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Angraecum Sesquipedale ET i UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE DEPARTEMENT FORMATION INITIALE SCIENTIFIQUE C.E.R. SCIENCES NATURELLES MEMOIRE EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU CERTIFICAT D’APTITUDE PEDAGOGIQUE DE L’ECOLE NORMALE (C.A.P.E.N) “ INTERACTION ENTRE PLANTE Angraecum sesquipedale ET INSECTE Xanthopan morgani DANS LE CAS DU PARC RANOMAFANA Présenté par RAKOTONIRINAIFANADIANA Angello en juillet 2016 Présenté par RAKOTONIRINA Angello et soutenu publiquement le 18 juillet 2016 ii iii UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE DEPARTEMENT FORMATION INITIALE SCIENTIFIQUE C.E.R. SCIENCES NATURELLES MEMOIRE EN VUE DE L’OBTENTION DU CERTIFICAT D’APTITUDE PEDAGOGIQUE DE L’ECOLE NORMALE (C.A.P.E.N) “ INTERACTION ENTRE PLANTE Angraecum sesquipedale ET INSECTE Xanthopan morgani DANS LE CAS DU PARC RANOMAFANAPrésenté par RAKOTONIRINA Angello en juillet 2016 IFANADIANA Présenté par RAKOTONIRINA Angello et soutenu publiquement le 18 juillet 2016 i ii Remerciements Je tiens à rendre sincèrement mes très respectueux remerciements en premier lieu à DIEU tout puissant de m’avoir donné la force et la santé pour finir ce mémoire. En second lieu je suis heureux d’exprimer ici mes profondes gratitudes à toutes les personnes qui ont contribué à l’élaboration de ce mémoire, notamment : A Monsieur le président des membres de jury, Docteur RAZAFIMAHATRATRA Dieudonné, qui me fait le grand honneur de présider le jury de ce mémoire. Qu’il veuille trouver ici mes respectueuses déférences. Ensuite, à Madame le juge Docteur RAZAFIARIMANGA Zara Nomentsoa, merci de m’avoir donné toutes les critiques constructives concernant la présentation de ce mémoire et de me rappeler à bien respecter les règles de la grammaire et de la véracité des données et qui en dépit de ses nombreuses occupations, a accepté de juger ce travail. Je tiens à lui exprimer mes vifs remerciements. Je remercie chaleureusement aussi, mon encadreur de mémoire à qui je suis redevable pour m’avoir aidé à perfectionner ce travail de mémoire, le Professeur RAKOTONDRADONA Remi : de m’avoir accepté comme son disciple et de me soutenir tout le long du présent travail. Mes respectueux remerciements s’adressent également : A l’Ecole Normale Supérieure et son Directeur, Docteur RAMANAMBELINA Henriette et aussi aux personnels administratifs de cette école qui m’ont beaucoup aidé durant les cinq ans d’études. A tous les professeurs de l’école pour m’avoir bien éduquer et m’avoir donné les connaissances utiles dans ma présente et future vie. A la promotion HASINA (HAjaiko Sy Iainako Ny Natiora) de m’avoir bien soutenu pendant les cinq années d’études. iii Il est aussi dans mon devoir de présenter tous mes respects à ma mère de m’avoir soutenu moralement et financièrement dès mon enfance jusqu’à présent, et honneur aussi à Monsieur HOULIHAN Peter, le directeur de l’ICTE : Monsieur ANDRIAMIHAJA Benjamin, et Docteur RASAMIMANANA Hanta de m’avoir donné une chance sur la recherche à RANOMAFANA. Au centre VALBIO et tous les personnels qui ont contribué à l’épanouissement de ce mémoire et d’avoir accepté notre accueil au sein du Centre durant le stage. Et enfin, je tiens à remercier affectueusement toute ma famille, ma femme RAKOTOARISOA Herivelo Finaritra et mes amis pour leur aimable aide, encouragement et soutien. Merci à tous iv Liste des figures Figure 1 : La carte montrant la localisation du Parc ............................................. 5 Figure 2 : Le courbe ombrothermique de Ranomafana Ifanadiana ...................... 8 Figure 3 : L'évolution du nombre de touriste entre 1993 et 2011....................... 12 Figure 4 : Le cycle biologique d'un papillon ...................................................... 14 Figure 5 : Le contrôle hormonale des stades de développement ........................ 15 Figure 6 : A. sesquipedale en touffe de deux ...................................................... 17 Figure 7 : La fleur A. sesquipedale avec ses légendes ........................................ 18 Figure 8 : Le schéma de l’ensemble du montage du piège lumineux ................. 21 Figure 9 : Les insectes piégés par le montage .................................................... 21 Figure 10 : La mesure des ailes antérieures ........................................................ 22 Figure 11 : L’aile des SPHINGIDES .................................................................. 22 Figure 12 : Les différentes parties d'une surface alaire ...................................... 23 Figure 13 : Euchloron megaera vue ventrale et vue dorsale .............................. 29 Figure 14 : Nephele lanini vue ventrale et vue dorsale ...................................... 30 Figure 15 : Nephele oenopion vue ventrale et vue dorsale ................................. 