service visitors included Hugh M. Millor, Natt Dodge, Luis Gastellum, J. H.'and Polly Tovroa and Parke Soulc of headquarters; C. A. Richcy, Santa Fa, Now Mexico; Horace Miller, Fruita, Colorado; Mr. and Mrs. Glenn Boyland, Mr. and Mrs. Art Gilmoro and Thomas J. Williams of Mesa Verde National Park.

£F°j££i_s. completed during Month: One bronze marker was placed in the Windows Section. More urgent problems demanded attention this month, making any concentrated effort on this project impossible Four of the now signs were mounted ready for placement as soon as the most advantageous locations can be determined after the road main­ tenance and repairs have progressed a little further. A new project, the maintenance of the Vfindows Section road, with the help of a crew from the new CCC Camp, is showing a good deal of progress. There has boon a great need for this type of work for some time and I believe wo can do a good job toward making the existing road more passable and a little loss the target for disgruntled visitors' ironic quips which appear in the register book.

Projects for the Ensuing Month: The continuation of the project to lo­ cate and set bronze markers at the various windows end arches will re­ ceive all possible attention. The work on the signing of the existing road and road maintenance will be continued. A 30-foot spruce pole has been brought out of the La Sal National Forest and pooled, ready for placement and use as a flag pole at the Willow Springs Ranger and Contact Station.

General: Superintendent Hugh M. Miller, Naturalist Natt Dodge and CCC Fiscal Clerk Luis Gastellum, made field inspections at the monument and inaugurated the CCC program to be carried on by Camp NP-7U. Mr. Dodge and I spent 4 days in the field in c_.dvar.ee preparation of the museum prospectus. A copy of the prospectus has been received and is being rc- vic;vod and will be returned to headquarters within the week. Associate Engineer Tovre^, Associate Engineer Miller, Mr. "Jclton and I made a short preliminary reconnaissance of the proposed headquarters road and circulation system. Associate Landscape Architect Ricliey and I located 2 quarry sites. The sites to be utilized in obtaining materials for building construction to be carried on by the CCC Camp. Two thousand copies of-a now mimeographed information leaflet, des­ cribing Arches National Monument and its principal features, woro re­ ceived from headquarters. There has boon a constand demand and need for

SOOTHv/ESTSHN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 86 MONTHLY REPORT FOR . UGUST 1940 ARCHES ( cont'd.)

a leaflet of this typo and you arc assured they were gratefully received \>y the custodian and will, I believe, be most helpful to and enthusias­ tically received by tho visitors.

^iS^.i2£?-.M'S>_iS.-7^H By ^altor .7. Wclton, Act. Proj. Supt. Technically the "Arches CCC:' began on the 1st of July or at least that is the date the first member of the personnel, the Engineer and Acting Superintendent, reported for duty. Tho convoy of equipment and small tools, 15 trucks in all, arrived from Chiricahua, Arizona on Saturday, July 13. Tho company of 198 men fron tho Fourth Corps Area (South Carolina) arrived on July 19. The personnel at this date includes the following: Walter W. Wolton, Sr. Foreman (Engr) and Acting Sup't., transferred from SP-2, YJoods Cross, Utah; Carl W. Alloman, Sr. Foremen (Landscape Arch.), transferred from Baleen Bow, Oklahoma; William E. Sladc, Jr. Foreman, Transferred from SP-2, Woods Cross, Utah; G. H. Anderson, Jr. Foreman, of Salt Lake City, Utah; Edward Knight, Jr. Foreman, of Mcab, Utah; Aldon B. Newell, Mech­ anic, of Moab, Utah; and Orlan L. Johnson, Clerk, from Vernal, Utah. No work has been started on tho project due to tho fact that the camp was only -bout 50>J completed when the company arrived. Tho Person­ nel have been busy supervising construction of all of the Technical Ser­ vice building and they will bo completed by the end cf this week. It will bo some tine before the camp is completely equipped and organized. Bins and racks for tools and work benches ere being built. A grease rack end wash rack is yet to be built and a concrete floor put in tho blacksmith shop. A small crow of men have been improving the present road into the Arches and another snail crow have started quarrying rock for buildings and rip rau work.

iSYML By A :i=r C AS A GRANDE - LSS?^r -' Visitors this month 615; travel year to date 11,186.

General: Although hot woacher has been the rule, travel has held up fairly wo11, showing a slight incr"oa,30 over the sano period last year. Good rains have fallen in tho vicinity, although the monument has re­ ceived more dust that rain. Routine nonunont work is current and tho Custodian plans to t;.ke annual loovo during tho nort nonth, before the heavy travel season begins.

Weather: Temperatures have been noiEicl for this region for this month. Maximum temperature was 115 on August 10, with lowest maximum reading for 24 hours of 98 on August 12 and 23; Minimum "was 69 on August 14, with highest minimum of 83 on August 20. Rainfall has boon subnormal at the ruins; fivo electrical storms brought a total of 1.08 inches precipitation

SOUTHSrESTSRN NATIONAL I-JDHOI-iEWTS 87 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 CASA GRANDE ( cont'd. )

— 0.64 inches of which foil on July 25 and 26, when the town of Casa Grande and environs got a heavy rain of groat benefit to crops. On Aug­ ust 13, the by now historic Tucson cloudburst caused a severe dust stom on the monument, with little rain. Surface run-off from the San Pedro and Santa Cruz Rivers caused miimr flj.d danger in the surrounding area. The Gila River was running bank full .n August 14, a rare Bight n.wadays. Vegetation an the monument has nade efficient tise of the rain that foil; the oc-^tillo arc greening; the cro^3otc bush, in favorable spots, is blossoming again; and even the ncsquite are naking a valiant effort to leaf out and lo.,k liko trees.

Visitors: A total of 616 people In 217 core visited Casa Grande National Monument during the travel nonth. Of this total travel of 616, 527 people nade guided trips through the Ruins — 436 paid admissions; 12 passed through as conplimcntarios; 88 underage passed without charge. 80 people did not pay guide fees, nor take the guided trips, but did use the nonu­ ncnt facilities while friends nade the trip. The picnic grounds wore used by 18 parties totalling 87 people; five individuals used the "Desert Trail". In addition to the travel counted above, 218 people in 63 cars caught a brief glimpse of the Ruins without stopping or using the facil­ ities. A noticeable increase in these "runarounds" — as well as pic­ nickers'— is observed since a "guide-fee" sign was posted at the monument entrance replacing the i'oiticr "entrance foe" sign. Monument visitors included Jerry Miller, Al Keuhl, Don Egemayer, Bill Suporaaugh and Chuck Richey — all of the NPS.

Personnel: Ranger Charles v/yatt has boor, on annual loavo since August 1. Charlie "returned from his vacation August 23, but will ronain in leave status until September 1. Relief Ranger Alberts has boon attached to Casa Grande during this period and will continue this assignment during Custodian Bicieioll's absence on leave through September. 3d has a certain swagger in his walk that was not previously noticeable; opinion gonerally is that it is due to the six pound daughter that Carey presented hint with during the month.

Maintenance and Equipment: Repair work or. the porch of the Custodian's Residence was begun July 30 by Doc Gipo; this work is 80yi> complete at this tine. Painting and other work authorized on Chief Clerk Soulo's residence was completed this month. Two refrigerators have been returned from Phoenix where thoy underwent najor repairs. Several trips to Phoenix and one to Casa Grande have boon made for supplies.

^ySSiS £BSl Education: In addition to tho 111 museum talks to 468 visitors given during the month, some progress w<„c made in the proposed revision of tho "snake and bug" case. Two badly bleached and deteriorated snake specimens wore removed; alcohol was changed in ether specimens. A color photo of a small Red Racer was token by Natt Dodge Of the Headquarters Interpretative Staff — first step in building up a representative scries of large Kodachrcmo transparencies, hoped to eventually replace tho rathor

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL LKJNOLIEHTS 88 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 CASA GRANDE ( cont'd. ) unsightly "pickled" spccanons in this exhibit. Several publications fron the Monument Library have boon repaired by Western Museum Laboratories, including several years' files of "El Palacio", "The Mostorkoy" and "The Kiva", The Natural History Observation File, long maintained by the head- quarter's interpretative staff, has been transferred to the monument office. This very complete set of several yoars' observations arc proving useful to the monument staff. Notable observations this month include the first sight records of the Great Blue Heron for Casa Grande, and an unusual performance of a road-runner hopping into a mosquito and dispursing four mourning doves from thoir matinal meditations.

Continuing and Contemplated Projocts: Work being undertaken by Ranger Wyatt has been held in suspense pending his return from leave. It is planned to moke somo progress toward installation of a new "Irrigation System" exhibit, and further studies on wall settling and wind erosion on the Casa Grande will bo undertaken during the month.

:SWNM rtOVkNWkbr • By Roland S. Richert, park ranger, oortes Colora YUCCA HOUSE ' *" ' •!•• 1^1 '• -. — -—.,» .I..I- •——...•.,••. ... .— •• ••»»—•,,.•• P^^jpWl— I I.. ••—••• ••••-• -II *• I Roods; The rains this month again played havoc with Square Tower, Uickiup and McElmo Canyon roads, but surprisingly enough, this condition did not deter a large number of visitors from foregoing the hazards of becoming stuck or stranded in an attempt to see tho ruins, ^

Administrati on and Antiquities: Our tine was wo^l cor.sumpd this month with the following activities: educational guidance, road maintenance, posting of additional monument boundary markers, inspections of Yucca House and the Hovonwccp ruins, and preparation of a photographic report of Hovenv/eop National Monument purporting to show tho.3e struciuros which are in need of repair. The latter project will be completed next month, ' Obviously, if the unique towers and castellated structures of the Hovonwccp aro to retain their instructive and educational appearance, it is imperative that stabilization and capping of walls bo instigated as soon as possible. Tho cost for such a project will be considerably loss now than somctimo in tho future because deterioration of walls duo to natural.elements is occurring at on accelerating rato. It is indeed alarming to note that in comparing tho present condition of tho buildings with viows taken in 1917-18 by Dr. J. W. Fcwkes, and illustratod in Bul- lotin /i-70 of the Bureau of American Ethnology, many gaping holes and huge fissures appear in weakened walls which wore not ovidontj; 22 yoars ago. Several building have withstood the ravages of tjjno remarkably woll, notably Twin Towors of the Square Tower Group; in tho case of many others it is nothing short of a miraclo that any vestige; of thorn remains. It is widely recognized that nearly all similar towers uiiiquc to this region and which arc not located on National Monument property have praptically , r 1 r^-i^ •,,'•• f — 30UTH.JEST2RN NATIONAL IIONUMENTS 89 MQNTHLY' REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 HOVMvJEEP AND YUCCA HOUSE ( cont'd. ) vanished or lost their instructive appearance due to lack of care, vandal­ ism., or natural elements. It night be added hero that the increasing lum­ ber of visitors have repeatedly remarked to the effect that the Government should expend just a little CCC or Indian labor to bolster and protect Hoveriwccp's Towers in order that they remain, educationally instructive units for the benefit of future generations.

Visitors to Hoycmvcop: Visitor travel to this Monument continues to held up well, in fact, exceeds any previous month with 99 persons arriving in August. It is believed that the recorded travel for the current season surpassed all previous records. The average number of visitors per nonth based on totals for Juno, July and August, 1940, is about 75. By noans of the permanent visitor register, it will be interesting to sorJ how this figure nay vary botwoon the suanor and the winter .months. Upon request, 38 people wore shown the Holly-Hackborry Groups, and everyone felt privileged because these ruin canyons are so woll-hiddon that few persons have the opportunity to sec then.

J5^L Visitors: On August 10 we wjrc happily surprised tc have Custodian Miller of Aztec drop in, accompanied by Mr. E. P. Joscy, also of Aztoc, New Iloxico, and n very loy-1 friend of the Service. Cal and "Doc11 brought on enormous supply of edibles, so that during their visit we dined like proverbial kings.

Visitors to Yucca Houggj 25 people, including the Pasadena Junior College Tour were personally guided at this nonunont. Fivo additional persons saw tho nonunont during Tour of Duty at Hovcnwcop, making a total of 50 for the month.

Research Activities: It is hoped that an accurate study of the sherds collected the past two seasons can be undertaken inasmuch as tho prospects are din for any scientific excavation and any now infomation regarding the time and culture represented at Hovenwoep and Yucca House, oven though based on surface pcttory, would be of assistance in the interpretational problem. Apparently all construction wood at Hovouwoop consists of juniper which is undatable at present. Therefore, the time factor must bo deter­ mined if possible by the identification and cross-dating of pottery. Excavation of Yucca House would undoubtedly reveal datable timber.

**>;= g'Tfjjr **#

SOUTH ISSTERN N-.TIOITAL IICNUIIENTS 90 MONTHLY" REPoRT FOH AUGUST 1940 GRAN OJJIVIRA

(^O AM (] i IIV/IB A By Joscoh H. Toulouse, Jr., custodian, V3 K AIN \oi Ul V IR A Qrcn <}uivira, Nov; Mexico.

Visitors this north, 458; travel year to date, 2148.

Visitors: It would appear as if I had boon rushed this month, as that is the fooling I rccoivo after having locked back at the past several weeks. There has been a liotcuble increase in foreign traffic through tho nonunont, and visitor travel was rapid enough to force the custodian to slack up on his other administrative duties. Duo to an accident, with no ono hurt, tho custodian was forced to take several days lc.vc towards the ond of the period, and because of this a number of visitors wont unprovided for (16).

"leather _and_ Roads: There has boon a scries of general showers every after­ noon for most of the month, or at least cloudiness and resultant throaton- ings have been displayed. The roj.ds have boon excellent for tho nost part. Several days toward tho end of tho nonth wore cold, enough to require heating of quarters.

Acquisitions: This has been a busy month free the point of acquisitions. Jo have received the following itens: Now floor nat for pickup, 2 koda- olidc carriers from Berkeley as wo11 as the following: Bound copies of the Monthly Report from January, 1935 to July, 1939, 15 bound and cleaned kodachromc slides, Catalog of VJestern Museum Laboratories. Also received from the Southwestern monuments Association a copy of HcndronMs "Prehistory of 3i Rito dc los Ijfjjolcs", complimentary; other items woro, 4 rolls of kodachromc, 4 U. S. flags, "Insects of j'ostcrn North America", and a rubber stamp for addressing the Superintendent.

2f«§i X.is-ii2?!^.: Regional Biologist .7. 3. McDougall, on July 25th, who in­ spected tho nonunont and recommended tho stocking of a covey of quail; Also Engineer Ui&oan and Assistant from tho Regional Office to survey the proposed telephone lino. : . •' • •...•' ' ;•';.'" ...•

R_:_uti:.o and Continuing Projects: The telephone line proposed route was surveyed during the month by Regional engineers. 'The three volumes of Hackotto' Papers, Carnegie Institution of .Washington and the copy of Kubler's "Religious architecture of Not/ Mexico1' were sent av;ay for repair, as also two more vollinon of the Monthly Report. Early in the month cm in­ spection with Regional Biologist McDougall was carried on, with a hike around the entire monument; LicDougall got a chance to see our grouse which arc nesting. Several trips in line of Monument duty wore made, one to Mountainair to investigate the use of KXA labor here, but all such has boon discontinued in this county. During the early port of the month sev­ eral boundary signs and the front entrance wore given now coatings of paint, improving their appearances 100$. During this time another trip was made to Mountainair to obtain information concerning the now gas ccn-

SCUTrLiESTSRK NATIONAL MCh^.IENTS 91 MCITHLY REPORT FOR mUGUST 194-0 GRAN QUIVIRA ( cont'd. ) tract, and gas was ordered. Rcnovcd drinking fountain as it was rusting; have, as yet, no tine to work on it, repainting, etc. Bailed one cistern dry and changed filter on the other. During the nonth work was carried on in weeding the New Church as the woods choked the rooms and corridors, as well ~s growing in the walla endangering n rtar and wall; scric work was carried on in continued filling of the Treasure shaft. The Museum was further cleaned out, and the various shelves wero removed with the in­ tention of const-ructing shelves for storage of spccinons in the Toolhouse. Approximately 70 stone spccinons wore cataloged and the reminder of the artifacts, consisting of pottery, awaits the arrival of sonc ambroid or its equivalent, as also tine in which to do this important labor. The HC'JP continued the painting of the house, by working on the woodwork in the kitchen. It is anticipated to replace tho top of the kitchen tables which are practically in shreds this coning period. A number of after pictures wero taken of the New Mission's stabilization work completed last fiscal year for completion of the record, as also several exposures were made for post cards to be sold by the Association at Gran Quivira. Early in tho nonth the Highway grading crew ccurteJUSly graded the approach road into Gran Quivira H'jnuaont, solving a rather serious problem.

Projects for the Ensuing Month: Continuance m:. remodeling Custodian's residence• Continuance" of work upon artifacts, cataloging and repairing, as also construction of shelves for storage; though, if visitor travel continues unabated ouch of this will have to go by the way.

Personal: During tho close of the period, when the Custodian and HCJP wore returning one evening from Santa Fo and a day off, a cow was sadly picking its way across a dork road, and unfortunately the cow was black also, so that it was necessary to ronove said cow's sitter from tho front of tho conveyance, resulting in a forced leave of absence of several days in Santa Fo. fortunately only 16 visitors woro loft without service dur­ ing this period, when the spare local men finally took over. Luckily no one was hurt, much less the cow.

^S\JNM-

CANYON DE CHELLY By Ted Cronyn, custodian, Chin Loc, :j?izona.

Visitors this month, 557; travel year to d^tc, 2596.

General: The custodian returned to duty on August 5, and Tammy Oustott departed on the sane day for Bandolier...Travel in the canyons has been limited during this report period. In tho Canyon do Cholly there have boon several times of flood, with a fair amount of travel in tho inter­ vals. Cmyon del Mucrto has been consistently dry for visitors' cars, until it was flooded on August 24th. The only cars that have made trips in the latter canyon were Cozy HcSparron's and one truck hauling out alfalfa.... Road conditions in this region have been fair until the lao-

SGUTKIJESTSRN NATIONS MONUMENTS 92 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 CANYON DE CHELLY ( cont'd.)

week of the period, when recurrent local rains caused some minor washouts... A sample of our well water was sent in July to the Flagstaff office of the State Board of Health, who reported no injurious content of bacilli.

Weather: Temperatures have ranged fairly high until the last week. Many days ranged above 95 degrees; the maximum was 99 on July 25 , and the minimum 55 on August 24, As mentioned above, during the latter part of the period there were frequent local showers, and on the 24th there was a rain­ fall of 1.32 inches at headquarters. These rains have cheered the Navajos appreciably. Some of their corn will still benefit a little; so will the peaches, although they are nearly ripe already and some have been picked. The greatest good will come from the renewed growth on the range, where forage for the sheep has been more scarce than over. The alfalfa fields will also benefit. These are the rains that ore supposed to come in late July and the fore part of August. Very severe storms were reported from some locations; Ganado had two inches of rain in 30 minutes.

Travel: The visitor count, 537, is far ahead of any month in the past. This "figure compares with 364 for the same month of 1939. The present travel year to date totals 2396, as compared with 1836 in the like period a year ago. The Gallup Ceremonial and the Hopi snake dance bring many visitors to the region in this month, but Canyon do Chelly is apparently gaining in attendance on its own account.

Int^j?j?et_ati_on: Field contacts were made with 83 groups, including 415 people. In the office-museum, 61 groups wore received, with 230 persons.

Protection: Several patrol trips were made in the Canyon do Chelly. The Beehive Ruin was visited for the first time by this custodian, but nowhere wore there evidences of recent vandalism. I tried the Canyon del Mucrto twice, but got stuck in dry sand both times.

