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Les Sphingidae, Probables Pollinisateurs

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Les Sphingidae, Probables Pollinisateurs BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2011, N° 307 (1) POLLINISATION / LE POINT SUR… 55 Les Sphingidae, probables pollinisateurs des baobabs malgaches Philippe Ryckewaert1 Onja Razanamaro2, 3 Elysée Rasoamanana2, 3 Tantelinirina Rakotoarimihaja2, 4 Perle Ramavovololona2, 3 Pascal Danthu2, 5 1 Cirad Upr Hortsys Campus international de Baillarguet 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France 2 Cirad Urp Forêts et biodiversité BP 853, Antananarivo Madagascar 3 Université d’Antananarivo Faculté des Sciences Département de biologie et écologie végétales BP 906, Antananarivo (101) Madagascar 4 Université d’Antananarivo Faculté des Sciences Département de biologie animale BP 906, Antananarivo (101) Madagascar 5 Cirad Upr B&Sef Campus international de Baillarguet 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France Photo 1. Adansonia rubrostipa près d’Ifaty. Photo E. Rasoamanana. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2011, N° 307 (1) 56 FOCUS / POLLINATION P. Ryckewaert, O. Razanamaro, E. Rasoamanana, T. Rakotoarimihaja, P. Ramavovololona, P. Danthu RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN LES SPHINGIDAE, PROBABLES SPHINGIDAE AS LIKELY POLLINATORS LOS SPHINGIDAE, PROBABLES POLLINISATEURS DES BAOBABS OF MADAGASCAR’S BAOBABS POLINIZADORES DE LOS BAOBABS MALGACHES MALGACHES Des comparaisons phénologiques et In order to identify the possible pollina- Se procedió a la realización in situ de morphologiques des fleurs des six tors of six endemic Baobab species, comparaciones fenológicas y morfológi- espèces de baobabs, Adansonia spp., Adansonia spp., in Madagascar, in situ cas de flores de seis especies endémicas endémiques de Madagascar et une étude phenological and morphological compar- de baobabob, Adansonia spp., de des insectes visiteurs de ces fleurs ont isons were made together with a study of Madagascar, así como un estudio de été menées in situ afin d’identifier les insects visiting baobab flowers. mada- insectos visitantes de estas flores, para pollinisateurs possibles de ces arbres. gascan baobabs are divided into two identificar los posibles polinizadores de Les baobabs malgaches sont regroupés groups according to the length of the estos árboles. Los baobabs malgaches en deux sections en fonction de la lon- male organ (anther and filament): fueron agrupados en dos secciones en gueur de l’androcée (tube pollinique plus Longitubae, A. za, A. rubrostipa, A. mada- función de la longitud del androceo (tubo filet des étamines) : les Longitubae, gascariensis and A. perrieri, where the polínico más filamento de los estam- A. za, A. rubrostipa, A. madagascariensis anther and filament range from 110 to bres): los Longitubae, A. za, A. rubrostipa, et A. perrieri, dont l’androcée varie de 277 mm in length, and Brevitubae, A. madagascariensis y A. perrieri, cuyo 110 à 277 mm de long, et les Brevitubae, A. grandidieri, A. suarezensis, which androceo oscila entre 110 y 277 mm de A. grandidieri, A. suarezensis, ayant des have a much shorter male organ (45 to largo, y los Brevitubae, A. grandidieri, androcées beaucoup plus courtes (de 45 79 mm). In both groups, the pollen grains A. suarezensis, que tienen androceos à 79 mm de long). Les baobabs des deux are large, lumpy and covered with a mucho más cortos (de 45 a 79 mm de sections ont des pollens de type zoo- sticky substance, indicating zoophilous largo). Los baobabs de ambas secciones phile : grande taille, paroi externe verru- dispersal. A correlation between the pro- tienen pólenes de tipo zoófilo: gran queuse et revêtue d’une substance col- boscis length of insects and the length of tamaño, pared externa verrugosa y recu- lante. Une corrélation entre la longueur the male organ in the baobab flowers bierta de una sustancia pegajosa. La des trompes des Sphingidae butinant les they visit appears to determine their correlación entre la longitud de las trom- fleurs des baobabs et la taille de l’andro- potential as pollinators. Four Sphingidae pas de los Sphingidae que liban las flores cée apparaît comme un critère détermi- species, Agrius convolvuli, Coelonia de los baobabs y el tamaño del androceo nant pour qu’une espèce visiteuse des solani, Xanthopan morgani and C. ful- aparece como un criterio determinante fleurs puisse avoir une fonction de polli- vinotata, have a proboscis longer than para que una especie visitante de las flo- nisateur. Quatre espèces de Sphingidae, 110 mm, which would allow them to pol- res pueda tener una función polinizadora. Agrius convolvuli, Coelonia solani, linate species in the Longitubae group; Cuatro especies de esfíngidos, Agrius Xanthopan morgani et C. fulvinotata, ont however, only the first two species were convolvuli, Coelonia solani, Xanthopan une trompe de longueur supérieure à observed