31 Figure 16 : Hippotion sp vue ventrale et vue dorsale ......................................... 32 Figure 17 : Coelonia fulvinotata vue ventrale et vue dorsale ............................. 34 Figure 18 : Xanthopan morgani .......................................................................... 35 Figure 19 : Agrius convolvuli vue ventrale et vue dorsale.................................. 37 Figure 20 : Acherontias atropos vue ventrale et vue dorsale ............................. 38 Figure 21 : Cocytius lucifer vue ventrale et vue dorsale .................................... 39 Figure 22 : Batocnema coquerelii vue ventrale et vue dorsale ........................... 40 Figure 23 : Les chenilles sur le sol...................................................................... 44 Figure 24 : L’interdépendance entre être vivant ................................................. 52 Figure 25 : L’interaction entre Xanthopan morgani et Angraecum sesuipedale 55 v Liste des tableaux Tableau I : Le nombre de sphingidé recensé du 30 juin 2015 jusqu'au 10 juillet 2016 ..................................................................................................................... 26 Tableau II : Le nombre des espèces en moyenne par jour .................................. 27 Tableau III : La récapitulation des espèces des papillons nocturnes étudiées. ... 41 Tableau IV : Le nombre d'Angraecum sesquipedale par jour (500 m2) ............. 42 Tableau V : La connaissance de l'environnement pour les élèves du CEG Antanimbarinandriana et le collège Bout d'chou à Tsimbazaza ......................... 45 Tableau VI : La connaissance sur la nuisibilité des insectes ............................. 46 Tableau VII : La connaissance des insectes pour les élèves ............................... 47 Tableau VIII : La définition d'un papillon .......................................................... 47 Tableau IX : Les bénéfices obtenus à partir des papillons ................................. 47 Tableau X : Les agents pollinisateurs à part les abeilles, le vent et la pluie....... 48 Tableau XI : La proposition des élèves pour sauvegarder les papillons ............ 49 vi Liste des acronymes CAPEN : Certificat d’Aptitude Pédagogique de l’Ecole Normale. CAM : Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. CEG : Collège d’Enseignement Général. CER : Centre d’Etude et de Recherche. CO2 : Dioxyde de carbone également appelé gaz carbonique. CRDP : Centre Régional de Documentation Pédagogique. ENS : Ecole Normale Supérieure. FAMIOVA : Fanentanana, Fanabeazana, Famokarana Mpiompana amin'ny Vavaasa mivantana sady manome lanja ny zava-manan'aina sy mikajy ny tontolo iainana. GIZ : Gessellschaft fur Iternationale Zusammenarbeit. ICTE : Institute for the Conservation of Tropical Environment. INSTAT : INstitut national de la STATistique. MEFT : Ministère de l’Environnement des Forêts et du Tourisme. MNP : Madagascar National Parc. PBZT : Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza. PGRM : Projet de Gouvernance des Ressources minérales de Madagascar. UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. VALBIO : VALorisation de la BIOdiversité. vii Glossaire Biocénose : ensemble des êtres vivants dans un même endroit bien déterminé. C3 : type de fabrication de la nourriture de la plante verte pendant la nuit et qui commence par 3 carbones. C4 : type de fabrication de la nourriture de la plante verte pendant la nuit et qui commence par 4 carbones. CAM : type de fabrication de la nourriture de la plante verte qui se fait le jour et commence par 4 carbones. Coévolution : changement en même temps de deux êtres différents du point de vu, mode vie et forme. Eperon : prolongement du labelle. Epiphyte : plante qui a comme support une autre plante, en général, cette dernière est classée dans les plantes de grandes tailles. Effet de FOEHN : plus on monte en altitude plus le climat change. Ga : Giga année = milliard d’année. Gynostème : une pièce florale qui soude les cellules sexuelles mâles et femelles des orchidées. Labelle : pièce florale des orchidées en général grande et bien colorée, qui se met en avant des autres pièces florales pour attirer l’insecte. Ma : million d’année Métamorphose : transformation. Morphologie : étude de la forme. Pétale : pièce florale qui se met en avant par rapport aux autres. Pollinisation : transfert des cellules sexuelles mâles d’une fleur vers les cellules sexuelles femelles d’une autre. Proboscis : trompe des papillons. Sépale : pièce florale qui se met en arrière par rapport aux autres. Spécimen : individu. Sphingidés : une famille des papillons nocturnes. Sphinx : papillon migrateur de grande taille. viii Tables des matières INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................
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