Maintenance: On July 30, Bert Cravath, Navajo Service well driller, came to inspect our water: well. He is the one who drilled the well. Ho found only 4 foot of sand in the 40-foot sand trap, which condition makes unneces­ sary the contemplated cleanout of, the well* Mr. Cravath pumped water into a container for two hours, and found no sand coming out. All this, with the fact that the valves arc not worn, indicates that the well is making very little sand. Cravath thinks the sand that reaches the Thunderbird Ranch must come from the reservoir on the hill, but Bradley and Onstott found very little sand there when thoy cleaned it in July, Therefore it seems that the sand has accumulated in the pipes. During the month, Ranger 3!?fcd$j3&. fyftothoroughl y cleaned and clo .rod the lower hill slopes around jflto&flftftartorS1 and cleaned out the entire length of the ditch for runoff

; ^ vt • v...... » • • \vt * - ; « * , Visitors; Regional Director and lii's, tthito; Ralph and Millie Anderson (Yo- somito N?S photographer); Chat -Long and Krackor Krom, 1940 Field Schoolers from Yosemitc; -Jillard Bradloy and1 Mrs». Bradl'qjft paronts of Ranger Bradley; ! I I 'Hljl,! , 'iff ..I....I » • - • SOUTH. JSSTERN NATIONAL MONOUMEB 93 MONTHLY RACKS' FOR AUGUST 1940 CANYON DE OHELLY (cont'd. )

Jean Mc'.liirt, Ed Riloy, and Dear. Moorhoad, Ronsor naturalists at Mesa Verde; Park Naturalist Stagncr, Fctrifiod Forostj John HcPhoc, publicity, and Jack Snow, photographer, Navajo Service, 'Jindow Rock.

SVffM N A\/A IA ^ J"01103 r^« Brewer, custodian, AVAJVsJ ronoloa, Arizona.

Visitors this nonth, 178; travel year to date, 466,

Visitors: 178 visitors this nonth arrived in 35 cars, 6 miles and 5 horses. 18 parties wore guided (97 visitors) to Botatalcin Point, 6 parties with a total of 45 visitors were guided to Botatalcin, 2 parties with a total of 6 visitors were guided to Koot Seel and 15 visitors received infomation olsowhorc. Only ono party was not contacted,

Woathpr: Fair and dry until the 19th when the rainy season started gently. Total precipitation 1.09 inches; Maxioua tcraperaturc 97 on the 10th, Mini- nun 54 on four nights.

Roads and Trails: Dry and sandy until the 21st, then washed out and rough, Five nan-days wore spent on the Si:c-nilo Canyon hill und one nan-day on the Shonto Hill. The foot and horso trails are badly washod out, Keot Sool trail is terrible and the switch-b^ck trail to Betatakir. is difficult oven on foot.

InprovonpntB: A park general picnic table combination (table sjad benches) was constructed and placed near the contact station, (Plan by Al Kuehl). It's a dandy looking table and should last nany years. The big pinyon tree just outside the kitchen door died. V.'c sawed it up for firewood.

Cooperating Agency: On the 15th we were trying to nakc a shopping trip to town when USDI 1261 gave us another road failure between Red Lake and Tuba City. i''orkod ovor it for two hours and fixod it well enough to linp into Tuba City Wttoro Mr* Millor of USIS helped us out. The gasket installed under the fuel puap waa cut fran such heavy i-iatcrial that the punp did not receive a full stroke and did not supply a sufficient anount of gasoline. Mr, Miller installed a stock gasket and wo have had no trouble since.

Conoral; Connections on tho rodwood tank wore looking so wo drained the tank by noroal usage and rep. irod the connections. Tho inactivity had al­ lowed the noisturc to settle in the puap actor so vihon wo wanted to refill the tank it \;ouldn't punp. After drying the notor and tightening the belts wo got water. Tho pop-off valves have been installed in the water line. On July 31st while I was guiding a party in Betatakir:, another party

SOUTH'. ISSTKN NATIONAL MONH.IEKTS 94 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 NAVAJO ( cont'd. ) arrived and proceeded out on Sandal Trail. Three young fellows sot to aoun- tain cldxibinti down the shcor face of that 500 foot cliff. I caw two boys in white shirts start down and hollered for then to jo back since there is no trail down fron Botatukin Point. They did, but there was one boy in blue that wo hadn't seen and by tliat tine he was stymied in a crack, not beinC able to ;o b^ck. This bandy-lof;£od custodian hustled out to the c..r at So£i Point, then to tho contact station for a load of lash ropest then to Betatakin Point, where with the ropes and help of other nenbers of tho party wc soon had Bob back on the rin* Lady Luck was snillnr on us that day. Hostcen John's pack outfit put twelve nules and horses into our corral with IIesscn:;.or on the 21st. Into tho barn he put Bill tho Navajo packer to nakc sure the stock would be safe ovcrni.'ht; No::t r.iornin'j the corral was enpty, the packer asleep and tracks takirr; out in throe cardinal di­ rections. It was 10 Jill before wo had onoufk horses to r.iako the Kcct Seel trip. Hu;;h, this be;;ins to look like all wc had this nonth was trouble which isn't a true picture. .lau;'jh. There's just one place in that canyon whoro the water •pots four foot deep. Sallie had cone alon~ for tho ride and v;<_.s briurjinf: up the roar past this point. ( It's a narrow lod',c about 7 inches wide with a stone bank on one side and the water on the other side.) 'Toll, Sallie's horso picked thnt spot to slip and when we looked back after hoarier; the splash, wc saw Sal and a horse swinrun:; in a hole about 4' x 6' - looked pretty cc\j;wdcd. Then there was tho fellow who burned his clutch out on the Shonto Kill, but that's another story of a different nature.... All in all though, I niccs we've had nore people in nore cars this nonth than oyer before. It's, been an intercstin;, north and has i;ivcn us a chance to sec what's ahead of us when the traffic is heavy.

-• SJNM B7 1 xchoolo:jist WALNUT CANYON g^S* ZiJ^k; •

Visitors this nonth, 2,o69; travel yo-r to d.,te, 10,560.

"..'e had nany days of rain this nonth, but the visitors kept coninc;. There was a 17>J incre-aso over the saao uonth last ye^r, and this travcl- year-to-dato firpuro is 6'/ above 1959. I attribute this increase to the fact that with a tenperary ransor nore visiters aro contacted and asked to register. Of tho 2,SG9 visiters, 270 wore not contacted. Sonc wore contacted, nore than once, ;pLvin:; a contact record cf 138^, Appro::!, latoly 612 nade the ruins trip alone, and 238 were at tho Observation Point alone. Park Service visitors included Dale IZinc, Parke Soule and Luis Gcstol- lun. Wait Taylor stopped one afternoon on his way to the Chacc Field School,

SOCnK.JESTIBN NATIONAL liONTOIENTS 95 MONTHLY REPORT FOP. AUGUST 1940 WALNUT CANYON ( cont'd. )

Gladys Roichurd, with her sister Lilian Rcichard, arrived on the 21st but couldn't take the trail trip because of rain. Robert Atwood brought a friend to the canyon one evenir.:;. Arthur Woodward stopped.here on his way to judgo the silver work at the Gallup Coroaonial. I missed hin at "Talnut but enjoyed spending Bono tine with hin in Gallup. Inspector Raynond Higgir.s, fzoxi the Regional Office, gave &0 a ride- to Gallup where I was to got a dunp trucl: fron SI Ilorro for delivery to Montozuna Castle. Custodian Budlong tool: no fron Gallup to El Horro in a rain stom, and it was ny inprassion th^-t a little wator wont a Ion;;, way in that country. I saw the inscriptions which woro fine, but what really :iado nc jealous was the surfaced trail systcn. There is no place in the South­ west that needs a trail lihe that as nuch as does ,'alnut. Dale Kins spent his tine here discuss in.;; the nusoun plan for Walnut Canyon. He w^s so agreeable and considerate of ny ideas that I'n still wondoring what the catch is. Just three nature trail signs wore placed this nonth. Four Y/rico ten- plates and two pens wore received, but I haven't hJ.d tine to use then yet. ".lost of the trailside signs are in bad condition. More importance should be given ruins stabilization here. '.Vise guys who tell no that ruins which have stood for 800 years should last a few nore arc just not interested in conditions here. There are norc than 300 cliff dwellings, and only two woro in good condition last week. The onount of deterioration per ruin per yoar isn't nuch, but the total destruction fron defacement mid weathering for all these dwellings par year is groat. The nomine of August 24 I found that the partition between the two nost ccnpletc dwellings had collapsed. As it was the only wall whose destruction could wreck two nearly complete dwellings, it was the nost important wall on the monument.

Routine and Cpntimiing Projects_, and T^ojc_cts_ for Ensuing Hanthsj Between visitors, Ranker Ezoll is continuing with preparing and cataloguing arti­ facts, and writing the report, fron the stabilization project last spring. The Acting Custodian hopes that traffic will dro_. off enough that some stabilization work may bo dono before winter.

KJNti By 0015 sup,t> Mi ELDEN CCC c ^'^JTT'aSJ Oanp Kx-12, no. iXden, Flagstaff, Arizona .j'alnut Canyon: Floors were finished and preparations are being made to install ranges and refrigerator in Residence #2. Floors are being saadod in Residence tfl. Flagstone is now being laid in entrmioe to Administration Building and approach trail is boing graded. One fourth mile of boundary fence (rail) has been completed. Yard layout, Residence -,,-2, is eighty percent'complete. Work continued throughout the month in the rock quarry. SOUTH".IEST3SRM NATIONAL IKJNUi mOTS 96 t!0NTHLY RSPCHT FOR AUGUST 1940 MOUNT ELDEM CCC (cont'd.)

Wupatki National Llonunpntj Excavation has been stortod for footings for tho Administration 3uildin: Fill materials are Doing haulod for parking uroa and utility area road. Road maintenance lias been a major project duo to recent storms* Sighs, map c<-ses and a work bench have boon turned out in tho Carpenter Shop in addition to regular work in connection with building projects. Visitors for the nonth included Superintendent Miller, Chuci: Krucgor, Al Kauai, .j5^tcr Walton and Inspector Taubort.

SWNM (I, KAr\Or>r\ 3y Robert d. Budlong, custodian, L L fVI KJIN f\\J Roman, New Mexico. Travol this nonth, 409; travel year to date, 1449.

The nonth of August brought us our rainy scasua in oorncct; there care no roads, cf course, but wo have socio of the finest nud in Valencia County (adv.). During the latter part of the nonth the rains became r.orc general, instead of being spotted, and the outlook for a bumper pinto boon crop in tho valley is excellent.

V/cather: V/o had nuncrouc hoavy rains, sane doing considerable damage to our trail, and of course tho roads sinply disappoarcd beneath seas of nud. And this in our heaviest travol nonth, too. Many cars have been stuck in the nud, and several have been observed being towed behind logging trucks, the drivers finding their c...rs unmanageable* 'Jo had a total of 3.65 inchcr; of rain, falling on all but five days during tho nonth. i'7o had two :,guily- bustorc", bringing .95 inches of rain and tho other .97 inches. Tho water pool filled and overflowed the spillway en throe occasions; this has not happened before in ny four years at this Monument. Mazinua tenporaturo for tho nonth was 92 degrees, August 3rd; minimum 45 donees, ^u^ust 14th. It w^s necessary to build a low furnace fire two nights ago.

Roads; There just haven't boor. any. Our two heavy rains took out our cattleniard at tho uain entrance both tines, and today three cars havo boon stuck in the nud on tho State highway not far fron our entrance road.

Visitors: vJc had 409 visitors during tho travol nonth, arriving in 134 cars and one notorcyelo. All received guided service, though ton persons took the trail oyer tho rock top unattended after receiving guided service around inscriptions. Among tho nonth's visitors woro the following: Dr. Herbert E. Bclton, Dean Gtoorgo P. Hannond, Dr. inibroy Noashan, Ch.rlos A. Richcy, J. H. Tovroa and Mrs. Tov, Dr. Gladys A. Roichard and Miss Lilian J. Roichard; and Up, and Mrs. M. Tincv of tho University of Michigan. Paul Bcubcin of walnut Canyon paid us ,_ brief ovornight visit and ~.:c shewed Mr sono of our nud; Rangor IIcAenzio of Chaco Canyon did tenporary Rongar duty at tho Honunont during the custodian's visit to the Chaco. "Jo greatly appreciated this help,

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 97 II0:^TKLY REPORT FOR AUGUST .1940 EL IIORRO ( cont'd, )

Signs: Hero tonporary signs wore put up, as the last batch disappeared. This tine wo put up throo-footcrs, pointed white, with five-inch black let­ ters. For cone remarkable reason they still scon to be la place. Wo are waiting, for the conplction of a now section of naia road before ordering our pemancut road-signs, in order to obtain the correct niloage. Trail: The tr^il job was finished during the nonth, aside fron iiocoss.ry clcanup. Unfortunately wo received no maintenance funds, end as a'result arc hanstrung when it cones to trail upkeep and repair. Yesterday, for o::anplo, after a hoavey rain, a section of the trail about seven foot long settled about si:: inches, a third of it waskinr. out; and on the north talus slope the drainage cut quite an w.rroyo dovrn tho noaly-built slopo; a tilo drain there also stopped up completely, and the resulting overflow did n-re dana;jc. The trail systen receives many fine conpllnonts fron visitors.

Communication: During tho noijth the custodial', went to Chaco Canyon and wo put up the "r^dio nasts .aid nadc installation of tho rudiotolophme for that Honunont. El Llorro's installation was completed last nonth. Two-way com­ munication between these Monuments bocaao a reality, and daily schedules are hold. At present, due to our daily thundorstoms, afternoon schedules are not practicable because of static; howovor, ,.-. nomine and s netlnes a noon schedule ..re held, and reception couldn't bo better. The transmitter for Chaco had to be realigned, and some slight further adjustments nay be necessary before winter. :.:o new have a1 way of receiving urgent messages and tologruns (vi<_ Chaco telephone, relayed via radio), and connunication with the "outside" durinj our snewed-in periods. It has t-d;en sane yours; now how about stick installations at other outpost noruaonts, with, of course, larger transmitters at Coolidgo and Santa 2?o eventually?

Routine and Continuing ^pjpets: During the nonth trail construction WL.G brought to lOtyo completion; cloanup is about 95I/J complete, una will bo en­ tirely completed "within the nort few days. Irjstallntior, of our gasoline punp and concrete b_so, and undciyyound storage tank is 100$ conploto. The Chaco Canyo:.: radiotolophono installation was nado, i_nd our 2-way conmuni- catim. systen is okoroforo ICOy complete. During the coning nonth wo will put in our winter's supply of coal; fuel oil for the heater in tho office will bo purchased; firouood for the stove ordered. Routine paper work is rapidly born;., brought up to date. Sopt.nbor pro.-.ices to be a very buoy nonth.

\A/LJ IT r Q A M r^c By j0l,-:vv;ili 3"ariD, custodian, WHITE J A N D5 „liao.; or do, Now Uoalco. Visitors this nonth, 10,904; travel year to d/.tc, d-5,476. [fell, Hugh, .august is aim: at goao and your stuff at diito Sends havo onj .ycd every ninute of it and tho 10,90d- visitors it has brought us. 10,90d- visitors arrived in 2,333 cars. That nunber of visitors has kept Goorpo and no plenty close to the chocking station nd that number of curs

SOUTH.JESTEaa llhTIOEAL H0NUM2HTS 93 IIOKfllLY HEPCHT FOK ;.UGU3T 1940 WHITE SANDS (cont'd.) has kopt JOG on the road pretty steadily. Hot dry weather the larger por­ tion of the -oath. Several official visitors, a Service Club convention picnic, a Southwestern Chamber of Ccancrco nootins at liuidosa, and numerous Lite evening picnics novo all contributed to our run. No trips ether than routine town, trips wore r.v..do by the Custodian. On my day off and in my personal car, official R. D. duties wore attended to in El Paso. Otherwise aU our travel has been virtually to and fro.:, the sands. No coriplete inspections v;oro made this nonth. A survey of the areas frequented by visitors -JOS r.ade at several different tines and as a direct result an urgent appeal will soon be made for a relocation of our picnic area. The present one is not even a a'jod start and some rather surprising facts have been disclosed in the study that it has allowed us. Our regular publicity channels have produced as usual with the enthus­ iastic visitors probably accountable for .More visit.vtiens than any other ono factor. Jo are in receipt of several color slides frn: the Ccelid^e office ...,nd with the case sent frcn Berheloy we have a wonderful start on future edu­ cational work. I think .Ihitc Sands is one of several places that 'will of necessity depend very much on illustrated talhs in connection witlm the nusoun work, due to the fact that it, is impossible to contact in'tnoi field hero, as is iono in many places. rc also received this month 113,950 per­ mits from the Printing Office in ./ashinf^o::.. Our lecture and guido ser­ vice this nonth has suffered materially and villi continue to suffer as long as wo have only two men to handle the crowds. If only the checkin-r wore to be considered it would .^c c...sy, but additional people moan more clean-up, comfort ot-.tion attention, picnic ...rea supervision, etc., and. Au;jList Doing watermelon season mid dry too, moans that Joe has boon plenty busy hauling ..'ator and watermelon rinds. C-oorpo and myself have been doing what janitor ocrh we could, and that with tho other odds and ends that are always present, interpretation has suffered much mere than we would havo lilcod. T..Te hope to solve this somewhat with tho additional rancor that is allowed but actually his full time would only toko care of tho overtime that wo have put in this month. '.Jo are not complaining but do not wish to imply that our additional rancor will solve all our problems; he will merely relieve the congestion conowhat. The complete failure of our light motor to function has lessened the efficiency of case three .'materially, but anothor A.s been ordered, and should arrive mast any time, other than lirht failure the museum has functi .mod perfectly and virtually ..ithout humm aid. liony favorable comments have boon received on this unit and vie are mi'mty proud of it. The case lighting is yet ~ problem that ..e have to selvo. Hat much time has beer.. given, to research or observations. Aaam.or Sholly accor.nmaiod Dr. LIcDougal a day or oc that tho Dr. was in and that's aomit the omcont of this worlc. I do think that Gourde got a couple of our cacti in bloom mid mounted tho flowor. Regional Director Tillotson mid i-Irs. Tillotson wore in for a fow hours and wo enjoyed their visit very much. They seemed mast pleased with the 'Ihitc Sm?.do and promised to return for a longer visit when possible. Direc­ tor Tillotson appreciates the omensity of our sand pile and its outstanding.;, beauty. From the standpoint ci both size and boauty he felt right ht h'-.me

SOUTH ilSTSHE NATIONAL l':ONIITi?rS 99 M0CTHL7 R2P0&T FCS AOGUST 1940 WHITE SANDS ( cont'd. ) here after the years he has spent at the Grand Canyon. Dr. McDougal, Col. Boles Erickscn of Mr. Gable's Office, and several American Air Linos officials, western representatives of the Southern Pa­ cific, and other railroads wore in. Yesterday Jesse Nuebaun, Eric Reed, and distinguished Mexican archcologists were in. Jack Frost of the U. S. G. S., Cal Miller's neighbor, was in on one of our busy Sundays so Jack can inform Cal, that he isn't "the enly on*.- ~ho has a popular monument.

SWNH B n A r* r y Chester A. Thomas, acting cus- bANDEUER todian, Santa Fe, Now Hoxico,

Visitors this month, 3,727; travel year to date, 11,975. 1/fcathor has been Generally oool and cloudy with almost daily showers. 1.31" of rain fell in about twenty minutes on July 29 causing a flood that destroyed roads and trails, filled bosonants and washed sand and rock into the hotel and utility areas. A total of 3.39" of moisture during the month has kopt the plant life green and growing. Maximum temperature cf 92 de­ grees was reached on July 26 and minimum of 47 was registered on the 14th of August; 25 of the 31 days were registered as cloudy or party cloudy. Administrative Inspections: The following from Region III Headquarters in Santa Fc visited the monument during the month: Regional Director Minor R. Tillotson, Engineer Montgomery; Architects Ritchie, Bennett and Cornell; Regional Historian Noashom, and Senior Archcologist Kusbauu. Now Ejjujjxientj Twelve new steel storage cabinets wore purchased and re­ ceived during the month and work is now being carried out at odd times assembling them for the storage of antiquities that have formerly reposed in all kinds of receptacles in the basement. A new Kodak '34' bought specifically for talcing color shots for Koda- chromo slides, ^ light motor and tripod were purchased. A reel of colored movie fill.: on the monument take:: by Nctt Dodge earlier in the season was processed and sent to the monument during the month.