on the flowers. Sphingidae morgani y C. fulvinotata, tienen una 110 mm qui leur permettrait d’assurer la with a 45 to 70 mm proboscis, such as trompa de más de 110 mm de largo por lo pollinisation des Longitubae ; mais Nephele comma, which was observed on que podrían efectuar la polinización de seules les deux premières espèces ont A. grandidieri, would be able to pollinate los Longitubae; pero sólo se observaron été observées sur les fleurs. Chez les Brevitubae flowers. This is borne out by las dos primeras especies en las flores. Brevitubae, les Sphingidae ayant une the presence of baobab pollen grains on En los Brevitubae, los Sphingidae con trompe comprise entre 45 et 70 mm, the bodies of certain Sphingidae cap- una trompa entre 45 y 70 mm, como comme Nephele comma, observé sur tured on the flowers. Pollination of Nephele comma, observado en A. grandi- A. grandidieri, auraient la possibilité de species in the Longitubae group could dieri, tendrían la posibilidad de fecundar féconder les fleurs. Cela est confirmé par thus be exclusively by Sphingidae moths, las flores. Esto quedó confirmado por la la présence de grains de pollen de bao- while the morphology of the flowers in presencia de granos de polen de baobabs bab sur le corps de certains Sphingidae the Brevitubae group suggest they may en los cuerpos de algunos Sphingidae capturés sur les fleurs. Les Longitubae be adapted to pollination by bats but capturados en las flores. Los Longitubae pourraient être des espèces à pollinisa- also by certain Sphingidae. podrían ser especies de polinización tion strictement sphingophile, tandis estrictamente esfingófila, mientras que que les Brevitubae ont des fleurs dont la Keywords: Adansonia, baobabs, biology los Brevitubae tienen flores cuya morfolo- morphologie montrerait une adaptation of flowers, pollination, Sphingidae, gía mostraría una adaptación a la polini- à la pollinisation par les chauves-souris Madagascar. zación por los murciélagos, pero también mais aussi par certains Sphingidae. por ciertos Sphingidae. Mots-clés : Adansonia, baobab, biologie Palabras clave: Adansonia, baobabs, florale, pollinisation, Sphingidae, biología floral, polinización, Sphingidae, Madagascar. Madagascar. BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2011, N° 307 (1) POLLINISATION / LE POINT SUR… 57 Introduction Parmi les huit espèces de baobabs (genre Adansonia, famille des Malvaceae1) connues au monde, sept sont pré- sentes à Madagascar, dont six endémiques de cette île (Baum, 1995a). Ces sept espèces sont classées en trois sections (Perrier de la Bâthie, Hochreutiner, 1955 ; Baum, 1995a et 1995b) : ▪ La section des Brevitubae qui comprend deux espèces : Adansonia grandidieri Baillon (région Ouest) et A. suarezen- sis H. Perrier (région Nord), qui se caractérisent par des fleurs à pièces florales courtes, un nombre d’étamines supérieur à 700, une couleur blanche des pétales et une odeur peu agréable. ▪ La section des Longitubae avec quatre espèces : A. rubros- tipa Jum. & H. Perrier (régions Sud-Ouest, Ouest et Nord- Ouest) (photo 1), A. za Baillon (des régions Nord-Ouest au Sud), A. madagascariensis Baillon (régions Nord et Nord- Ouest) et A. perrieri Capuron (région Nord). Les fleurs ont des pièces florales plus ou moins longues, un nombre d’étamines inférieur à 300, une couleur des pétales allant selon les espèces du jaune au rouge, et présentent une odeur agréable. ▪ La section Adansonia avec une seule espèce, A. digitata L. (région Nord-Ouest), le baobab africain, qui possède des fleurs pendantes « en pagode », avec de très nombreuses étamines, et exhalant une odeur désagréable. Ces espèces caractéristiques des régions sèches ont un grand intérêt pour les populations locales comme source de matières premières (fibre, nourriture, pharmacopée…) (Ralaimanarivo et al., 1982 ; Chadare et al., 2009), mais aussi d’un point de vue symbolique ou écotouristique (Wickens, Lowe, 2008 ; Marie et al., 2009). Or la survie de ces arbres et des écosystèmes qui les abritent est directement ou indirectement menacée par les activités humaines : défores- tation, incendies, exploitation incontrôlée, changement clima- tique (Nicoll, Lagrand, 1989 ; Hannah et al., 2008). Photo 2. Bien que ces arbres soient connus de tous, les Adansonia grandidieri équipé de cordes pour permettre connaissances scientifiques concernant leur biologie et leur les observations de proximité à Andranomena. fonctionnement dans les écosystèmes restent encore par- Photo P. Ryckewaert. cellaires. Quelques travaux peuvent être cités (Baum, 1995a et 1995b ; Du Puy, 1996 ; Baum et al., 1998) ; mais ils se révèlent insuffisants pour être d’une aide efficace Les travaux de Baum (1995b) et de Andriafidison et al. pour les acteurs de la conservation malgache. Le projet (2006) ont montré que les fleurs de baobab de la section des Bamaco (étude des BAobabs de MAdagascar et des Brevitubae étaient visitées la nuit par
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