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Application of Modified Export Coefficient Method on the Load Application of modified export coefficient method on the load estimation of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of soil and water loss in semiarid regions Lei Wu, Jian-en Gao, Xiao-yi Ma & Dan Li Environmental Science and Pollution Research ISSN 0944-1344 Volume 22 Number 14 Environ Sci Pollut Res (2015) 22:10647-10660 DOI 10.1007/s11356-015-4242-z 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Environ Sci Pollut Res (2015) 22:10647–10660 DOI 10.1007/s11356-015-4242-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Application of modified export coefficient method on the load estimation of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of soil and water loss in semiarid regions Lei Wu & Jian-en Gao & Xiao-yi Ma & Dan Li Received: 3 November 2014 /Accepted: 16 February 2015 /Published online: 11 March 2015 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract Chinese Loess Plateau is considered as one of the watershed, and it can reflect the annual variability of NPS most serious soil loss regions in the world, its annual sediment pollution more accurately. (2) Under the traditional and mod- output accounts for 90 % of the total sediment loads of the ified conditions, annual changes of NPS TN and TP load in Yellow River, and most of the Loess Plateau has a very typical four counties (districts) took on the similar trends from 1999 characteristic of “soil and water flow together”, and water to 2008; the load emission intensity not only is closely related flow in this area performs with a high sand content. Serious to rainfall intensity but also to the regional distribution of land soil loss results in nitrogen and phosphorus loss of soil. Spe- use and other pollution sources. (3) The output structure, cial processes of water and soil in the Loess Plateau lead to the source composition, and contribution rate of NPS pollution loss mechanisms of water, sediment, nitrogen, and phospho- load under the modified method are basically the same with rus are different from each other, which are greatly different the traditional method. The average output structure of TN from other areas of China. In this study, the modified export from land use and rural life is about 66.5 and 17.1 %, the TP coefficient method considering the rainfall erosivity factor is about 53.8 and 32.7 %; the maximum source composition was proposed to simulate and evaluate non-point source of TN (59 %) is farmland; the maximum source composition (NPS) nitrogen and phosphorus loss load caused by soil and of TP (38.1 %) is rural life; the maximum contribution rates of water loss in the Yanhe River basin of the hilly and gully area, TN and TP in Baota district are 36.26 and 39.26 %, respec- Loess Plateau. The results indicate that (1) compared with the tively. Results may provide data support for NPS pollution traditional export coefficient method, annual differences of prevention and control in the loess hilly and gully region NPS total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) load after and also provide scientific reference for the protection of eco- considering the rainfall erosivity factor are obvious; it is more logical environment of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi. in line with the general law of NPS pollution formation in a Keywords Non-point source pollution . Modified export Responsible editor: Zhihong Xu coefficient method . Nitrogen and phosphorus load . Yanhe : L. Wu J.<e. Gao River watershed State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Water and Soil Erosion Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, Peoples Introduction Republic of China : : L. Wu (*) X.<y. Ma (*) D. Li Non-point source (NPS) pollution refers to the pollution from College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, diffuse sources such as farmland runoff, rural life, Northwest A&F University, No. 23 Weihui Road, Yangling decentralized livestock breeding, soil erosion, and urban run- District, Shaanxi 712100, Peoples Republic of China e-mail: [email protected] off, etc. (Cheng et al. 2006; Li and Li 2010). It affects the e-mail: [email protected] receiving waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, oceans, and under- ground water, etc.) under the leaching and erosion action of : < L. Wu X. y. Ma rainfall runoff (Kang 2010). The generation of NPS pollution Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid Regions Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, is caused by natural processes and strengthened by human Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, Peoples Republic of China activities (Fu and Kang 2012). Generally, the rainfall runoff Author's personal copy 10648 Environ Sci Pollut Res (2015) 22:10647–10660 is the main natural reason of NPS pollution; the anthropogenic export coefficient method (Reckhow and Simpson 1980)was land use activity is the most fundamental reason of NPS pol- first proposed from the relationship between land use and eu- lution (Li et al. 2008). Nitrogen and phosphorus are nutrient trophication of lakes by Canada and USA; it is also known as factors for crop growth (Giles 2005); In addition to parts of the the load method of unit area. This method provided a new way plain region, the nitrogen and phosphorus in most areas of the for the study of NPS pollution; its biggest advantage was to Loess Plateau are deficient (Jia et al. 1994); extensive use of directly establish the relationship between land use and NPS fertilizers has become necessary means for increasing crop pollution load of receiving water using land use data which is yields, but it also leads to serious water environment problems relativelyeasytoget(Longetal.2008), but the early export (Hart et al. 2004;Ongleyetal.2010; Sun et al. 2012). The coefficient model also exist some problems, such as land use average annual precipitation in the Loess Plateau is about classification was relatively simple and not further subdivided 200–700 mm; the inter-annual variability of precipitation is into various agricultural crop types; the pollutant output of large; the intra-annual precipitation is highly concentrated; the various land use types showed a linear relationship with the precipitation in 7–9 months accounts for about 60–70 % land area, etc.. For the initial deficient of export coefficient throughout the year (Li et al. 2010b); the amount of soil ero- method, Johnes (1996) comprehensively considered effects of sion and sediment transport in this seasons accounts for about crops, livestock and poultry species, population, and other fac- 80 % throughout the year (Xu 1999); the spatial distribution is tors based on land use types; to a large extent, it enriched the also very uneven; it basically presents a decreasing trend from content of export coefficient model and improved the model the southeast to the northwest (Jiao et al. 1999). Most of the sensitivity to land use changes. With the wide application of concentrated precipitation in the flood season is heavy rainfall; export coefficient model, many scholars have comprehensively 85 % of the sediment throughout the year is from the heavy taken into account the pollution sources closely relatedtoclas- storms in the flood season (Ren 2006). sification of the export coefficient (Nandish and Keith 1996; Agricultural production is an important source of NPS pol- Worrall and Burt 1999; Wickham et al. 2000) and also consid- lution in the Loess Plateau (Liu et al. 1995). Soil and nutrient ered transport losses of pollutant and inter-annual changes of loss in the Loess Plateau is mainly caused by few rainstorms rainfall subsequently (Wickham and Wade 2002). Based on the (Zhang et al. 2004); nutrient loss accompanied by transient export coefficient method, Wickham analyzed and evaluated rainfall events plays a decisive role in annual total NPS pol- NPS pollution output risk by stochastic simulation (Wickham lution load (Austin et al. 2004). NPS pollution in this region and Wade 2002). Liu et al. (2009) estimated output risk of NPS shows seasonal regularities in time and geographical features pollution in Liaohe River basin from administrative divisions. in space (Cheng et al. 2006). Rainfall runoff is one of the main Through the spatial and temporal comparison, Tian et al. (2011) driving forces for the output of NPS pollution; soil and water analyzed NPS pollution output risk of Daning River watershed loss is an important way of pollutant migration (Li 2009). Soil in the Three Gorges Reservoir area from administrative divi- and water loss especially sediment loss is an important reason sions and proved the relationship between the output risk and for soil nitrogen and phosphorus loss of the loess region (Shi land use types. 1997;HuandMA2008). Yanhe River is a primary tributary of Export coefficient method can estimate watershed pollu- the Yellow River; the River basin is located in the loess hilly tion load output using land use information relatively easy to and gully region with serious soil erosion, is one of the im- obtain (Cai et al. 2004); it greatly decreases the complex pro- portant sediment source areas of the Yellow River; serious soil cess of traditional NPS pollution research and largely reduces and water loss caused loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil the cost of experimental monitoring and modeling; it provides (Wang 2010).
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