Maintenance and Now Construction: The refrigeration plant in the hotel wont out of commission August 18 and necessitated a rush to Santa Fc for repairs. Repairs could net be made for four days. In the meantime the food was.kopt from spoiling by stacking the coils with dry ice. Heavy rain on the 29th of July caused overflew of all drainage sys­ tems, flooded the basement of the Administration building and root collars in the residential area. The custodian's collar was filled to a depth of throe foot with mud and sand. One to three foot of solid and rock filled the utility area and groat quantities of rock and sand were deposited on the newly oiled entrance highway. Trails to the ruins and in the carp ground wore almost obliterated. 150 truck loads .of sand and rock wore hauled from the utility area alone. Largo quantities of toilet paper, paper towels, and other supplies stored in the basement were spoiled by the

SOUTH,INTERN NATIONAL MONUIOITS 100 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 BA:TDELIER ( cont'd. ) nud and water. A trip was nado at midnight on August 10 to remove a largo pine tree from across the entrance road. It had blown down during a MiJ_, wind and fallen on a curve -whore cars would have fallod to see it and night have caused a bad accident. The- ventilator installed in the kitchen of the hotel failed te take out the hot air and snoka fron the big range An attcapt was made to batter conditions by ronoving the ventilator fan from the nuscum and installing it to pull snokc out of the kitchen. The fan is only an ozpprinont and not largo onough to do the job, but has iaprovod conditions temporarily. The line chlcrinator was thoroughly overhauled and placed on the line where it has been oijoratir.g efficiently for throe weeks despite Huff's skepticism as to its ever performing. The seal coating job i>n tho ontranco road wag finished by the Capital Construction Ccnpany and is a groat inprovonont. The surface should now hold for nany years.

Cormlaints: Several oral conplaints and one written one were received be­ cause of BOEOO parties having to go out with CCC Guides rather than with ro;nilar rangers. Numerous -ral conplaints wore voiced about the bad con­ dition of State Highway #4 loading to tho nonunont.

Sorvico to tho Public: An even 250 guided trips were nado through tho ruins accomodating 3,233 people^ 657 people worj guidod through .the nus­ cun. in 101 parties. One caravan trip to "Tho Trails to Tsankawi" was nado with 11 "super interested visitors"} 326 pooplo attended 14 caupfiro talks.

Birds: Two canyon wrens have cotton into the Custodian's house. They wore bonded and released to add a now species to tho birds banded at Ban­ dolier. The Custodian prepared a study of tho wild turkey on tho nonunont at the request of tho Naturalist force of gouldor Dan Recreational Aroa.

Newsworthy Visitors: Dr. Frank H. H. Roberts, Archoologist of tho Smith­ sonian Institute and Mrs. Roberts spent an afternoon at the canyon. Mr. John L. Lewis, CIO Labor Loader, was on interested visitor. Mr. and ilrs. Gone Bandolier, nophow of Adolph Bandolier, of Safford, Arizona visited the nonunont August 18. Notables spending tho day in tho nonurgent during tho Bandolier Cen­ tennial Conference wore: Ilr. and I5rs. Goorgo Grant MacCurdy, American School of Prehistoric Research; Dr. and Mrs. F. J. Hodgo, Southwest Museum, Los Angolos; Dr. J. II. Spindon, Brooklyn Museum; Dr. J. F. Zinuoxttan, Prcoidcut, University of New Llozico; I J/. J. A. Hill, President, The "Test Texas State Teachers Collogo, Canyon, Tosac; I.Ir. Goorgo P. Haanond, Coro- nado Cuarto Centennial, Albuquorquo; Dr. H. P. Hera, Staff ArcheologLst, Laboratory of AnthropolOGy, Santa Fo; lip. St-ailey Stubbs, Laboratory of -'athropology, Santa Fo; Mr. Cyrus McCormick, 3o..rd of Managers, School of American Research; '7. VI. Postlcthwaitc, Department of History, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado; Ilr. Edward Eyring, President, Nov: Mexico Nornal University, Las Vegas, Now Mexico; Lewis J. Horn, Soil Con­ servation Service, Santa Fo, Nov; Mexico; II. A. Milder, Tho Taylor Musouu,

SOUTHYJESTERF NATIONAL MONUMENTS 101 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 BANDELIER ( cont'd. )

Colorado Springs, Colorado; Judge Alfred P. Hurrah, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City; Dr. E. B. Rcnaud, Department of Anthropology, Uni­ versity of Denver; Jesse L. Nusbaum, Senior Archoologist, National Park Service, Santa Fc; President Hugh M. Milton II, Now Mexico State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, Las Cruccs, New Mexico; Hr. and Mrs. Poolor, Regional Forester, U. S. F. S., Albuquerque; Mrs. Louise H. Coo, Senator, Gloncoo, Now Mexico; Dr. Edgar L. Hewitt, School of American Re­ search; Dr. Reginald Fisher, Museum of Now Mexico; Mrs. H. S. Kaune, Niece of Adolph Bandolier, Santa Fc, Nov; Mexico; Mary Face It/right, Director, Museum of Navajo Religion, Santa Fc; Mr. Rene D'Harnoncourt, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C; Colonel Catron, Coronadc Cuarto Centennial, Santa Fo; Mr. and Mrs. Dan Kelly, School of American Research; Alice Corbin Henderson, Curator, Museum of Navajo Ccrononial Art, Santa Fc; Dr. and Mrs. Frank Hera, Santa Fc; Joo Bursoy, New Mexico State Tourist Bureau, Santa Fc; Dr. L. L. Loh, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado; Mr. Minor Tillotson, Regional Director, Region III, National Park Service.

Fires; Two forest fires occurred on the monument during the month; one, July 29 and the other August 22. Beth wore caused by lightning strikes on tho South Mesa and were suppressed by Fire Guard Wright before any con­ siderable damage was dono.

History: The Centennial Celebration of the birth of Adolph Bandolier, pioneer archoologist and ethnologist of the Southwest, Mexico, and Peru was held in Santa Fo, under the direct auspices of the School of American Research and tho Museum of Now Mexico August 6, 7, and 8. August 7, Ban­ dolier National Monument was the scene of the formal unveiling of a bronze plaque in memory of the man for whoa this monument was named. Mrs. Eliz­ abeth Kaunc, nioce of Bandolier, who n^w lives in Santa Fc, performed tho unveiling. Minor R. Tillotson, Regional Director of Region III,represented Secretary of the Interior Ickcs who could not be present. Mr. Tillotson delivered tho address of tho day after a few introductory remarks by Dr. Hewitt. Over a hundred notables and as many visitors had lunch in tho Lodge and' spent the remainder of the day visiting the ruins, museum and hotel.

Projects for tho Ensuing Month: A portion of the office building will be converted into a store room for museum material and antiquities. The new stool storage Cases will bo assembled and tho material now stored in the basement which .jas not damaged by the flood will be catalogued and placed in tho cabinets. A ruins stabilization program will bo worked out. An ambitious project of ridding the monument of droves of wild burros is being planned and probably will bo initiated next month.

Routinc and Continuing Projects: Work of finishing tho musoum cases is being carried# out as time permits. Routine treating; of our water supply and testing to bo sure of safeguarding of health is carried out daily. Keeping a light plant running day and night is no small project in itself. Repair and maintenance of signs tokos time. Woods grow "just like weeds" after the rains. Fire detection, suppression, and maintenance of fire

SOUTff.IESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 102 MONTHLY REPORT ?0R AUGUST £940 BANDSLIIR ( cont'd. ) equipnont keeps a nan busy during the fire season. Hot suns, followed by heavy rains, necessitate constant repair on the:acre or two of flat roofs at Bandolier. Maintenance of tho large physical plant always calls for hours of tine just when it can't be spared. Notables have a habit of shewing up at just the nonont one is seeing what is wrong with a srwor connection or is elbow deep in the "innards" of a light plant. 98 pieces of correspondence and "forty 'loven" reports hoop us pounding tho type­ writer 'til the snail hours of the night. 3727 hurried, tired, grouchy, quarrels one visitors to nakc happy, toll why they can't GO to the caves to picnic, why they nustn't pick the flowers, and why Fido can't chase the rabbits and squirrels, why the govornnont doesn't build a decent road frori here to Santa Fe^and why the govornnont doesn't furnish unbrellas and build an elevator into tho Cercnonial Cave noJcoe quite a continuing project.

Personnel: Ranker HcNcil was on leave August 7 to 14 and left on the 15th to prepare for school this fall. Torxiio Onstott entered on duty as guido on August 7. Grader Operator McGillivray took annual leave fron August 12 to 18. Hard has cone through that wo will have a pemanont rangor around the first of Novenbcr. Miscellaneous: Tho printed forns for the Annual Auto Entrance ?orr.iits arrived "fron "'/oshinGton August 16 and were put into innodiatc use. Ho longer will wo have to typo and nineograph our pemit forns. Material was prepared and subnittcd for an infomational panphlct as our old supply was exhausted. The now panphlcts wore mimeographed at Headquarters and sent to the field on August 23.

SWNH I-N •- s- f~ By H. B. Chase, proj. sup't, D A N D £ L I E R L L L Box 569, Santa Fo, New Mexico. Roof and flagstone floors arc conplotc and in place in 2-1 unit of Cabin Group E. Plastering has been started and one roon with b^th com­ pleted with scratch coat. Roof and flagstone floor construction completed in E-2 Unit of Cabin Group E, notal lath partitions now under construction and grounds now being installed for plastering crew. Roof now under con­ struction of Unit E-3 of Cabin Group E,- flagstone floor construction starting this date. Construction was started on the Fire Lookout project, stone work on the first floor now completed, framing mid roof construction of tho second floor now conpleto one1, in place. In connection with the project, tho sower line and disposal has been completed and the snail parking area ad­ jacent to the entrance road approximately 50$ complete. The usual largo crow has boon in the reel: quarry all month quarrying and preparing building and floor rock for both the Cabin E and Fire Look­ out jobs. Only a snail amount of work has been completed by tho carpenter crow on tho furniture and sign projects during the month, their time being largely spent on carpenter work in connection with the Cabin E and Look­ out projects. SWNM SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONU.IZNTS 103 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 BANDELIER FORESTRY

R A M HF I IF P FplP F r>T PV '3y Joncs T* Fulton» forestry forcnan, UniMULLILK r^KtOl KY Box 669f Santa FO| New Mexico.

Firo Lookout: The firo lookout was begun this nonth. At the present tiric, tho walls arc completed excepting for throe ccursos on the second story. The second story franinc is also conplctod and ready for finish carpentry. The- two firos wo had this nonth were discovered by ne fron this look­ out during construction work. Firo Weather Conditions: Host of this nonth has been in the lower classes of fire danger. At present, due to rains, wo have a class 2 danger. No doubt another fire season has passed. Fire Suppression: Two fires occurred this nonth. Both woro caused by lightning and wore suppressed by J. E. "tfright, per dicn fire guard, vjith no assistance fron CCC personnel with the exception of discovery by look­ out construction crow.

SWNLI TV~NM Tr\ By Joliri Pcavy» custodian, I O N IO Roosevelt, Arizona. Visitors this nonth, 27G; travel year to date, 4,952.

NPS Visitors: Senior Forcnan Pinching of Mr. Eldon Canp, Flagstaff, Ari­ zona delivered a new "Warning" sign on tho 24-th.

\ Jo at her Notes: Wo have had several rains during tho nonth of August. The heaviest rain occurred on the 23rd. About 2" foil at the Monument within a period of two hours. For one half hour the entrance road was covered with water to a depth of 2 or noro inches. Roads and Trails: It will take the hotter part of ny spare tine in Scp- tenber"to work the entrance road and tho trail into fair shape; they are both washed down to bedrock in nany places. The Apache Trail is in fine shape.

Accessions: A four drawer Uotal filing cabinet was received this nonth and put into use. A 26" x 38" warning sign was received fron lit. Eldcn Canp and erected at tho beginning of the trail ascent in plain sight of the parking lot. Two bound copies of the SVCI Monthly Report woro added to the Tonto Library. "Prehistory of El Rito de Los Frijoloc, Bandolier National Ilonu- ncnt"; Southwestern Monument Association Technical Series #1 was also re­ ceived and added to the library. "Southwestern National Monuments", a bibliography, was another valuable addition to the library. Inprovoncnta: I installed the now gas-operated refrigerator and it is operating fine. Hater was piped to the-tent house thus saving nany stops

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 104 MONTHLY REPORT FOR ..UGUST 1940 TONTO ( cont^d. ) and decreasing the fire hazard. Several sections of the pipe line were repaired during the nonth. Routine and Continuing Projects: Several hundred feet of trail have tc be rebuilt." Innuncrablc rough spots in tho entrance road will be resur­ faced. Routine guide service and cleanup will continue throughout tho nonth, as usual.

SiJNLl

S A(n LJ A R O By T>. VI. Egomayer, custodian, ui \VJV/ M\^ Routo gj Bo:: 544| TUCCOU, Ariz.

Visitors this nonth, 739; travel since Oct. 1, 16,361. General: Surprisingly enough, travel figures took a decided junp this nonth, with 262 rnoro visitors than were counted last nonth - a 55$ increase. As alnost exactly half of the 739 persons visiting the nonuncnt wore fron out-of-state, it would seen that cross-country travel is coning up to ex­ pectations of those who predict a banner "travel year". Business and sales in Tucson continue to bo reported as "slow", however, which night nean that. tho travelers arc not stopping long in the wamer areas of the Southwest.

Weather; The woathor has been soncwhat cooler this past nonth, with sev­ eral cloudy, cool days. The surr.or rains appear to be about over, or at least, tenporarily suspended, as no shovjors have occurred for over a week. Procipitation for tho nonth totaled slightly less than twe inches, nost of this falling on August 13, when 1,11 inches was recorded in our brand new rain gauge, set up that day. The sane stom caused sono 075,000 reported danagc in Tucson, whore a rain of 2.15 inches fell in loss than two hours, flooding streets, basencnts, business buildings, and the power plant, and causing serious disruption of electric, telephone, and water services. Uc were quite amused tc listen to the tale of woe rolctod by friends in town who benoaned the lack of electricity for 68 hours, and the fact that they had had to carry water for alnost a whole day. ",7c somehow nonaged to for­ bear reminding then that wc had bean doing the scac thing for ten nonths, and probably would continue to do so indefinitely. That, of course, is different, or so it nust seen to city dwellers.

Administrative: Three official trips wore nado to the Rir.con area during the nonth; the" first, on August 2,3, and 4- was made as a routine inspection of the Harming Conp Ranger station, during which time tho weather station there was conplotcd, except for the installation of instruments, which have not as yet arrivod, llr. YJright, the biologist making a wildlife survey of tho area accaipanied tho custodian on tho occasion of this trip, for tho purpose of collecting sane of the higher elevation fauna. The second trip, on August 12, was nado to replenish the grain supply which had run short, and to pack supplies to the lookouts who had planned to cone down fron the nountain on that date; noisturc conditions necessitated their retention on that job for another wock, Tho final trip to -Harming Conp was nado on

SOUTHWESTERN N-TTONAL iiONUIIENTS 105 HDETHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 SAGUARO ( cont'd. )

August 17 and 18, when, tho lookout and fireguard wore packed dovm, and the. canp locked up for the ranter. Another official trip was that nadc to Mon- tozuna Castlo, Tuzigoot, and Headquarters on August 15 and 16, for the purpose of transferring an electric refrigerator to Montezuma Castle, and bringing an Elcctrolux gas refrigerator'to Saguaro. This trip VJGS also a ncans of delivering the Saguaro pick-up, U.S.D.I. #1232, to Headquarters, for needed repairs.

Newsworthy Visitors: Tho only official visitors arriving this month wore Dr. Lake S. Gill~Sonior Pathologist of tho Bureau of Plant Industry, who accompanied Mr. Carl Hartley, Acting Chief of tho sane agency on an in­ spection of the area affected with bacterial necrosis, which is causing us so nuch worry here. Other visitors of interest were **r, and Ilrs. Joseph Mucnch, of Santa Barbara, California, who are among tho most ardent Southwestern Monuments "fans", having visited to date 25 of tho 27 Southwestern National Monuments, Mr. ifench has boon a prolific contributor to the many fine photographic scenes in the Arizona Highways Magazine of recent months.

Maintenance, New Construction, and Ir.iprovor.ior.ts: Throo days (the average for the past four months) ivcrc spent on telephone maintenance, when com­ munication became impossible after a storm on August 9. One day was spent in dragging:.Toads within the cactus area of the nonur.iont, putting the now portion'of the road in really good shape, only to bo washed out by a rain tho same night. At present all roads insido tho monument aro in very poor shape, rough and wash-boarded, but with the type drag used, it is folt that another dragging had best be done only after another rain. The Broadway approach road was in very bad shape for three days, almost impassable from the dips, but those wore filled by the Pima County Highway Department after being advised of their condition by tho custodian. Tho road is still rough, however, and in need cf grading, in spite of two trips over it before our heaviest storms. Tho Fire-weather danger station v.ras completed, end the second coat of paint applied; this project is now ready for tho instruments, whenever they arrive. Of course, with tho current fire season just completed, instruments will hot bo installed until spring; meanwhile, it is planned to use these recording deviees at the monument headquarters, to maintain an unofficial weather station hero. Landscaping of the front yard has boon at a stand­ still during the month, as other work has boon more pressing. During the coming month it is planned to install three now outside doors, recently ordered, to replace the original doors, which have warped and sagged until thoy can no longer bo closed; lumber from those original doors will he utilized to construct shelving in the st'orc-roon whenever tho new ones arc in place. The roads will bo dragged, if and when sufficient rainfall occurs. Other future projects which will bo started this month arc the construction of a register desk, building of a fire-tool bos, and it is hoped some kind of a small outdoor exhibit case. Landscaping of tho front yard will continue if time and weather permit.

Interpretation: A total of 167 persons, comprising 53 separate groups, was contacted during tho month, 1,895 minutes wore spent in this work,

SOUTEfJESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 106 MONTHLY REPORT FOR .JJGUST 1940 SAGUARO ( cont'd. ) for an avoraflo of 35.7 riinutes per party; due to the enforced absoneo'of', : the custodian, Mrs. Ego mayor took care of over 33 per cent of those visitors, with an average tine of 46.3 riinutes against an average of 30.3 riinutes for the writor - perhaps the Park Service is payinc salary to the wrong member of the family. Six picnic parties arc known to have used the facil­ ities of the monument, with probably other croups also picnicking hero. Three overnight parties camped cither at the picnic area or at the monu­ ment headquarters. This soens to have boon a month of car break-downs at Saguaro, no loss than five parties having been rendered mechanical assis­ tance, all the way fro;:: chunking of tires (how I wish those women with no tools, no spare tires, and rented cars would cone during daylight hours), to tearing apart a transmission on a 1917 Simplex. (It wasn't so simple.)

Protection; Four Class "A" fires, all lightning caused, occurred within the forested area of the monument; all were suppressed without becoming larger than single-tree fires. This is largely due to the low fire-dangor conditions pertaining throughout the month, as the travel time to some of our fires is woefully slow, duo to poor condition of the trails, which have not been maintained since 1931. Emergency Fire-guard Harris was relieved of duty on July 29, after weather conditions wont into the "low" class. Lookout Richards and Patrol­ man Barney were terminated on August 18. All three men rendered excellent service under difficult conditions, and were completely satisfactory in all respects. It is hoped that any or all of the::: will bo available f:jr the next firc-soason. Meanwhile this fire-season has officially ended - wo only hope the fires know of the fact.

Now Equipment: During the month, the following new property was added to the Saguaro inventory: One Elcctrolux Gas Refrigerator, 7 cu. ft. capa­ city; One short-handled, s:x.ll size shovel, for fire uso; 12 Padlocks, all keyed alike.

Donations end Accessions^: A visitor of last winter, Mr. E. B. Wators, of Salt Lake City, donated 8 Kxlachromc slides taken at this monument to the slowly growing collection of colored slides.. Mr. bright collected and prepared 21 mammal and bird skins, all of species taken above 7500 foot, and necessarily quite different from our more familiar desert fauna. The Southwestern Monuments Association added their first technical paper to• the Saguaro Library - for which thanks are hereby gratefully rendered; o:io of the pet dreams of the custodian is a lobby-lounge-library room whore interested visitors may just sit and browse at their c nvcnior.ee, and as the first stop jocks can be collected oven though no such room or building exists or is planned for the near future.

I lis ccllano ous: The SV typo short-wave radio, loaned tS this monument by the U. S. Forest Service, was returned to Albuquerque on August 19'. The experience with the use of this piece of equipment has thoroughly (shown the uses of, aid need for, a similar piece of equipment for use during' suc­ ceeding seasons, when and if funds for its purchase are made available". Progress was made during the month on selecting the design for' an entrance sign, to bo donated by the University of Arizona.

SOUTH'. JESTER:; NJnONAL ilOi'lUi.LETiTS 107 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 V/UPATKI (

W i in ATI/i By Davici J* Jones, custodian, UP A I Kl Flagstaff, Arizona.

Visitors this nonth, 578; travel year to date, 2,887.

Travel: There was a decrease in travel of 23$ as ccapared to the sane period last year, which can be accounted for only by a general decrease in the number of persons vacationing in this area. Because a Greater nunber of the visitors cane in to VJupatki Ruin, ny General impression was that travel was very heavy and I was considerably shocked to discover such a decrease. The road fron Highway 89 into vfupatki is in bad condition, but at this writinc a CCC crew is at work with the grader. The approach fron Sunset Crater is bettor than for the past few months due to the frequent rains.

General: Rainfall in Uupatki Basin for the months of June, July, and Au­ gust has totaled 2^ inches this summer, as compared to 3/4 inches durinc the sane period last year. The Basin is greener than I have ever seen it, and there arc no Navajo sheep Grazinc here now. The Navajos who agreed to neve off the Monument durinc the growinc season come over every once in a while to inquire wistfully whether it is not time for them to come back a^ain. Seeing all of the croen Grass "Goinc to waste" is almost too much for then. The Navajo Service completed the drillinc of the well for water at Black Falls early in the month and arc plarminc to undortake the construction of the diversion dam this fall to take advantace of the sprinc floods.

Fublicity: Two articles wore published durinc the month on life at VJupatki. Naturalist Dodce of the Headquarters staff had a very fine story in the September issue of the Arizona Hi;j.gw_ays. Corky wrote an article on the trials and tribulations of housekeeping in a ruin for the Christian Science Monitor as part of the Park Service series. A lecture on YJupatki and Sunset illustrated with Kodachromc slides was Given in Flacstaff on August 2 as part of a publicity procram sponsored by the Arizona Hichway Department.

Educational Activitips; ilr. A. E. Buchonborc of Patagonia, Arizona, came up to. Wupatki as a visitor interested in what the Park Service is doinc and to study methods of construction used by tho prehistoric people. After lookinc over the ruin, the idea of havinc a field exhibit of a rubbish heap so impressed him that he moved out with us and started work on plans in cooperation with us. If the final plan proves feasible, Mr. Buchcnberc will finance the undertak'inc and civc us tho benefit of his v/idc experience in oncincorinc research. Hence wo have another addition to that widcflunc Or (ionization, "Southwestern National Monuments Friends".

MPS Visitors: Everyone in the Park Service was a bit too busy to do much visitinc, hut we had Temporary Rancors McCloskey and Smith of tho petri­ fied Forest, and a brief chat with Art Woodward of tho Los.Ancclcs Museum.

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 108 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 YJUPATKI ( cont'd. ) Routine and Continuing Projectst Studies of the visitors to YJupatki con­ tinued this month. The list of questions asked by visitors was added to, the analysis of our travel by states progressed. In addition, questions are boing asked the visitor to determine whether or not this is the first archeological area he has seen, and his route of travel. The visitor is then subjectively classified as being very interested, interested, or un­ interested, and this is correlated with the amount of tine he spends.. In addition to his interest in exhibits of rubbish heaps, Mr. Buchon-. bore has several experiments under way for the preservation of exposed ruins. A test section of wall has been completed and when dry it will be sprayed with raw linseed oil under pressure to determine whether or not • this will prevent erosion. A detailed report- will be submitted upon com­ pletion of this experiment. ••''•' " '..••'• Projects for tho Ensuing Month: The stabilization program is the most important pro:jcct to bo undertaken when tho visitor travel subsides and plans are being made for this at present. It is hoped that the work can be started by the latter part of September.

i SVJNU r /»- By David J. Jones, in chare©, OUNSET LRATEH Hacataff, Arizona. .Visitors this month, 2,618; travel year to date, 10,552. The travel figure is based upon a fifty percent registration. Names on tho register totaled 1,309.

•-SVMJ

I UZIGOOT By Jaclc Cotter, acting custodian, ^ - —' •- Clarkdale, Arizona. Visitors this month, 938; travel year to date, 5,248. Visitors: Number of visitors to Tuzigoot soared phenomenally this month, 313 over July. Visitors included the Park Souloc and Don Egcmayor, from the USDI.

Weather: Disastrous rains the last two wocks have threatened portions of the ruins and a wind storm blew down four power poles leading into tho monument. Service is now restored, but the NYA has a real job,ahead try­ ing to catch up with the stabilization program. Only cheerful •x&pfto&.ls that the weather has turned cool.

Stabilization: The NYA boys, three in numbor, have finished the restoration of the retaining wall in back of tho museum. 1'Jork progressed during the month on tho ruins, with four rooms narrowly saved from wall collapse. In each case, almost tho entire wall had to bo shored up and renovated. The NYA work represented 64 hours for each boy, cad materials included 20 bogs of cement, 8 tons of sand and 10 loads of rock.

SOUTHJESTHRN NATIONAL MONU/IENTS 109 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 TUZIGOOT ( cont'd. )

Contacts: 25 Kiwaniaiis at Clarkdolo were rOQalod by the writer on the history of human occupation in the Southwest, at the nocting August 14-. Only one listener fell asleep, but nonaged to ronain on his chair. The luncheon was excellent.

Personnel: A new per diem relief nan has just been selected to help at Tuzigoot occasionally. Ho is Clyde WiGgins of Clarkdolo. He and Don Green­ wood, also of Clarkdolo, will be available for the writer's day off.

r«MI ORGAN PIPE CACTUS BywmionR. supomoneh, custodian, Ajo, Arizona.

Travel this nonth, 550; travel year to date, 9,085.

General: The good novjs received hero this nonth was that the appropriation for the now road through Organ Pipe has been allowed. Two days were spent with officials gOiUG over this line which had previously been run by the State Highway Department. With the close-down of the local nine for the first two weeks of the nonth heavy patrol was needed to discourage hunters and wood cutters. One party of hunters with snail gone was caught and as they wore-Indians-, seme of illegal entry, satisfactory results were obtained by turning then over to the Immigration Department, which saved costs and uncertain court action. A trip to the Indian Agency at Sells was made in regard to crazing permits which seem to be help up for approval of the Papago Council and it is hoped.that those nay cone through soon as I have been working on these for about throe months. Annual leave was taken by the custodian beginning August 15, and will continue until about the middle of Septonber. During the absencef,the area is left unprotected except for cooperation of other government'agen­ cies which patrol the area. Park Service visitors to Organ Pipe this month were Superintendent Miller and Engineer Tovroa of Headquarters, Jerry Miller of the Regional Office, and Mr. N. J. ward of the Bureau of Heads Administration.

--. SVMI By Louis R; Caywood, custodian, T UM AC AC OKI Box 797, Kogalos, Arizona.

Visitors this nonth, 267; travel year to date, 7,016.

General: Travel this nonth was slijrtly over that of the sane nonth last year. Ninety cars brought 267 persons who visited the nission and nuscun. Rains continued during the month but none that amounted to flood propor­ tions fell here or in the vicinity.

SOUTKISSTSRN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 110 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 TUMACACORI ( cont'd. )

Administrative: Correspondence was kept current and sono bindinc and fil­ ing was done. Allotment sheets for the now fiscal year were received and studied. Official visitors wore Mr. Joronc Ililler and Mr: J. H. Tovrca on AuGUst 14. They inspected the patio Garden, Mission, and Grounds and talked over plans to olininato the Museum entrance stops. Er- Miller took nunor- ous official pictures of the patio Gordon and nusour. building, Tlio danagod f'odaslido projoctar was partially repaired by one of the clerks at uho Po,3t Offiio r'n Mogclos. The prujootoi' \j.a .vc.turnod to 'Head­ quarters by J. H. To-re: on teguot 14. All o?? the w nthly roports on hend dating frca tho yv .• 193£ worb for­ warded to Hcodquxit-\.T ./hove they filloc in the nissing aVrcbors and sent then to the Wostorr. I3u30ir:i laboratories where they will bo repaired and recovered.

Maintenance; rogrlor maintenance of the buildings and grounds continued. Although there have been a lumber of heavy rains during the season all roofs arc in Good repair. The asbestos top roof of the Museum builclihG is not holding up as well as it should. The asbestos is Gradually disinto- GratinG and viashinG off the roof. The Huseun floor was waxed by NYA labor. Uccd cuttinG and removal continues to take the most time. Several NYA youths wore allotted to the monument and have been usod on this Ground work.

Muscun: Copy was proparcd for six labols to be translated into Spanish and later counted on tho diora:ias for the convenience of Mexican visitors. A considerable quantity of pottery sherds from the 1934-5 Tunacacori excavation was washed arid appropriately stored in cardboard boxes for future study.

Personnel: 17ord v;as received that RanG^r C. G-. Harkins while on annual leave underwent an omerGcncy operation at the Veterans' Facility at Rosc- berc, Orocon. Ho is reported to be GottinG alonG woll.

Projects for the EnsuinG Month: Maintenance of Grounds and buildinc,s in addition to visitor fuide service will take the entire tine of tho cus­ todian.

SiMI C t * ' , .. ._ . By Honor J. Forr, custodian. APULIN MOUNTAIN capuim, **&«ioo. Visitors this aonth, 9,000; travel year to date, 28,600.

Routine and Continuing Projects are carried out continuously on tho Monument in tho upkeep of tho Picnic Area, the Trails, tho Roads, etc. Our picnic area has fast grown in popularity end now wo have sonoonc there airiest all tho tine. Our now descriptive pexiphlcts have arrived and are Doing passed out

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 111 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 CAPULIN MOUNT.'JEN ( cont'd. ) to the tourists as tine will pcmit, I find it nighty hard to resist tho tcaptation of staying on tho i'ionunont nest of the tine and contacting the tourists as wo now have about throe hundred daily and they arc continuosly asking all nanncr of questions about the Volcano. I have nado five snail signs in the forn of Arrows nuribcrcd fron one to five to confom to the now ponphlots. Those have been placed alone the road fror.i bottori to top in their proper places showing tho five principal places of interest. In each of these arrows (which are nadc of wood about eight by eighteen inches, and throe inches thick) I have narked Station lf 2, 3, 4, and 5, and just under the word Station I have engraved a snail place about one inch wide and six inches long and about one fourth inch deep, and covered with glass, c. printed description of tho subjects of in­ terest; these all have boon woll inboddod and puttied weather-proof. This was done for the reason that I an unable to sec that all visiters get a copy of the information panphlet and I note quite a fow stopping and read­ ing the description on the arrows. The custodian has taken advantage of every rain this nonth and has kept tho road in splendid condition. Just about all of the visitors I contact arc in high praiso of this Monunont and really appreciate their trip, and don't hesitate to say so. One hundred twenty-five EPU2 have boon filled this nonth and ore ready to turn in at the end of this quarter.

=SlflSM. M,_,.. ,; r»^.r^>-^/- By Zoko Johnson, custodian, NATURAL BRIDGES BiandmG, m*. Visitors this nonth, 157; travel year to date, 530.

'This nonth was very dry and hot v/ith a few clouds, but no rain until the evening of tho 22nd and it has rained every day since. I plowed out of the Bridges Saturday evening and will go back this evening if it doesn't rain again. /ill visitors except one wore contacted. Only one official visitor and ELnira and'Zoko certainly enjoyed Laving hin for our guest for a day and a night for wo think that Parke is a real fellow. Roads and trails are in good condition when dry. The state road equipnent is on tho road today and if it doesn't rain they will go all the way to the nonuncnt. I don't know that I should tell this, but twenty students told:no of their visit to Arches National Monunont, Thoy said that the last tine thex-saw. the custodial the back of his shirt was torn off. I asked what happened' and they said they guessed ho did it in crawling through olio of his own arches.

S'.Ml

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 112 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 MONTEZUMA CASTLE

MONTEZUMA CASTLE By Earl Jackson, custodian, Ccnp Vordc, Arizona.

Visitors this nbllth 1,272; travel year to date, 7,045.

Five hundred ninoty-cickt tickets were sold, three complimentary passes-wore issued, cud 164 children went into the Castle free because they wore underage 765 people, therefore, wont through Montezuma Castle this month. 31 states, Washington, D. C., and Hawaii were roprcscntod.

Woather and Roads; Our eleven months of drouth has broken, with a total rainfall"this nonth cf. 2.07 inches. This rain did a lot of -;;ood, for it was broken up into several shoyors with excellent penetration into the Ground, instead of the customary violent noar-cloudburst which all runs off. Moan Llaximun tenporature was 99.12, mean Minimum 65.1C. Hick tcm- pcraturc was 109 on August 11, with low of 58 occurrin;,; the nicht of July 30. Heavy rains in the region, as is usual in August, have cut up cro-vol roads pretty badly. Several washouts have occurred on the hichway loadinc to Pine, Payson, and Roosevelt Deri, but I believe the route has been open all the tir.ic. Travel fron Flagstaff via the Lakes route is nccliciblc, as wet weather nakes the,road to Stoncnan Lake practically impassable.

Park Service.Visitors: On August 8, Custodian Jack Cotter of Tuzicoot National Monument'was in to see the Castle a;;ain and absorb a bit nore of it. On 4ucust 16, Don Scormaydr, Custodian of Sa;;uarc National iioiiumoilt, was in to effect a refrigerator swap. On August 17, Carl Lchnort, Chief Ranker of Boulder Dam Rocroationsl Area, was in with his wife'and son for a two hour visit to the Castle. On August 20, Associate Eneisoor Montcon- cry, of the Region III Office, arrived to consider a read surfacing prob­ lem. On this date Rancor Paul Ezoll of "..'alnut Canyon National Monument was here to deliver us a dump truck. On Aucuot 21, Temporary Ranger- Naturalist Lloyd Smith, of Petrified Forest National Monument, was in for a 6:00 AM visit to the Castle.

Routine and Continuing Projects; Routine maintenance was kept current. No jobs of any extent wore to.ckled, because this is the busiest visitor month of the year. • . . Wo constructed and placed another badly needed bookcase in the office, and moved the office ar.nr.id some, with a bit of ro-wirinc accomplished in it as uoll. Seme heavy wire fences '.zero placed around the little trees which were planted hero last Sprinc. Drainboards in rancor and custodian residences woro Qivon needed co,..ts of linseed oil. Partial demolition of the old tent-house (historic rancor quarters hero) was effected, with careful. salva.;;inc of all lumber that is worthwhile.

Under what you nicjit call Educational £j^jp_cts, tho f^llowimc was (logo:

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 113 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 M0NTEZUI.IA CASTLE ( cont'd. )

A nature trail was worked out, following the cliff for a short distance westward fron the Castle, then looping throuch the dense vegetation into the creek and back toward the register table in front of the Castle. 3G trailside labels arrived, and were placed on this trail, which we call Sycamore Trail. Each label has a snail aluminum number plate clipped t'o it. At the beginninc of the trail is an attractive little Green'painted box with red .lettering on it which says "Sycamore Trail, guide leaflets". The visitor roacho3 inside the box and gets the leaflet. The text natter of the leaflet is simply norc conploto exposition of the points contained on tho trailside labels, connected with the labels by number. Diroctional arrows whore needed guide the visitor fron the leaflet box around the trail to the different labels or "stations". So far, interest in tho Sycamore Trail has been good. During the month two norc lizards were pickled and added to the col­ lection. The skin of a Northern Black-tailed Rattlesnake was pickled and added to the collection. The .custodian started writing, on 5 x 8 cards for filing, £ll that ho knows about Montozuna Castle National I/Ionunont. 'Jhcn this project is finished, future custodians will not have to start fron scratch to find out everything about tho place, unless they arc so obtuse as to niss the lo­ cation of the filinc; box. On August 19, at the request of a l.Ir. ..'ebb, Assistant director of publicity for Arizona's Highway Departnent, I wont tc Cottonwood and save an infernal talk to an audience of about 60 people. The talk was in the nature of a running comment ;-ry on a reel of novic filn on Southwestern Nat i onal Monuno nt s. A sinplc device in the nuseun is proving interesting to children. An old formicary has been converted, by enlarging tho opening between passages, into a hone for a sizable centipede. iJith the flat glass cover over the top, the centipede has absolutely no privacy, but certainly provides a realistic enough way in which people can learn something about the poison­ ous creatures.

Projects for the Ensuing Month: To continue to take care of John Public. To conplctc dcnclition and landscaping of ranker tent house and its. area. To install a propane ,;as system and heater for laundry in basonont of • adninistration building* (Heater will not be in basonont)* Possibly to install'a telephone to office. If an air cooling system that is ordered arrives, we nay succeed in installing it this month. To replace an obso­ lete sign at chockinc station - painting a now one.

Miscellaneous: It has been a busy nonth, but everything is going as well as usual, rlavc nothing to complain about. People arc interested as much as over, no more so and no less. I-lcnic grounds are rocoivinc normal heavy summer use. The Nature Trail - Sycamore Trail - is interesting to many cf the strollers who do not wish to climb into the Castle.• Some of the people ore so infernally lazy that they will walk the 40 feet from tho park bench to the box where the Nature Trail leaflets arc, then j;o back to sit on the bench while they read the leaflet, rather than stretch their poor exhausted bonos to walk that easy trail and see the things thoy arc reading about. The leaflets GO like wildfire. • VJc can't keep enough of thcr

SOUTH./ESTERN Ni.TIOTSL-i HONUIEMTS 114 MONTHLY REPORT FC3 AUGUST 1940 PIPE SPRING

PIPE SPRING By Leonard Hoaton, acting custodian, Moccasin, Arizona,

Visitors this nonth, 192; travel year to date, 1,085.

For tho nonth ny contacts wore a. total of 192, of which 165 were node through the nusoun and 27 wore on the road or other places on the .vionunont. Tine spent in contacts 1505 riinutcs. There v/erc 23 picnickers and 177 caripor days on tho nonuncnt. Park visitors xvoro Mr, and Mrs, Al Kuohl, George Norrjard, and L. L. Bennett, out to inspect tho fort for repairs.

•Teathcr: Our weather has been very dry and hot for the first 30 days since ny last report, in fact, scuo of tho hottest v/oathor wc have experienced in this part of the country for nany a year. There have boon nony cloudy days but no rain, but it did start to otorr. or. the 16th, civine us local showers over the country; and as each day passed the rains becone noro fjeneral and lasted a bit lonrpr, until todajr noot of tlic country has had pretty nuch of a soakinc. I estimate -;.'c have had 2 inches of rain hero at the nonurgent, ncasurinc with a square and an old G^Hoi'- cc^-« My daily weather record shows that wo had 9 clear days, 21 partly cloudy days, and 5 cloudy days; there wore 7 days on which wo had sonc stom.

Construction and Maintenance: The forepart of the nonth tho custodian spent considerable tine on sicn work and finished five which are ready to bo placed on the nonunont and have five norc about 80% car.plctc. More drawers and shelves were added to tho work bench in the c^ra.^c this nonth; several days were used in cleanup and maintenance work on tho nonunent. Spent two hours on tho 24th directing flood waters, whoroby I saved nysclf sane two or three days work. This was done by washing out sand fron the culvert and.koopinc the water carrying off silt and trash -that would naturally stop where I did- not vjant it to.

CCC Activities: Tho advance detachno.Tt of • GCC• boys that were sent up to build the now canp moved out of the old conp hero at tho Ilonunont on Auo- ust 8th. The now canp was filled with boys frai tho Canp at Duncon Au;;ust 10th. 3y the 13th ovorytliinrj was moved and cleaned up. The only thincs the amy has left are tho heaters in the barracks, I have had in the canp area three carpenters and their wives, who will leave this week, and three officers with their wives and trailer houses. Just as soon as I find out what tho amy is COine to take fron the old CCC buildings, I will start ronodcli:i~ tho hospital for quarters for tho custodian and fanily.

Ilusoun Intorosts: The other day I was in Kano.b, Utah and net Mrs, Blanch Haco and she told no of an old gcntlcnan, a i.Ir, I.Iackolpranf.;, who lives at Johnson, Utah. He has a lot of old pioneer furniture and dishes, and sho thought if I should QO ever thorb this fall I would be able to ;:et sane.

SOUTH. nSTSRTT HATIONi'JL MONUMENTS 115 MONTHLY REPOHT FOR ..UGUST 1940 PIPE SPRING ( cont'd. )

I have also located, but whether I can £ot then is another thine, two old hand-nadc burr uills nado of local rock, one turned by hand and one by horsepower. Those I an going after soao day soon.

Monunont in General: The rain this last week has put the ilonunent In very Good condition, done away with the fire hazard, assured the life of the trees and noadow, causing flowers and Grasses to cono up, and in a few weeks we vri.ll have a regular lawn nost all over the Monunont. But oh the foxtail next surxior.

Roads: Up till the rains, our roads were In very bad condition, being dusty and cut-up. Now we have nuddy roads that can't bo traveled very easily. Should tho CCC Canp and Indian Sorvicc yot busy with their.drags wo ought to have good roads till tho winter weather sets in. Survoy work has cor.monccd on the road that tho CCC Canps arc going to build, and construction will start in tho next two weeks, so I have been infomed by tho engineer.

Naturc_ Nptcs_: I wish to report that the quail we turned loose at Hoccasin have nadc a wonderful increase this suHDor. I have on several different occasions counted several flocks of young quail, with fron 10 to 20 in a flock. There has been hatching going on all suixicr, the latest coning off about two wooks ago. Tho Honur.iont has norc than its share of chipmunks this fall and a goodly nunbor of gray squirrels. Birds soon to bo a little above tho usual nunbor due I think to the drouth driving then in for water. Tho snakes have boon rather scarce this season; this I believe is because the past five years the CCC boys have killed all they found and have pretty well cloancd then out.

I have been waiting for Al and Tov to ccae in to nakc tho final in­ spection of the fort and to decide just what is to be done with the nonoy we have for repairs to the fort. As yet, they haven't shown up.

s==SVlNL5 fuArn TAMVOM By Lov,iS T* I!cKinn°y» custodian, \~ rl A V_ VJ V_ AIM T \J IM Chaco Canyon. Now licxico.

Visitors this nonth, 571; travel year to date, 2,0

General: The Chaco has received, a good'bit of rain during the past nonth and is looking fine. Grass is good, and the canyon bottom and the ncsa tops are very green. The approach roads have been nuddy part of the nonth, but nevertheless visitor travel has boon heavy. Of course, the fact that tho University of Now Mexico Field School and tho Qhaco Conference for Anthropologists were hold in tho canyon during August added to our nunbor of visitors.

Heather: 1.02 inches of rain fell during tho nonth. The hardest rain oc­ curred on the 22nd when .85 of an inch fell in eighty ninutcs. A naxinun tonporature of 96 was reached on August 3, end again on August 17; nininun

SOUTH. JESTZRN NATIONAL HONUIiENTS 116 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 CHACO CANYON ( cont'd. ) was 48 on August 25. The Chaco wash, has had a head of water several tines during the month.

Roods: The now Headquarters road now under construction lias suffered Greatly fron. the heavy rains. In nany places the road has washed badly. Rains alsc caused the approach roads to be in bad shape several tinoS;

Visitors: 571 people visited the llonuiicnt in 116 cars. Park Service visi­ tors included B. L. Douglas, Erik Reed, Jcsso Nusbaun, Stan Milford, and Dale King. Ill noribors of the Chaco Conference visited the Monuacnt durinc the niddle of August.

Projects: Durinc the nonth, 88 Groups of visitors were guided through Pueblo Bonito, 21 hiking trips were token, and one auto caravan was' led. Ilonuaont patrol by horseback was continued. A nuv.iber of improvements have been nade in and around tho parking area. A now ranada has boon built and equipped with a picnic tabic; a drinking fountain has boon installed in tho caiipgromid; the pit toilets have been placed over new pits; and at present, gravel is being hauled into the parking area to fill up nud holes. New polos and insulators have boon installed for the electric light line running fron the custodian's residence to the Ranger Station. Heavy duty screen doors have been built and placed on the custodian's residence and office. The wire fences that enclosed Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo have been renoved, improving tho looks of tho two ruins a groat deal. The bank protection work in the Chaco wash that was accoriplished by tho CCC last fall is proving very effective. Threatening Rock noasurencnts for the nonth show that the west end of tho rock moved away fror.: tho cliff 3/4 of an inch, while the cast end of the rock novod back toward tho cliff £ inch. A now set of gauges has boon placed across the crack between tho cliff and Threatening Rock. Those gauges nako the measuring of the width of the crack very much easier than when the old gauges wore usod (tho Ranger on Remanent'Relief please note). The old gauges had outlived their period of usefulness, having drawn too far apart. Radio station KNKA, Chaco Canyon National Honumont, is in daily con­ tact with station KNJZ, 21 Morro National Monument. The now short wove radio sets have boon installed and ere working fine.

Projects Contenplatod: During the month criing, CCC guides will have to be trained so that they will bo able to handle some of the guide and con­ tact work during tho winter. Improvements en the caripground will be con­ tinued.

Chaco Canyon CCC By X'fci. Chauvcnct, proj. sup't, Chaco Canyon, Nov/ Mexico.

On the 21st it rained - all the rain we've wanted for several months* Half of the north approach to the bridge across the Chaco at headquarters was washed out and the road down the canyon became a river for several hours. The dip on the entrance road was badly washed out just as wo

SOUTK.VSSTZRN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 117 MONTHLY RmPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 CHACO CANYON CCC ( cont'd. ) finished it. All tlio check dans in the arroyo alone; the north road arc now scoowhoro between Chaco Canyon and the Grand Canyon. The washout at the bridge was repaired on the 22nd and nost of the norc serious damage to the north approach road was repaired-on the 23rd. Several weeks work ronains to he done to repair tho remainder of the dam­ age done in a few hours. Several protection ditches will be needed on the now entrance road. The storm was a narrow one and we now know where additional work oust be done if the road is to stay where it was originally placed. The rains are still continuing and tho work done during tho past year on the approach roads is being well tested. One oneouraging thong is that very bad spots on these roads have boon eliminated and no now ones- have developed. A lot still ronains to be done, but tho improvement in those roads is noticeable. After a couplo of months breathing spell, our trucks are again be­ ginning to give trouble. As soon as one failing is corrected,- they break down scoowhoro else. The work progran is greatly hampered by continued breakdowns. Captain 'Williamson has succeeded Lieutenant Rubcnson as commanding officer. Mr. Douglas spent a few hours In the canyon on tho 14th and looked over several of tho jobs.

SIMM . i .I 3y Herbert K. Boone, sr. foreman, MOBILE UNIT Chaco Canyon, Now Mexico.

VJhilo foreman Vivian is on annual leave in Albuquerque waiting the arrival of a now member to his family, I will attonpt to take over. At Y/ijiji work was completed on one reinforced concrete arch and twelve wall foundations; work is also in progress on two noro arches. In- •stead of filling a large hole in a wall we devised a reinforced concrete arch veneered With stone in order to preserve as nearly as possible the appearance in which'wo found the wall. On August 21st, we had an unusually hard rain, .85 inches in approxi­ mately one and one-half hours, which washed out our road to V/ijiji, so our work at V/ijiji'for thc.proocnt is stopped. At Bonito, the drainage system worked very nicely; in fact, the next day wo were able to walk around in Bonito without wading in nud up to our knees, Sono work was done on tho visitors trail in Bonito and an original coiling in Roon 110 was reinforced and patched. Since August 22nd to date,' capping, patching,, and drainage have boon in progress on Rooms 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 200 to 205. Tho drainage froa Rooms, 2, 4, 5, and 11 are also an extension of tho oast plaza drainage, and Rooms 7, and 200 to 205 will drain out to the north side of pueblo Bonito.

S7MI

S0UTHVJIST2RN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 118 MONTHLY R3P0RT FOR AUGUST -1940 CHIRIC/HUA fuiDir AUIIA By Frcmk L> nsh» custodian» NwrtltVlv-AnUA Dos Cabczos, Arizona.

Visitors this month, 1,661; travel year to date, 8,766.

General; Visitors for the month increased 87.47$ over tlio same nonth of last year. The opening of now paved sections of the Steins Pass Highway, the attractive BiG& program advertising the area by the town of Bowie, distribution of Natural Color photographs by the Standard and Union Oil Companies, publicity in the Arizona Highways, and increased distribution of literature by the Douglas, Bowie and Bisbee Chanbors of Commerce are believed to be the main contributing factors in the increase. New panphlcts issued by the Coolidgc office have resulted in increased use of the trails and educational facilities. Jo arc now able to present the visitor with a nap of the trail oyster: and a few suggestions to aid hin to bettor enjoy the trip. However, the lack of personnel docs net allow us to help then as nuch as sono of the visitors desire. Two young nen, having spent the entire summer in different Park Service Areas stated that this is the nost undcrnanncd area thoy have been in. Another trend of the visitor was noticed this past nonth; there appears to be a return to camping by the average American, or it night indicate the canper has found out about our area and its delightful climate; anyway, wo have had more campers this nonth than during an entire season before. The precipitation for the nonth is three inches below the rainfall of last ugust. This is not a true picture of the entire region as nuch of• the rain centered over the valleys and higher mountain country this year, and the nonuncnt area has had less moisture than the neighboring region. VJo have tried to correct this by importing 92 Baptists to sing for us. Thoy took over the former CGC Area adjacent to the lionumcnt and for be­ ginners did fairly well as we had .49 inches during the week.

V.'c at her: Total precipitation from July 25th to August-24th inclusive was 1.72 inches. Ifafflnun temperature for the month was 96, and Llinimum was 54.

Roads and Trails; Ilonur.cnt Roads -./ere bladcd and drainage ditches cleaned out; one small slide was removed. Below normal rainfall kept washing of tho roadway to a minimum. Sloughing of the banks caused heavy maintenance on drainage. All trails with the exception of tho fire trail to Picket Park wore overhauled and resurfaced where needed; two trees fell across tho trail in Echo Park; a temporary passage was made through them. As soon as time allows, finished cleanup of tho trunks will follow.

Botany; llr. Ora M. Clark has just finished a revised check list of tho flora of tho Chiricahua National ilonuncnt. In loss than 5j- months, with Ranger duties interrupting and spending much time arranging the museum, he has collected and classified 467 species and collected 40 undetermined plants. Duo to lack of available literature at the llonuiiont, ilr. Clark during the past two sumnor seasons has furnished his own library. Tho collecting of spring and fall flowers on this 11,000 acre area is not

SOUTH. .'S3T2RN NATIONAL IIONUiGNTS 119 LIONTKLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 CHIRICAHUA ( cont'd. ) conpletc and until such tine as money becomes available to continue cnploy- nont for those periods, our Horbariuri (of 510 species) will be incomplete.

Porsoiinc 1: Mr. Clark ended his available period of Tonporary Employment effective August 26th. He is now taking accunuL.tcc leave, heading for the Rocky Mountain Area, "Up V/yoninc Way", Ralph A. Pursloy ends his tour of duty on the Lookout effoctivo Au- gust 27th and takes accumulated leave to the first of September. The Custodian is faced with handlinc; the Administration, Maintenance, Protection and Educational Duties with ono Maintenance Man and practically a month's extra salary for aid durin;; peak days. Just casually lookinc oyer the calendar, wc find there arc over 44 Sundays and Holidays between the first of Sopteribor and the first of June. Not countinc a thirty day huntinc season durin.;.; the months of October and November.

Furnace Installation: Hearn and Caid, contractors, finished installing on oil furnace in the basement of the new residence.

Continuing; Projects; An attempt uill be made to carry on tho rc;;ular nonu­ rgent duties in the best manner possible, Giving attention to tho r.:cst pressing needs of the area .as tho occasion arises. This rnichtnecessitat e closinr: tho Administration Building ^"fc tines.

To ccnplotc several volumes of the nonthly report, the followiiv; issues arc needed: February, 1935 and Oc­ tober, 1935. Anyone having a copy of either of those issues to spare will be doin-;j a graut favor by sond- it in to headquarters.

SOTTEWEST3RN NATIONAL JIONULEHTS 120 MONTHLY P.3PCRT FOR AUGUST 19

DKAINLM LJr By Dale s. King, archeologist, HISTORIC SITES *»!«...«.«..

PERSONNEL Archeologist King was on duty at Headquarters throughout the month except for a field trip which included Chaco Canyon, Walnut Canyon, and Montezuma Castle National Monuments* King inspected ruins stabilization projects at Walnut Canyon and Chaco Canyon, represented the Service at the annual conference of archeologists under the auspices of the Uni­ versity of New Mexico at Chaco Canyon, and made studies preparatory to drawing up museum exhibit plans for Walnut Canyon and Montezuma Castle. Archeologist Steen spent the entire month at Headquarters completing the ruins stabilization report on inscription House, and working on a similar roport for the Upper Ruin at Tonto National Monument. Stccn also compiled and processed the Superintendent's Monthly Report. Naturalist Dodge returned from a field trip to Arches National Monu­ ment on July 29. He completed the preliminary prospectus for Arches Na­ tional Monument interpretative program, compiled and processed informa­ tional leaflets for five national monuments, continued supervision of the repairing and recovering of volumes of the Superintendent's Monthly Re­ port for monument libraries, started work on the Superintendent's Annual Report for the Director, continued the photograph filing project, and was able to revive the popular Bulletin No. 2 project of the Southwestern Monu­ ments Association.

RESEARCH AND SURREY .-•"• j" ; '^ • ^ ,•'•—, !f'\ [,' \ \ """"" Highlight of the month was the receipt of Temporary Ranger Ora !{•.•-"-'• Clark's "Extended and Revised Flora Check List of Chiricahua National M^mcnj^V,. jlhisCrXyiscd list contains 467 species determined and 40. unidentified 'specie's rcproscntivc of 80 families and two 57 genera. • HLSLO&±C ^n i s STATUS OF HISTORICAL'AND ARCHEOLOGICAL PROJECTS The ruins stabilisation report of Inscription House was completed", " and .the. similar report on the Upper Ruin at Tonto National Monument progressed satisfactorily. Specimens recovered during stabilization were cleaned and catalogued. The project of obtaining a suitable case for the valuable mummy at Montezuma' Castle was continued. INTERPRETATIVE PROJECTS Efforts on the part of Bandelicr National Monument personnel to • complete the motion picture reel for that area were facilitated. Head­ quarters motion picture reels were forwarded to Tuzigoot and Bandolier for use at those areas in illustrating talks. The project of trans­ lating museum labels at Tumacacori and the preparation of these label* SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS n.',;. MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST - 1940 BRANCH OF HISTORIC SITES (cont'd*) ; _.. .___, •• . LI :._ in -the Spanish language was started. 4 preliminary.prospectus on musoum exhibits at Arches, and tho preliminary plan for the Chiricahua musoum exhibits woro routed through proper channels".

EXHIBITS -r - -v "'•'••, , _..,-*', .;f. .; - —'• '•---.'•. —r~,~r--.-'—-• Work was started on exhibit plans for tho Walnut Canyon and thoi;Monto- zuma Castlo museums* ...,.' «. • ••• • ' ••• .-.:•:' vi ••• -, t ; :•', ; ' PUBLIC RELATIONS , _/ / ' ' Assistance was ronderod Mr. A. E« B tfshonberg Of jPatagonia, ,Ari£onai • in visiting: a number of SouthwesterH" National" Monuments-* :-Mr» B~ •npkoaber-g-:. expressed interest in the intorprotative work, and offered his assistance. (Soe Wupatki Report).. • , .... ,-..'••" . ,.'!. Assistance was rendered Mr. D. A. Jcagor of the University of Southern California in a project for tho study of tho Gila Monster.. Headqucrters motion picture reels were loaned to tho Arizona,Stato Highway Department for a continuation of tho Tourist School throughout tho northern part of the state. Work was started to round up photographs and matorials for an article on the Whito -Sands national Monument musoum exhibits requested by tho Jfe*- soum NeW.' - ••• *•••• ••••••< • »«• ...... -«. ,, ...,,,. .. • PROJECT FOR ENSUING MONTH • . ..,..','. , , J \ Work will bo continued on the Superintendents Annual Report for the' Diroc€or, oxhibit planning for tho Walnut Canyon-and Montezuma Castle . museums, tho Tonto ruins stabilization roport and cleaning and cataloguing of specimens and popular Bulletin No. 2. New projects will be the pre­ paration of an article on Organ Pipe Cactus National Monumont for the Washington Office an^extonsivo ruins stabilization survey in company with officials from tho Region III and Washington Offices.

ROUTINE AND CONTINUED PROJECTS Satisfactory progress was made in tho following projects: Roostablishmcnt of wild turkoys at Saguaro National Monumont, Rocstablishmcnt of quail at Gran Quivira National Monumont", " Survey to dctormino extent of a section of the necrosis of i . tho giant cacti at Saguaro National Monument, ... .';•; >•• „ • R'opair and Recover of volumes of the Superintendent's Monthly Roport for tho libraries of all monuments, . , Solution of tho Raven nuisance at Tonto National Monument,' Tho marking on state gamo refuge maps of. Colorado, Now "Mexico", " and Utah, of national monumonts as closed areas., Obtaining suitablo containers for. preserved roptile specimons., and tho headquarters photograph files.

COMPLETED PROJECTS . Preliminary plans for museum exhibits at tho Headquarters oxhibit room, Massed Point Oriontation Station, and tho Bonito Canyon highway roadside exhibits were finished and submitted through official channels. A preliminary prospectus for Arches National Monument interpretative plans were submitted to the Musoum Division for comment.. .F^ffo thousand Btpr, , ., „ SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 122 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 BRANCH OF HISTORIC SITES (cont'd) r_ .,, '. . Southwestern National Monuments map folders were rccoivod from the printer, and their distribution commenced. Informational leaflets on Saguaro, Bandclior, Capulin Mountain, Arches, and Chiricahua National Monuments were completed and supplies provided for each of these areas, (only two of the Southwestern National Monuments arc now without information leaflets, and it is hoped to remedy this situation during the coming month.) * • * * - - . i. COOPERATIVE PROJECTS Assistance was rendered to Mr. P. Grykingcr of the Department of Agricultural Economics, Tucson, in obtaining maps showing prehistoric canals in the Casa Grande valley. A complete sot of informational leaflets was sent to the U. S. Travel Bureau, San Francisco office, for distribution at the World's Fair. It was possible to provide some information to Mr. Johnson Neff of tho Fish and 'Wildlife Service in an exhaustive study being made of the -; status of whitc-wingod doves in Arizona. ' ;-' .* ..• Dr. H. L« Stahnkc of Mesa, Arizona, submitted a popularly written article on scorpions and their poison for publication in the Supplement. (This will appear in a forthcoming issue.)

NOTABLE OBSERVATIONS What- is believed to be the" Traganza Blue Hcrron (Ardea horodias treganzai) was observed oh two difforont occasions flying over Casa- " Grande National Monument. This is the first record of this species for this monument. ••••.•.•..••..,,

ACCESSI QMS Following were among the items received during the month:

9 Projcction slides of Abo and Gran Quivira from Joe Toulouse, ... 75 Captioned projection . slides from binding at the ;_•> ' Western Museum Laboratories, 40 Kacachromc mounts for projection slides from Photo­ grapher Goorge Grant (these depicted scenes at Tumacacori, and Canyon do Chclly National Monu­ ments ), 3 Framed paintings from the Western Museum Laboratories to adorn lobby walls at several monuments, and 1 Y/oll constructed carpenter's work bench made at the Mount Eld en CCC canp. .

LOAN LIBRiJlY The library project continued with the pasting in of loan-cc.rd pockets in all volumes not previously so equipped, and a white stripe for the shelf number on all volumos requiring such marking. Library accessions included two books, 21 periodicals, 11 pamphlets, and two reports.

VISITORS Park Service visitors for the month included Al Kuchl, Jerry Miller, Assistant._Regional Director Douglas, Don Egermayer, Bill Sugernaugh, and SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS las MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940 S&MSB. W HISTORIC SITES (cont'd.) Chuck Richoy. Newsworthy visitors wore Johnson Neff of the Fish.and Wildlife Sorvico and anSouthwostern National Monuments* old friend, Julian Haydcn.

PUBLICITY A cordial and hearty welcome to our new Director Drury appearod in the Septomber issuo of Desert Magazine. Tho full-pasc articlo included a photograph of our new Director. Feature article for the month of August issue of Arizona Highways was a Wtite-up of Rainbow Bridgo by the notod author Irvin S. Cobb. Tho second article on stabilization of Puoblo Bonito by Gordon Vivian appeared in the August issue of the Southwestern Buildor and Contractor. An article on Davy and Corky Jonos by Naturalist Natt N. Dodgo may be found in tho Soptembor issuo of /jrizona Highways. Photographs of ruins of tho Southwest wore providod the magazino "Mexico Today" for a forthcoming articlo.

a***swNM*** BRANCH OF ACCOUNTING

Vouchers prepared during the morith, regular appropriations . . 192 Vouchers prepared durinc the nonth, CCC . 124 Purchase Orders issued, recular, Headquarters . . . 46 Purchase Orders issued, CCC . • . 110 Allotnent ledger sheets prepared, rocellar appropriations. . . 228 Allotnent leacor sheets prepared, CCC ...... 160

Expenditures: Total for Month; To Date 1411000 National Park Service, 1940 .... $9,545.9*3 " $17,556.41 140/11000 National Park Service, 1940-41 . '447.93 447.93 14x1010- 5;300.98 7;334.05 Civilian Conservation Cemps , 7^450.86 14,619.52

TOTAL 23,725.70 39,957.91

#****gVJJJJ***#*

SOUTMESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS lvi MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 1940

t • • • 1 i UUiUAJ U .. Al-'tipnuca unacx onaod Contact j Personnel Trips Lectures Stations stction s Minutes Contacts Visitors Station _i>.er. Terra No. Att. No. Att. No._ Att • No. Att. • ' Arches • —•*• • 32 153 16 54 2640 207 297 H Gapulin Mountain i 1 23 230 2000 230 9000 cy 44 ' 347 141 686 6325 1033 w Chiricahua l 1661 o Natural Bridges l 20 84 14_j 72 4510 156 157 0rr;an Pipe Cactus l 1 2 3 h -i 450 9 267 o Rainbow Bridco — "~ 50 o Saraiaro ... — 53 167 1895 167 739 l 6 I 2618 Sunset Crater - m Bhlto Sands 2 448 2689 7600 1160 2689 10904 Sub-Total 8 1 97 586 33 133 665 3772 7600 19480 4491 25693 Aztec Ruins 2 1 214 | 2159 r i 260 1968 22155 4127 2794 Bandolier 1 3 350 j 3442 2 ? 182 1320 29706 4769 3727 Canyon do Clielly 1 2 81 j 613 I ! 63 388 18010 1001 537 Casa Grande 2 116 j 525 110 469 8362 994 616 Chaco Canyon 1 3 110 1 732 7 10 81 418 9545 1160 571 in 31 Morro 1 1 1 87 405 1 4 3110 409 -109 N m Gran Quivira 1 105 * 438 4 19 3455 457 458 •op Gila Cliff Dwell. - I 1 10 1 •H Hovenv/cep 1 26 99 1 1578 99 99 Montezuma Castlo 2 210 1182 157 719 12730 1901 1P.7P. •H Navajo 23 148 4 o 1 10 3815 158 178 •p a Pi-oe SLrin.-. 1 94 192 1505 19P. 192 •H W Tonto 1 56 182 67 238 5210 420 276 O Tunacacori 2 73 262 1 3 74 270 3605 535 267 .d o Tuzip.oot 1 31 861 1 25 31 887 11220 1773 938 'J Fj Ualnut Canyon 1 3 153 677 450 2859 21825 3556 2669 PC Vfupatki , 1 85 315 7 108 4659 423 578 Yucca House 2 25 94 25 30 Sub-Total I19 14 1722!12065 251 1143 1285 8771 163584 21979 15621 Grand Total i 27 15 1819 12651 284 . 1276 1950 12543 7600 183064 26470 41314 Last Year 25 i 26 2392 11383 1127 5120 17546 146086 15691 28861 - -! Last Month 27 10 2364 10521 1705 8551 14303 136716 19174 30611 BRANCH OF M.'JNTENiUCE

BRANCH OF MAINTENANCE The four refrigerators held in tho headquarters pool wore checked and two sent to Phoenix for repairs. A ncv; notor was installed in USDI 1250 and the pickup painted as well. On the dunp truck fron Chaco an overhaul on tho notor. Tunc-up on 1239 included carburetor overhaul, new fan belt and 3one ncv; wiring. 1232 had a new cross nenber installed, sone body and fonder work, new king pins and bushings, new brake shoes and hub and brake drun a3- sonbly. Threo Duo-Thcm heaters were overhauled and' crated for shipment to Bandolier. ' 1225 received a generator overhaul and battery charge in addition to regular servicing.

=STM.l PERSONNEL NOTES

Betty Jackson, of the Montezuna Jacksons, loft July 29 with the children for a vacation in Connecticut. My, how wo all wish we could sail boats in Long Island Sound and just v/atch thoso salty waves breaking on the 3hore. Sone folks get all the breaks, darn 'on. Budlong has had serious difficulty with infected teeth. Ho has spent nost of his free tine and a little leave traveling to Albuquerque for treatment. "Jo hope tho worst is over and that ho will have tine to accumulate strong resistance to neet tho hardships of the coning winter. Bill Supornaugh has announced that ho is a candidate for the dis­ tinction of being tho thinnost-spread-out protection employee in tho Service. His 'ranger district1 comprises 330,587 acres, and he runs it all alone. Arc there any competitors? Following is a letter received this north which is of interest to tho bird-banders: Dear Mr. Miller: I desire to express our appreciation to Mr. King and yourself for the detailed analysis of banding operations in tho Southwestern National Monuments during the past year. I will not attenpt a detailed connent other than to say it makes a.nost interesting report and I will be glad if our thanks nay be extended to the various station operators for their interest in continuing to advance these investigations.,-

(Signed) Frederic C. Lincoln

SOUTHEASTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 126 MONTHLY REPORT FOR AUGUST 194-0 PERSONNEL ( cont'd. )

A water color entitled "Bluo Shadows" won first prize at the Fourth Annual Art Festival, VJestcrn State College, Gunnison, Colorado. "Blue Shadows", painted by Earl G. Hammock, of Tyrone, New Mexico was painted at- ./hito Sands. Dale King has turned his back porch into a zoological Garden. Don EGomayor brought hiri a tfing-tailed cat named Tequila (not by its nothcr) and King spends considerable tine trying to tar.ie tho beast.

Art Thorias and Argylo McGillivray demonstrated at Bandolier last nonth unsuspected capacities in the field of oiled read construction. But wo think they will not leave us soon to onoago in the road contracting business. Johnnie Faris and George Sholly arc crowing over a fine visitor record for August. They're really praying for that now ranger to help carry tho load. Tod Cronyn (do Chelly), in-consummation of a lifc.-long ambition, is transferring to Kings Canyon National ?ark. Ho will leave shortly after Labor Day, and Quintin Bradley vail hold the fort until a now custodian has been appointed. Best of luck, Ted. . • Al and Bina Bicknoll loft August 29 for a nonth's vacation on tho coast and a swing around tho circle. Tho ncn whose wives arc away are going to miss Bina's expert cooking. Bina's table is a rock in a weary land when your wife's away. Bill Supcrnaugh, leno ruler of the vast Organ Pipe Cactus domain, sot sail in his Buick about the middle of the nonth for a vacation in tho nountains of Colorado. Bill says just bocmso it's his old steeping ground, not because he doesn't like the clLnate just north of the border, down Mexico way. The Pcavpys at Tonto-havo a new gas-operated refrigerator in their tent quarters. It is said, but not proven, that one very hot afternoon Pcavcy left a note on tho visitor register, "Please knock on door of ice box". '.'/alter l/clton, Acting Project Superintendent at the new Arches Canp, nade a trip to the lit. Eldcn Canp on August 23 and 24 to sweat-talk 3ill Stevenson out of some equipment, and to familiarize himself with TIP canp organization and standards. Chuck Richoy, soon to be tho assistant superintendent of the South­ western National Monuments, -.cc in Coolidgo August 22, 23, and 24, en leave, making orrongencnts to nove from Santa Fo. Chuck expects to enter on duty about September 20. Chuck is to handle all phases of construction and maintenance of physical plant, Charlie and Ruth Jyatt, Ann, and "Shohdce"(you spell it), ore all back homo together again at Casa Grande. If juvenile indications may bo trusted, Shohdec (baby talk for Charles D., Junior) is going to bo a modern Marco Polo, "Mac" McKinney, at Chaco, is a zooC. fixcr-of-lunchos-up. Ask Tovrea and Superintendent Miller, who ate one of Mac's lunches at 11:00 A, M. aiid survived without additional food until 8 o'clock that night. "Cy"" Harkins, ranger at Tumacacori, submitted to a serious oper­ ation while absent on leave. V7o have had no news and hope "Cy" is

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 127 MONTHLY REPORT FOR ;.UGUST 1940 PERSOIOTEL (cont'd.) getting along all right. This on tho theory that no news is good news. This will introduce Joe Golden, the new clerk at Headquarters, who entered on duty late in August. Joe cane all the way from Florida, but • ho knows the Southwest and says he likes it. There's a lire. Golden, too, just as sweet as she can be. Uith three narriod non in it, that fiscal office is becoming a very serious place. Returning to Dale and his zoo, Dale turned tho zoo over to Charlie for a short trip to Lcs Angeles whore he net Hortcnsia and brought her hone fron her vacation. 7o think tho unaccustcnod glare of city lights slowed hixa up because ho was about a week nuking tho trip. What with a young daughter, a heno of his own in Coolidgo, tho soft- ball season, a now CCC Caup and that confounded new CCC accounting pro­ cedure, Luie Gastcllun is covering a lot of ground right now, but he soons to bo covering it. Sono people can do everything. Bill Bowon, effective ranger at Hontczuaa Castle, has received an appointment to tho very back back country in Grand Canyon National Llonu- iicnt. Bill will ronain at Llontczuna until his successor has been chosen. I7o arc going tc niss tho Bowons. They're grand folks. But Bill is a trained forostor and rango ocologist, and will find greater opportunities in his line at Grand Canyon. "Teddy" Bachr, who nakes us all nind our p's and q's at headquarters, is the earliest riser at Casa Grande National lionunont, with Al Bickncll a close second. Jo should hesitate to accord to anyone tho doubtful dis­ tinction of being the latest to bed. Sailing Larry Mungerro, of Parke Soulc's staff, is the proud possessor of a "hoopio" in which ho is rapidly beconing familiar with the highways and byways of Coolidgo and vicinity. Tho other uorning ho pulled in, on foot, in the snail hours shortly before sunrise. Larry stoutly defended tho car, reporting that ho had driven off the pavcuont and had gotten stuck on a soft shoulder. Highway shoulder, Larry? ANOTHER BABY - The doctor, with his little black bag, visited tho Alberts on August 15 and Whon ho left Ed was a papa to tho oxtont of one child; fenalo nonod Eleanor Eronia; weight six pounds seven ounces. All this happened at Holbrook while Ed was at Casa Grande. Just after Labor Day, as Alberto was getting ready to go visit his augaontod fanily, Carey turned up at headquarters. ;J.l three are now at hor.io in their portable wigv/an.

* * # * * g- • n,Tj. /r* # * * *

SOUTH /ESTERN NATIONAL UONUiIENT3 123 I.IQNTEILY REPORT FOR AUGUST 19-1-0 The SUPPLEMENT

to the Southwestern National Monuments Monthly Report

Wherein the reader will find Supplemental Observa­ tions, Random Papers, and Ruminations of the Boss, as well as any other odd, interesting, or instructive matter which may have turned up during the month

SPO 188592 GEOLOGY Of OMJCAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT

Norman Smith Junior Geologist, ECW*

The whole geologic history for southeastern Arizona is long and com­ plex. Chiricahua National Monument contains only the two most reoent and simple parts of the history. The monument contains lava flows (Fig. 1,) the extrusion of which constitutes nearly the last geologic chapter in this region. Erosion, which has been more rapid in the past than now, has penetrated the lava along joint planes and worn the rock into a variety of shapes. Information which is helpful in interpreting the geology of Chiri­ cahua is found in the following articles:

1* Sauer, Carl. Basin and range forms in the Chiricahua area: California Univ. Pub. in Geog., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 339-414, 1930. 2. Bryan, Kirk. Pedestal rocks in the arid Southwest: U.S.G.S. Bulletin 760, pp. 1-11, 1923. 3. Darton, N. H. Geologic map of Arizona, compiled for the Arizona Bureau of Mines, 1925. 4. Dumble, E. T. Notes on the geology of southeastern Arizona: Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Eng., vol. 31, p. 713, 1909.

*This report has been edited by the Naturalist Division of the Na­ tional Park Service. Despite the numerous changes and deletions, there still remain many questionable statements which can be checked only in the fiold. It is to bo understood, therefore, that this report is not to be considorod an authoritative account of the geology, but it docs possess descriptive value. (FCP)

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 125 SUPPLEMENT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONU1-JTHT (cont'd.) REGIONAL GEOLOGY

The oldost rocks of the rogion are granite and schist. Tho granite may be of pro-Cambrian age, tho schist also is pro-Cambrian. These two rocks form most of the exposures in tho Dds Cabozas Mountains. Tho next youngest rocks are sedimentary. They are limestones of Upper Missippian and Lower Cretaceous age. Shales and sandstones were also deposited at theso times. All rocks mentioned arc moro abundantly exposed in tho Dos Cabezas than in the Chiricahua Mountains whore they occur mainly at Paradise and points north. Tho next dated occurrence is the building of the valloy basins and the mountain ranges in Tertiary time. Exposures of the granite which invadod the older rocks at this time aro small and .few. After the mountains had formed, but also during the Tertiary, much lava was oxtrudod. That which is siliceous and mostly rhyolitic (fclsite) now covers tho greater part of the Chiricahur. Mountains .which for tho most part consist of little else. Basaltic flows, partly of Quarternary age, came next; they are now most abundant in tho low ground between the Chiricahua and the Guadalupe Mountains* All during Tertiary time when the mountains were forming and volcanism was active uplift speeded erosioni With a desert climate, such as exists today in southwestern Arizona, the basins received groat volumes of sand and gravd from the mountains. So the broad features of present-day.topography existed in Tertiary time. Since then tho the land has risen several thousand feet, resulting in a less arid climate. The interpretation of earlier conditions is difficult because of tho alterations produced by tho forces of erosion.and mountain-building, and concealment by tho lava covering. All recorded dips of sedimentary rocks in the Dos Cabezas Mountains, a thrust fault which extends along the of the Dos Cabozas Mountains, are about S 45 W. The strike of tho bods and the fault is northwest or parallol to the axes of most ranges of mountains in this region. Beds dip to tho east on the oatorn flank of the Dragoon Mountains. It cannot be assumed that faults have deter­ mined the attitudo of bods as much as uniformity of dip would indicate. From tho work of Ransomo, Ross, and Wilson, there is reason to believe that the present topography was well developed before thrust faults were formed. At least there is strong roason to believe that the Chiricahua Mountains arc duo moro to the process of erosion than to diastrophism. That is, they may not as a wholo have the structural or orogenic origin of tho several ranges near them. They probably lack a core of granite and of flexed sedimentary rocks. Followed 60uthwcstward which is con­ trary to the northwest trend of all ranges near it. Dumble believed that Limestone Peak, which is about six miles south of Ruckor Crnyon, marks the center of syncline. Sydney Paige found monoolinol and synclinal structures southeast of Fort Bowie. Dr. C. J. Sarlc in an oral com­ munication says the dip of rocks between Paradise and the Swissholm Mountains would put Chiricahua Park over a syncline. Hence, although the Chiricahua National Monument is geographically in the Chiricahua Mountains, structurally it may bo on the western flank of tho Dos Cabezas Mountains at their southern end. If so, the monument, which consists of only lava flows, rosts on the eastern wall of what was a deep valley and syncline botwecn the Dos Cabezas and the next range of mountains to the west. This would give tho monument a basement of SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 126 SUPPLEMENT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT (cont'd.) sedimentary rocks dipping westward. In other words, although topograph!- cally the Dos Cabezas and at Apache Pass, geologically they continue through to Portal, and the Chiricahua Mountains arc a lava mass covering several such ranges and the intervening valleys.

THE FLOW OF LAVA FROM VOLCANOES

The lava of Chiricahua, boing a felsitc flow of 1,400 feet thick, no doubt camo from a localized vent or oleano. This is also indicated by beds of ash and cinders blown out of the vent just before and aftor tho flow of folsito. The lava capped tho tops of tho mountains from which it issued, but did not cover the whole of southeastern Arizona. Sugarloaf Mountain is not a formor volcano because it consists of nearly horizontal lava flows (Fig. l). The volcanoes wore no doubt many miles from Chiricahua. It is common for lava to flow considerable distances and for cinders to be carriod much farther in the air. But few of tho ancient valleys were filled with lava. Tho anciont topography was far moro rugged than the prosont topography. This is indicated on tho prosent mountains by rolls in the lava flows seen when approaching the monument from Dulphur Spring Valley. At some distancos from the mountains, tho slope of tho anciont valleys seoms to have increased abruptly and greatly. Perhaps thcro were canyons. A half dozen or moro wells drilled in Sulphur Spring and San Simon Valleys show theso valleys to be filled with on alluvium of clay, sand, and gravol to depths averaging half a mile, and in placos a full milo. Consequently, the prc-erosional sur­ face at tho timo of volcanic activity must have contained doepor valleys and higher mountains. Groat depth of valleys is also suggostcd, if not conclusively proved, by broad exposures of basalt in low country between tho Chiricahua dna Guadalupo Mountains, since tho basalt is younger than folsito on the mountains. Hence, groat variation in the trend and slope of structures in the lava is to bo expected since they depend on the contour of ground over which the lava flowed. The structures of lava arc duo to great decrease of temperature and pressure of the lava when it reaches the surface of the earth, to its chemical composition, tho amount of gas present, and the form of tho vent or contact surface. When cooling the lava becomes norc viscous. Most of tho flow occurs along planes i/hich arc a few inches apart and parallel with the slopes over which tho lava is moving. So, the slope or dip of planes of flowage suggests tho slope of the prc-lava topography. This is more typical for thin than for thick flows and for tho direction than for the dogreo of slope of tho topography. Thick flows soon smooth out the topography by filling the hollows and thon flow to an increasing extent with no close relation to the topography. In some instances, the dogroe of slopo of the topography may be more accurately shown by planes of jointing in the lava (Figs. 3 nnd 4). Thoso aro due to contraction of the lava whon it solidified. The jointing pianos tend to develop pcr- pondicular to tho surfacd of the earth duo to its absorption of heat of the lava. If rubble is present the lava picks it up. When finally cemented in tho solid lava this rubble produces a coarse aggrcgato called contact- breccia, similar to pudding stono. The direction of movement of lava is also indicated by tho elongation of bubbles in the lava where flow has stretched them, and the orientation of crystals. The gas of these bubbles eventually escapes, leaving only empty cavities to produce SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUHTNTS 127 SUPPLEMENT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MOHUiaEHT (cont'd,) omygdulcs. The orientation of planes of flowagc, joints, and amygdules have influenced the rate of erosion in tho rocks of Chiricahua, thoreforo the orientation of thoso structures may explain tho erosion forms in the monumont. Figure 2 condenses all facts on tho causo of variation in the thickness of horizons in tho flow of lava and on most causes of difference between tho structuro of horizons.

PRE-LAVA TOPOGRAPHY

In tho monument tho planes of flowage aro usually level and all tho joints are nearly vertical (Fig. 7 & 3). But near the boundaries of tho monument the structuros develop slopes of ton to fifteen degroos toward Sugarloaf Mountain from all directions. The mountain then is believed to stand over tho oontcr of a basin in tho pre-lava topography. . Only to tho northwest (Fig 9 & 10) is there ovidoncc of a gap in tho walls of the basin. The northwestern slope of structuros and horizons of the lava flow is stronger and more persistent than for any other direction. So tho aroa of erosion-forms of scenic intcrost is bolicved duo to the ponding of lava in a deep pro-lava trough of the ancient topography. The trough oxtondod about N. 50 W. for six miles or more from the head of Jesse Jamos Canyon, terminating in tho prosont Sulphur Spring Valley. This trough and its trend aro indicatod by the limits of occurrence for a horizon in tho lava flow shown by the dottod line on the geologic map be­ cause tho limits of any lovol in the flow arc somewhat liko water in following contours of topography on which tho lava rosts. Actually, the lava which entered the trough has a slope of a little less than 250 foot per mile to the northwost, as revcalod where tho present topography cuts into the flow along a northwest section. The trough paralleled the Dos Cabozas Mountains and may have been on a valley betwocn them and tho noxt range to tho westward.

Tho Chiricahua National Monument and its proposed cxtonsions include rocks of sconic interest tonding to form a mesa which slopes gently westward. The mosa is due to an oxtromoly platy character of rock having an abundance of flat pianos of flowago. This typo of rock surrounds the base of Sugarloaf Mountain and caps tho rims of canyons so as to form terraces on the ridges betwocn canyons. The flat planes of flowage have provided surfaces of ready flow so that erosion, by water or other agents, has been haltod at the platy horizon. The only exceptions aro canyons which radiato from Sugarloaf Mountain and cut 500 foet or more into the mosa. The canyons likely follow zones of shoaring or faulting of tho lava where shattcrod, fractured rocks has allowed rapid erosion. It is on the walls of canyons that orosion has left rock-forms of scenic interest (Figs. 11- 14 & othors). Concentration of theso forms in the Chiricahua National Monument is duo to the raro combination of a trough in pre-lava topography with .a mesa cut by canyons in the post-lava topography. Furthermore, tho combination is such that the rims and beds of canyons often coincide with tho upper and lower limits of that horizon of rock from which.orosion can carvo scenic features. VVhere the present topography tends to slope vrostward more tapidly than tho mesa, successive small faults may have displaced tho rock so as to maintain continuity of scenic exposures. Such faults aro to be socn on the southern sido of Sugarloaf Mountain S6IJTHWI£5TE1U N/.T10WAL MUNUMENTS Ig8 SUPPLE:1SEBT PUK AUGUST T930— REPORT OH GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MOFUICNT (Cont'd.) where a break in the cliffs indicates that the western end of the mountain has slipped downward. A slight displacement of the same character was noticed near the red beds of Bonita Canyon.

THE ROCKS OF CHIRICAHUA

Chiricahua National Monument is unique for the fact that it contains erosion-forms such as frequently develop in sedimentary rocks but rarely in ignoous rock. Those erosional forms require hotizontal structures which are typical of sedimentary rocks. Igneous rocks, such as the lavas of Chiricahua, are often referred to as non-stratified rocks because their original generally excludes the change of abundant or prominent horizontal structures. At Chiri­ cahua thoro arc such structures because the lava flowed over flat ground. The planes of flowago duo to crocp of tho solidifying lava arc nearly horizontal, as arc other variations in the lava which may be due to" distanco from the exposed surface whero heat could escape from the lava. The latter is shown by tho variety of horizons listed below. The several horizons form a scries of layers,liko sodimentcry rocks, with the thick­ ness and position of each horizon in tho scries quite constant within the monument. The change in characteristics from one horizon to tho next is not sharp. This suggosts that the sorics is part of but one flow of lava, as docs the fact that gradation of characteristics is such as to be expectod with incroaso of distanco from surfaces of free and wuick cooling. Nor wero contact effects seen anywhere except at tho top and bottom of the postulated flow of fclsitc. More scientific names for the varieties of rock may be possible after a pctrographic study of nine samples sent to tho Naturalist Division at Washington, D. C» The rock series is most fully exposed on the northern wall of Rhyolitc Canyon (Fig. 15). This docs not include the rocks of Sugar- loaf Mountain which is the only aroa lying noticoably above the gonoral lovel of the monument. It rises 500 feet or moro abovo the mosa (Fig.16) and contains the only exposure in the monument showing the topmost 215 feet of the fclsitic flow, called the Upper Brown Horizon. Above this horizon is 300 feet of rock, thought to be a basalt, that is observable only on Sugarloaf Mountain. A brief listing of horizons in the folstic flow will quickly give a general idea of their number and character. The descriptions begin with tho lowest part of the fclsitic flow. Details, up to the base of Sugarloaf Mountain, arc all from tho north­ ern wall of Rhyolitc Canyon, unless otherwise stated.

Basal Contact-Breccia: At tho culvert near tho Administration Buildings there is a broccir. 90 feet in thickness. This does not represent the entire thickness, however. There are two types of- breccia. The lowermost is cxposod for a vertical interval of 70 feet, and contains many well-facetted angular joint blocks of a brown and fine-grained igcous rock. This is a pudding-stone type of breccia since those blocks of one to throe-inch length arc cemented in a black scoria which woathcrs yellow and grcon. Above this is 15 feet about ono to one-half inch in size. For five feet above the breccia thero is a white, chalky, scoriaceous, dense rock vMch contains many xenoliths an oighth to a quarter of an inch long:. SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 129 SUPPLEMENT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY. - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT (cont'd.) The two types of breccia occur at several other places, and beds of volcanic dust with lapilli also aro found at this horizon. Pumice is exposed for a half milo along tho highway where the Bonita Canyon High­ way turns south toward Massai Point. Its dominant color is a rich brick-red, but there are many other colors varying from brown to black. Some of tho gray scoria contains green amygdules. There arc beds of ash and lapilli also. What appoars to be volcanic bombs aro distinguish­ able from gray matrix of scoria by the greator concentration of amygdulos than in the matrix. Similar bods of ash and lapilli occur in a gully which runs northward from Bonita Park toward Picket Canyon, and flow-breccia is abundant oh the northern wall of tho park. Most features of tho contact-broccia aro abundant where tho pro-lava trough joins Sulphur Spring Valley. The broccia in part is a ropy lava with the appearance of petrified wood; thero is much flow-breccia nearby. Seem­ ingly, all horizons thin out to tho northwest along the axis of the trough. Contact-breccia with beds of lapilli and scenic rocks occur close togothor while intormodiato horizons aro nearly lacking.

Lower Brown Horizon: Above the contact-breccia there is 300 foet of brown rock which is flinty or dense. In places there is much purple in tho brown coloration, but weathered surfaces are alxvays a deep shade of cocoa brown. The middle portion of this horizon in places has a number of elongated amygdules, a granular appearance, and planes of flowage. Otherwise, the horizon is massive and its amygdules aro round with dia­ meters of only a small fraction of an inch. Tho lowost part of tho horizon has many xonoliths usually light gray in color, sub-angular in shape, and one to two inchos long. At tho base of the horizon their long axes aro parallel. Higher in tho momber, this orientation does not exist.

Blooky-Cliff Horizon* A dense flinty horizon about 310 feet thick occurs close to the middle portion of the folsitic flow. Except for an abundance of joints, it is quite massive. K. . • " It varies from light purple in tho lower part to a grayish-white above. It has but few amygdules which aro small and round. Only in tho upper 80 feet aro thero amygdules as long as one to two inches. Thocurvature of pianos of joint­ ing and an ahundancc of horizontal joints indicate a transition to a Sconic Horizon above, iin abundance of smooth and straight vortical joint planes ^o typical. Tho Bonita Canyon Highway follows the top of the Bloclcy-Cliffs Horizon for two or three miles from the campground. However, moro complete and typical exposures are found on tho northorn wall of Rhyolite Canyon.

Sconia Horizon; The number of sharp and straight vertical joints de­ creases in the next 400 feet of tho folsitc which overlies the Blocky Horizon, while the number of pianos of flowago increases greatly. Thoro is also an incroaso upward in tho number and size of white amygdules in this horizon until they constitute as much as 20 per cent of the rock and attain sizes up to an inoh wide and several inches in length. The amygdules become string-like from Massai Point down, both to the north and to the south. From tho north thero also is a docroase in tho number of planes of flowago typical to tho Platy horizon abovo, and tho rock approaches the dense and flinty character common to tho Blocky Cliffs below. The SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 130 SUPPLEMENT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT (cont'd.) amygdules becomo round with diametors of but a fraction of an inch. Just north of Echo Point ..' gradation into tho Play horizon abovo is shown by tho incroaso in tho number of planes of flowago. Tho sconic horison is a light purple color on frosh fracturos but is a deep shade of choco- lato-brown on weathered surfaces.

The Platy Horizon; A horizon about 100 feet thick with planes of flowago only an inch or two part forme a mesa around the baso of Sugar- loaf Mountain. Theso planes are coated w ith glassy and tough lava in layers about half an inch thick and tho plan: s are surfaces of easy parting in the rock. Amygdules olongatod as much as sevoral inches are present. Typical oxposuros aro found on tho northern side of Sugarloaf Mountain.

Upper Brown Horizon: This horizon is 215 feet thick. Its lower third is light purple in color and so massive that it forms a baro slope of bedrock on the side of the mountain. The middle third is distinctly brownish in color, especially in its upper part, and enough vertical joints arc prosent to form cliffs. Tho topmost third is light brown gravol. Xonoliths of brown felsite about an inch long are found in the uppor 20 feet and from 100 to 150 feet below the top of tho Upper Brown horizon. Many amygdules an inch thick and sevoral inches long occur in the topmost 20 foot and from 70 to 100 fcot from tho top.

Contact-Tuffs and Broccias: Sugarloaf Mountain is encirclod by beds of volcanic ash and lapilli which aggregates about two feet in thickness. Tho ash forms a banded and laminatod tuff which alternates abruptly with brown angular lapilli bods a few inchos thick. Excopt for the lapilli beds tho whole formation is white. It contains many round holes which aro shallow, comparod to thoir length.

Sugarloaf Mountain Flow; This flow, togother with othor rock, is believed to form tho lowost part of a basaltic flow. The upper 236 feot of Sugarloaf Mountain is a black and flinty rock with round white amygdules about an eighth of an inch in diameter. This rock is glassy, approaching an obsidian in places. Generally tho rock is well jointed and on tho wouthern sido of the mountain tho lower part contains such an abundanco of flowago planes that it has a slaty appearance The remainder of this rock (16 feet) is a massive flow with many small amyg­ dules of a dark brown mineral. A few large olongatod amygdules aro white and porous. Betwoon hero and tho felsitic flow bolow is 48 foot of brown rock which forms a cliff and has a few elongated vosicles of which many are only partly filled with minerals. Vertical joints aro of course woll dovolopcd on the cliffs and on tho upper part aro many horizontal joints.

PROCESSES OF EROSION Piano* of jointing and flowago havo boon mentioned with othor struoturos as varying in prominenco and numbor from ono horizon to tho next. Theso structures causo the hardness of rock to vary with tho diroction of the structuro and thus vary tho rato and dopth to which woathering can ponotrato. Hcnco, those structures determine the shape and size of the erosion forms as woll as thoir stability. SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS TST SUPPLEMENT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT (cont'd.) Tho rounding of cornors on rock-forms in Chiricahua and larg» cavitios or pitted surfaces on the surfacos of rocks have been attri­ buted to scour by sand storms. This is incorroct since tho surfacos of rock are rough and give no evidence of scour and polish by sand blasts, nor do cavities or facoting in any one diroction indicato the action of prevailing winds. Tho appearance of tho surface is due to granular disintegration of rock by' chemical action, moisturo, and change of temperature. Any pitting of surfacos will be found due to small vesicles ,• ; . Tho cavities which aro measureablo in terms of feet are also believod to bo vesicles ' •-"-> ' -• Those large vesicles aro empty and have not bcon filled with minorals becauso of their size. Solutions fill tho smallest cavities first and probably ofton cease to circulate before deposition fills tho larger openings. Perhaps such circulation of hot waters with no deposition has left the walls of large vesiolos with their flaky character m .. ' f'* Tho flakes, which have dropped from tho walls, novcr remain in groat enough volume to indicato that thoy over filled the cavity. Moro conclusive evidence that these cavitios oxistod in tho molten lava are the webs of lava which partition thorn ?*",*» resulting in the intricatoly chambered character of the cavities ; . "» (This ovidence might also rosult from solution- Editor). Such an darly ignoous origin for the cavities is also indicated by their elongation in tho diroction of flowage _ " " Such large empty cavities and perhaps most of those which are now omygdules only a few inches long seem to have formed during a late stage in the solidification of the lava. The Scenic horizon has more, and tho Blocky-Cliff horizon less, than the avorage number of vesicles, both as to numbor and size. Tho large and empty vesicles aro most abundant just abovo tho contact botweon tho two horizons. When rocks scale off in curved layers or slabs, the process is called exfoliation. It is due to chemical weathering and to great daily changes of temperature which strain tho rock when heat and cold cause it to expand and contract within a short interval of time. Curvature of surfaces may bo due to greater depth of penetration by thermal and chemical ohangos near tho edges than along the faces of a rock. At least it is not caused by sand from prevailing winds at Chiricahua. It is confinod to the upper half of the Scenic horizon which is found in all positions and at all elovations in which tho othor horizons occur and which do not have the rounded forms.

VARIETY AND ORIGIN OF OUTCROPS OF HORIZONS

The goneral types of topography in the Chiricahua National Monument are due to differences in the structure of various portions of the lava flow. The structures determine tho differences in rates of erosion. For the most part both horizons on Sugarloaf Mountain form bare rock slopes bocauso tho Upper Brown horizon and the postulated basalt above it aro so massive, hence no proferred diroction exists for the erosion of such rooks. The same is true of tho Lower Brown horizon because it also lacks prominent pianos of flowage or jointing. Tho massive character of those horizons at tho top and bottom of tho lava flow may bo duo to rapid rates of cooling at the uppor and lower surfacos of tho flow. A similar position loft the contact-broccias with no controllod diroction of woathering. This and their soft, porous and poorly consolidated con- SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 132 SUPPLEMENT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON TEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT (cont'd.) dition allow them to erode rapidly in all directions. So, once any pro­ tective cover of harder rock above them has f.one, erosion is free to spread laterally over great areas as in Bonita Park and in Sulphur Spring Valley near the Bartlett Ranch. When flat planes of flowage are only one or two inches apart, as in the Piaty Horizon, the result is a mesa such as surrounds the base of Sugarloaf Mountain. The rock is disintegrated and carried away faster along these planes so a horizontal surface is maintained during every stop in the process of erosion. The mwas is favored only only by a lack of any vertical or steeply dipping structures penetrating the planes of flowago, but also by the toughness of a glassy layor of lava about half an inch thick . . '. Vertical cJiffs are readily dovclopod in areas of vertical jointing. Minor cliffs formed in this manner exist in the basalt and the Brown horizons but the chief occurrence is in the Blocky-Cliff Horizon with its abupt and continuous cliffs against which rest sharply angular columns •". *$ ".. Ero.vion does not form isolated individual columns due to the extremely flinty ard dense character of the rock which constitutes the Blocky Cliffs. Since the vertical joints arc only a foot or two apart, any such columns as are isolated lack baso sufficiently largo to stand at any noticeable height. The lack of stable columns is also due to an abundance of flat joints, especially in the upper part of the horizon.

EROSION-FORMS OF THE SCENIC HORIZON

The attraction we feel for large rocks of odd shape, especially for single rocks that arc isolated in position is, in large part, a fooling of awe which has been proscnt in the soul of tho human race for thousands of years. When men of prc-historic times wished to commemorate an important event in tho life of thoir tribes or to riven an improssive setting to any corcmoncy, thoy often collected groat monoliths and arranged them in various patterns. These still exist at Stonehengo in England, in several parts of Ireland, Brittany, and other countries. Wo can only wonder at the cxtrcmo patience and work necessary to lift and move such enormous rocks, which individually woighbd hundreds or even thousands of tons. In North Amorica there is an abundance of awesome rocks which have boon isolatod by natural pro­ cesses. Tho Navajo calls them "stone babies". Other terms for them are "mushrooms", "table rocks", demoiselles", and finally, to show that these rocks arc still considered to be of mystical or supernatural moaning, in somo places they are callod "hoodoo rocks". Most of tho rock-forms in the Chiricohua National Monument pro­ perly could be called castollatod stacks. However, it is the numbor of prominent variations of this general form which attracts attontion and sustains interest ... \ The Scenic horizon contains a variety of orosion-forms because the sharpness and number of planes' of vertical jointing incroase downward in the horizon whilo there is a dimunution of tho planes of flowago in the same direction. Tho variety of forms is increased by the attitudo of structures, parti­ cularly by degroc of slopo of the pianos of flowago. However, when planes of flowago deport too far from the horizontal (as much as 30 SOUTHWESTERN- NATIONAL HDHU1.D3HTS 133 * SUPPL!:: ENT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT (cont'd.) to 40 dogroos, as on the Massai Point Highway whcro they form a dip-slope, or even only 15 dogroos, as at the mouth of Pickot Canyon) thon columns cannot persist to any appreciable height. Blocks of rock, loosened from the tops of such columns aro easily removed by tho pull of gravity. This offoct is heightened by tho fact that joints vary from the vertical as much as the pianos of flowage vary from the vertical as much as the planes of flovmgo vary from the horizontal, so that tho whole column is tiltod at an unstable anglo. The presence of a large number of joints also prevonts the development of erosion-forms of scenic intorost. If joints aro less than about five feet apart, the resulting columns aro too slender to have a stable base. This condition defines the lower limit to the Sconic horizon where the joints arc 10 to 20 feet apart. An over-abundance of pianos of flowago marks tho upper limit to £hc Scenic horizon whore the rock is broken into small piecos along tho flat pianos of flowago. Such an abundonco of flat planes produced tho Platy horizon with its mesa lacking over erosion forms. Generally, planes of flowage aro six or more inches apart but locally they aro separated by only a fraction of an inch. Whcro such close spacing docs not extond for a groat vertical or horizontal distancos variety is added to tho number of possiblo orosion-forms. On planes of both flowage and jointing there is a layer of about half an inch of brown lava which is tought and dense, or glassy, with the appocrancc of "dosort varnish". On tho basis of orosion-forms produced, the Scenic horizon may be divided into upper and lower members. The uppor half has a decreasing number of planes of flowage from top to bottom . and vertical joints ore not porsistcnt individually for great vortical distances nor are they very abundant. Erosion produces columns having the appoar- ance of neatly stacked tablets. When erosion has progressed dooply along planes of flowage, the result is a variety of shapes locally namod "Tho Duck", "The Mushroom", "Punch and Judy", "The African Woman", "The ynvil", and "The Balanced Rock". - • **- \ The last is at the head of Doming, Canyon, but smaller balanced rocks aro prosont at several places in the monument, particularly on the skyline north from tho head of Rhyolitc Canyon and in Echo Park. Tho stability of Balanced Rock is probably groatcr than it appears since an earthquake about 50 years ago shook down looso rocks without destroying this feature Many came down the slope just north of where Bonita Canyon meet Sulphur Spring Valley. It is the uppor half of tho Scenic horizon which woathors to curvod sur­ faces by exfoliation. The leaver half of the Sconic horizon is less granular and toughor than tho upper half which, with the prominent vortical joints which arc continuous individually for 140 foct or more, makos tho Totem Pole "-C a typical form for this horizon. This form is tall and slender like a spire or turret. It is the lack of horizontal struc­ tures, such as planes of flowage, together with the toughness or rock which allows individual columsn to porsist to heights of 140 feet. Such forms aro most common to tho northern wall of Rhyolitc Canyor. "''"••'» ospocially woll up tho Canyon. At rogular intervals along the wall of tho Canyon it seems that vertical joints increaso in sharpness and number. At thoso placos erosion has boon at a rapid rato so as to produce gullies soparatcd by a succession of ridges. The ridges slope SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 134 SUPPLEMENT FOR .rJJGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT (cont'd.) slope gracefully down to the bed of the canyon and are crownod and boundod with many'of the vertical columns. With no columns in tho gul- lios between thorn, tho ridges resemble romparts, buttrosses or bastions on tho walls of cathedrals or castle . :'> The intermixture of shrubbory with the irregular outline of tho rocks, givos tho pleasing atmosphcro of strength and maturity, noticeable about ancient and mas­ sive structures which have boon long abandoned. The isolation of individual columns fives the name to this lower part of the Scenic horizon. There are other pillars at the crest of Rhyolite Canyon's southern wall and just wost of the trail up Doming Canyon, which may lack the height but havo tho variety of crudo shapes and colors to bo cxpoctcd on tho heads of totem poles. These pillars have an irregular and agnular outline that suggests tho fantastic shapes which primitive people carVc on a pole. Tho painted character of totem poles is prini- nent hero because of tho variety of natural coloring. Rocks formerly a light shade of purple are woatherod to a chololatc brown and generous­ ly spotted with lichon which is a light shade of canary yollow, or grccn- ish-yollow» Colors of the sky, clouds, and shrubbery increase the effects which are missed by an uncolorcd photograph.

THE ACTION OF .'AGMATIC SOLUTIONS

After the lava cooled to a solid, groat volumes of hot magmatic waters carrying in solution the metals which were deposited in tho mountains to tho north and south of tho monument, issued at the surface of tho oarth as hot springs. The tempcraturo of those waters was suf­ ficient to softon and blcanch tho rocks through which tyc percolated. White colorod amygdules aro a prominent feature of tho Sconic horizon which indicates that the greatest volume of flow of solutions was along this horizon because of tho large number of \'csiclcs prcsont through which solutions could circulate. The red and green stains on the Massai Point Highway arc likoly due to such rising waters, Vcinlcts of gypsum at the same placo may be duo to more roccnt, cold waters. Stain­ ing by solutions was socn nowhere also. Their main action was to blcanch and soften tho rock. Changes in the intensity of bleaching from, one horizon to the next indicate that solutions roso from below. This was noticod about 216 foot below tho summit of Sugarloaf Mountain. At first, bleaching is slight and only near planes of jointing. Going down the mountain, the degree of bleaching increases so that ono horizon five feet thick has a baked appearance and has boon softenod to a powdery consistency. The same relations were noted at the head of Doming Canyon. Toward the top of the Scenic horizon tho bleaching becomes increasingly spotty and irrogular and is found only along planes of jointing following by solutions. It soon ceases because the thormal and chemical powers of rising solutions wore exhausted. That amygdules show tho greatest flow along tho Scenic horizon has been mentioned. No other horizon unless it bo tho Contact-Breccias, has a thoroughly softened and bleached bed of such noticeable thickness and continuity. This bod is between tho Sconic and Block-Cliff horizons and is 55 feet thick at Echo.Point. It can be traced at the sane level and length of Doming SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 135 SUPPLLL-ENT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY- CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT (Cont'd.) r__ Canyon and for two or -three miles from the campground along the Bonita Canyon Highway which follows the top of the Blocky-Cliffs. Since the Scenic horizon is a light shade of purple, and the Blocky-Cliffs have a general tendency to be a grayish-white in thBir upper part, it seems probable that the whole lava flow was originally brown as are the Brown horizons now. Circulation of solutions between the Blocky-Cliffs and Scenic horizons has bleached them for an average of 300 to 400 feet above and below the level of softened rock. Only brown flinty layers on planes of flowage and jointing escaped bleaching because the rock is too dense to bo penetrated by solutions. The Lower Brown horizon has several layers 10 to 30 feet thick which are softened and bleached. No groat continuity was obsorved for these layers nor was the action of solutions as strong as at the levol above them. The only other levels strongly bleached and softened are tho Contact-Breccias at tho baso of tho lava flow, as around Bonita Park and the other breccia at tho top of tho flow and encircling Sugarloaf Mountain. Bleaching of tuff on the mountain extends for 20 feet down into the Upper Brown horizon.

• THE MUSEUM

The following summary will indicato the number of samples of rock which could bo in a musaum and tho features which each samplo should show:

Basal Contact-Breccia:

The pudding-stone breccia should be represented by a sample with angular inclusions. The namo, "puddingstone" could bo illustrated by a sample with well-rounded inclusions as found in the bed of Whito- tail Canyon below tho Massai Point Highway. A pioce of flow-breccia is especially desirable. The beds of reddened and bleached volcanic cinders should both be roprcsentod. If pumice is not illustratod by any of tho samples just mentioned and a scparato woll-dcvoloped samplo of pumice can bo obtained, it should be added to the list. Lowor Brown Horizon: ,

This horizon could be represented by two samples, one to show the denseness or uniformity of toxture and the brown color, another showing enough xonoliths to illustrate their parallel orientation. Blocky-Cliff Horizon:

One sample should show the color, toughnoss, and small amygdulcs which are all typical. In addition, or by a separate sample, the sys­ tems of jointing should be represented, if a sample of reasonable size can bo obtained.

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 136 SUPPLEMENT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY - CIIIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT (cont'd.) Platy Horizon:

Samples should show planes of flowage, if necessary by the use of a weatherod sample in which theso planes have begun to act as planes of easy parting. It is essential to illustrate planes of flowago because they aro the only typical structure of this horizon. These occur in other horizons from which samples likely cannot be had to illustrate both flowage and features strictly typical to those other horizons. If possible the sample should show the glassy layor as woll as the tendency for parting along planes of flowago. ,

Upper Brown Horizon and Upper Contact Breccia;

Theso arc woll illustrated by samples from the first two horizons of this list. The only need for further samples is because of the more bleached character of tho upper horizons and the nood of a complcto sequence in tho genetic display of rocks.

Sugarloaf Mountain Flow:

This horizon can be sufficiently represented by the black dense rock with its small white amygdules on top of the mountain. Tho above list indicatos that a museum display should be largo enough to house a minimum of eight samples of rock, or preferably, a maximum of fifteen. The number is doubled by the several tcxtural variations within four of the horizons. Each sample should be at least 6 inches long and 4 inches wide \vhich, with like distc.nco be­ tween samples, would require a case at least 15 feet long. This assumes arrangement if samples in one row in the order of their occurrence in the monument. Such arrangement with diagrams besido it should require a case only 4 or 5 feet wide. To. maintain the genetic sequence, samples of gravelly pudding-stone, red breccia, and pumice could be placed be­ side other samples of which they arc essentially duplicates, or they could bo omitted and the dimensions of the case kept down to 12 x 4 feet. In summary, samples of the following 12 horizons are suggosted as a minimum.t They arc listed in an order for their genetic display. Samples of 2, 4, 5, 9, 12 and perhaps 7, need to be placed in the case so that sido which shows the dominant structure will face the observer. This vdll also kcop samples with their natural orientation in the column of rock:

.1. Sugarloaf flow 7. Blocky-Cliff 2. Uppor bed of cinders 8. Lower Brown, dense 3. Upper Brown 9. " " with xonoliths 4. Platy 10. Flow-Breccia 5. Scenic 11.' Pudding-stone 6. Bleached, 55-foot bed 12 Bed of volcanic cinders

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONULIENTS 1£7 SUPPLE'ICNT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA (Cont'd.)

Other exhibits for the museum can be hung on its walls. In fact, to incrcaso its rational and genetic arrangement the case of rocks should bo upright, but that would put tho top of the case too far from the eyes of the visitors so that they could not read labels or see diagrams. This would be avoided by cxtonding tho caso along one wall of the museum. If all exhibits are kept on or against the walls, thero neod be space for only single file of visitors and it will be easy to routo visitors through the museum in a direction which will prosont exhibits to them in an explanatory and genotic ordor. The first three exhibits should bo geologic maps presented in the following ordor: (l) The Unitod States, l\ x 4& feet, (2) the State of Arizona, 4x5 feet. (3) the vicinity of Chiricahua, \\ x \ feet, as given in Figure 1 of the prosent roport. The fourth exhibit should bo a series of sketches of which Figure 2 in the presont roport is a composite First in the scries would be a graphically drawn relief map of tho pro-lava topography. It should show a basin in the topography, with a mountain rising to the right from the basin and a trough extend­ ing to the loft from the basin. The wall of tho mountain could be labolcd as locating the head of the prosont Jesse James Canyon and the loft side of the sketch labeled as being the site of the present Sulphur Spring Valloy. A line down the axis of the trough and extending up across tho basin would locate the vertical section of the second and third sketches in the scries. Tho vertical section in the second sketch would show tho basin and trough just aftor thoy had boon filled with lava. Bodrock likely consisted of sedimentary rocks which could be shewn by tho symbols for limestone and shale dipping westward. Abovo thoso the seven or eight horizons of lava should be shown by symbols appropriate to the dominant structures and tho thickness of horizons decreased tov.ard tho rims of the basin and the mouth of the rough. Arrows could indicato the direction of flow tp the left. Other arrows of a different direction around the rim of tho basin should show that it probably received lava from several directions and that tho exact direction of dominant flow is not known or is not oasily shown for all points in tiio sketch. Topographic relief shown abo-'c and behind the section just as on the first sketch will give an observer's mind tho connection betweon the two sketches. The third sketch would be the same as the second but showing tho presont topography that will indicate the amount of erosion since lava was oxtruded. The case of rocks v/ould be the fifth cx'.-i.bit. In the case and extending down ono side of it along the column of rocks should be a diagram which will oxplain the nature and origin of structures in each horizon of the lava flow. Each part of the diagram which refers to an horizon could be connoctod by a ribbon with the sample of rook from tho horizon. The samples need only be labeled with tho nr.mo of the horizon, or of tho rock composing it, if pctrographic study provides desirable rock-names. The diagram v/ould repeat names and jive tho color, thickness, toxturc, and dominant structure of each horizon. }. log. in the diagram would indicate tho proportionate thickness of o.?.ch horizon and each hori- zon bo shown on the log by symbols. The synhnl-i ooaLi»hjo o aafroaafcia SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL M0N0L5ENTS 138 SUFPL&DSNT FOR AUGUST 1S40 REPORT ON GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONPKEKT (cant•i. ) representation of the essential character of each structure dominant in each horizon as indicated for a few in Figure 2. By such graphic methods tho structural transition botwocn horizons could bo shown. Pastel shades of tho true colors of the principal horizons could bo put on the log to show bloaching of tho Scenic and Blocky-Cliff horizons. A worded explanation and symbols such as arrovs would indicate concentration of flow of hot solutions along a level at the contact betweon the two horizons. If not possible on the log, thon besiJc it tho dominant structuro of each horizon should be drawn in its simplest form. To make clear the essential features of each structuro, the drawing should be no more than an outline or c ven somewhat of a schematic diagram, if that bo necessary for a graphic presentation. A scale of temperatures with cr without a curve should extend down the side of the log. This scale is given in the chapter on geologic applications from a book on heat con­ duction by Ingcrsoll and Zobell. That the places of highest temperature wore the last to solidify should be explained by a short statoncnt. Samples of rock too large for the display case could be usod to show structures which aro not clear in small samples. Thcso samples cculd be arranged along tho conter of tho museum so as to separate the two files of spectators following the exhibits around the walls of the mu­ seum. Photographs could form further exhibits. Several large photo­ graphs to show the structuro and sequence of horizons would be valuable. Figure and another of Sugarloaf Mountain arc the type of views needed. Photographs of individual rocks should be cxcludod so that the museum will be kept on a wholly educational basic. A fow selected photographs from all parts of the world would be acceptable when they claarly show any essential feature in the activity of volcanoes or lava f 1 ows.

THE GEOLOGY OF TRAILS

For scenic interest the trail being made down Echo Canyon as far as Echo Park is second to none. If this trail can be looped back to near its storting point before it enters Echo Park, it would be a desirable foot trail. It should bogin (or end) along the highway near Massai Point vrhcrc all visitors stop their automobiles. Many of those pooplc do not ccmc propo.rod with the clothing, time, or money necessary for travel on horseback. They v.-ould not doubt circle over the suggested trail if the length is suitable to about one hour of leisurely hiking. The trail system of Chiricoliua National Monument is based upon the scenic possibilities only and Joes not emphasize the geology of the monument. At proscnt long distances must be travoled to sco all typos of rock, especially in order to examine closely the sequenco of their formation. Usually, most structures typical to each horizon qan be properly seen only when tho observer is very close to the rocks. It is desirable to view rocks in their genetic sequenco from the bottom to the top of the flow because there is a gradula transition in structures between tho horizons which distinguish them. If signs or SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 139 .SUPPLEMENT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPORT ON GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT (cont'd.) labols wore put on the most typical exposures of most horizons, many of the signs would be too far from any present trail to be seen. If these signs were put on the presont trails, unguidod visitors would be un­ certain as to which distant fecturo they refcrrod. The Massed Point Highway givos a complete- view of the Scenic hori­ zon but of nothing clso. Since the highway is for automobiles, a close view of even the Sconic horizon will be obtained by few visitors along the highway. In Bonita Canyon the highway runs along the base of the Scenic horizon which slopes with the bed of the canyon. The rest of the highway, along Whitotail Canyon, remains at nearly one pctrologic level in the Scenic horizon and structures have the high dips which only illustrate why sconic features are locally absent. The trails of Rhyolite Canyon have the sar.e defects. These trails giro view of all horizons, but only fron a considerable distance. The one trail desirable for its geologic value shoul' begin at the administration buildings and gradully rise along the northern wall of Rhyolite Canyon. Examination night show "that the trail would include all geologic features if it ascends the first gulch encountered. If not, it could meet this gulch at a low elevation and, crossing the gulch, continue to rise so as to reach tho top of the nesa where it meets Echo Canyon. From there, the trail should run over the mesa directly to the base of Sugarloaf Mountain, thence across the present trail, up tho mountain, ending at tho summit. This trail should be givon preference over several other proposed trails which have scenic interests of negligible value compared to their cost. Plans for a trail to the Natural Bridgo .' should be indefinitely post­ poned as should any trails approaching Inspiration Point by way of Hunt Canyon or from tho Balanced Rock. Trails along either wall of Upper Rholitc Canyon are of no geologic interest beyond a close view of the Totem Pole level in tho Scenic horizon. This is the ono level which is best scon from the proposed trail but only in a distant view of its typo-locality.

TRAILSIDE EXHIBITS

From the photographs of this report and the several localities mentionod for each type of rock, there should be no difficulty in locating correct exhibits of all types of rock in place, using the present systom of trails. This docs not noon a close view will permit tho examination of all horizons of rock, Moreover, exhibits on the presont trails will be necessarily scattered and therefore will lack any genetic sequence in the order they will be seen by visitors. Only froquont comments by a personal guide can remedy this until a geologic ' trail is constructed. Signs for the red beds and the stcop planes of flowagc on the Massai Point Highway could be recommended, if sufficient parking facilities are made on this narrow highway. Planes of flow are best exposed one mile from Massai Point. A dia­ gram on any sign should prevent confusion between pi ones of flowago and planes of jointing. Labels for tho tuff, basalt, and. Upper Brown SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 140 SUPPLEaEHT FOR AUGUST 1940 REPOORT OK GEOLOGY - CHIRICAHUA NATIONAL MONUMENT (cont'd*) horizon could be placod on the prcsont trail oscouding Sugarloaf Mountain. The label for the tuff should also state, "Top of the Lava Plow". On or near the sane trail is an appropriate place to label the Platy horizon. At the culvert near the administration buildings is the best place to label the Basal Breccia and the sane sign should state, "Botton of the Lava Flow". The Lower Brown Horizon could be labeled on the first part of the trail up Rhyolitc Canyon. Tho scenic horizon at presont is best labeled near the Balanced Rock. The sign need only to stato "Amyg­ daloid", since the Scenic horizon contains so nony mora and larger anygdulcs that they arc norc noticeable and typical than in any other horizon.

BOUNDARIES OF THE LiOMLZET

The only conclusion on extension of the r.ionuuent is by the Super­ intendent of Southwestern National Monuments. His extension is to the south for adninistrativo purpose only. It proposes to tako in part of tho road upplncry Canyon so that private individuals cannot develop this road as an unofficial entry to the nonuncnt. Extension of the boundaries for tlds purpose will aid no foaturcs of scenic or geologic interest. A sooond extension which should be considered is toward the east because Massai Point and much of the highway of it arc now outside the nonuncnt. To include all this as well as scenic features around Inspiration Point, the eastern boundary needs to be shifted about half a mile to tho east. This or any other extension can be made without difficulty because the nonuncnt is surrounded by tho Coronado National Forost (Chiricahua Division). Tho dottod outline of the Scenic horizon on Figure 2 shows that its principal oxtonsion outside the nonuncnt is to the northwest. No extension of tho boundaries is proposed in this direction because tho sconic erosion forms that would be included are neithor as abun'.ant nor as improssive as those now within the monument. For administrative pur­ poses, it would be well to tako over land to the northwest only if the National Forest Scrvico gives notice of giving up the land to private individuals. Under no conditions should tho present sizo of tho nonu­ ncnt be decreased, since the present boundairos in most cases aro not far outside the aroa of real scenic and geologic interest.

****#SYINH***

SOUTHWESTERN NATIONAL MONUMENTS 141 SUPPLEMENT FOR AUGUST 1940