FASTEX Field Phase Final Report
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Comparing Historical and Modern Methods of Sea Surface Temperature
EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access Instrumentation Instrumentation Methods and Methods and Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Open Access Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Discussions Open Access Open Access Hydrology and Hydrology and Earth System Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Ocean Sci., 9, 683–694, 2013 Open Access www.ocean-sci.net/9/683/2013/ Ocean Science doi:10.5194/os-9-683-2013 Ocean Science Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Open Access Open Access Solid Earth Solid Earth Discussions Comparing historical and modern methods of sea surface Open Access Open Access The Cryosphere The Cryosphere temperature measurement – Part 1: Review of methods, Discussions field comparisons and dataset adjustments J. B. R. Matthews School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Correspondence to: J. B. R. Matthews ([email protected]) Received: 3 August 2012 – Published in Ocean Sci. Discuss.: 20 September 2012 Revised: 31 May 2013 – Accepted: 12 June 2013 – Published: 30 July 2013 Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) has been obtained 1 Introduction from a variety of different platforms, instruments and depths over the past 150 yr. -
Soaring Weather
Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven contributions to meteorology. For example, soar tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft. -
The Unnamed Atlantic Tropical Storms of 1970
944 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW Vol. 99, No. 12 UDC 551.515.23:661.507.35!2:551.607.362.2(261) “1970.08-.lo” THE UNNAMED ATLANTIC TROPICAL STORMS OF 1970 DAVID B. SPIEGLER Allied Research Associates, Inc., Concord, Mass. ABSTRACT A detailed analysis of conventional and aircraft reconnaissance data and satellite pictures for two unnamed Atlantic Ocean cyclones during 1970 indicates that the stqrms were of tropical nature and were probably of at least minimal hurricane intensity for part of their life history. Prior to becoming a hurricane, one of the storms exhibited characteristics not typical of any of the recognized classical cyclone types [i.e., tropical, extratropical, and subtropical (Kona)]. The implications of this are discussed and the concept of semitropical cyclones as a separate cyclone category is advanced. 6. INTRODUCTION ing recognition of hybrid-type storms provides additional support for the recommendation. During the 1970 tropical cyclone season, tn7o storms occurred that were not given names at the time. The 2. UNNAMED STORM NO. I-AUG. Q3-$8, 6970 National Hurricane Center (NHC) monitored their prog- ress and issued bulletins throughout their life history but A mell-organized tropical disturbance noted on satellite they mere not officially recognized as tropical cyclones of pictures during August 8, south of the Cape Verde Islands tropical storm or hurricane intensity. In their annual post- in the far eastern tropical Atlantic, intensified to ti strong season summary of the hurricane season, NHC discusses depression as it moved westmarcl. On Thursday, August 13, these storms in some detail (Simpson and Pelissier 1971) some further intensification of the system appeared to be but thej- are not presently included in the official list of taking place while the depression was about 250 mi 1970 tropical storms. -
Automated Underway Oceanic and Atmospheric Measurements from Ships
AUTOMATED UNDERWAY OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS FROM SHIPS Shawn R. Smith (1), Mark A. Bourassa (1), E. Frank Bradley (2), Catherine Cosca (3), Christopher W. Fairall (4), Gustavo J. Goni (5), John T. Gunn (6), Maria Hood (7), Darren L. Jackson (8), Elizabeth C. Kent (9), Gary Lagerloef (6), Philip McGillivary (10), Loic Petit de la Villéon (11), Rachel T. Pinker (12), Eric Schulz (13), Janet Sprintall (14), Detlef Stammer (15), Alain Weill (16), Gary A. Wick (17), Margaret J. Yelland (9) (1) Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2840, USA, Emails: [email protected], [email protected] (2) CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1666, Canberra, ACT 2601, AUSTRALIA, Email: [email protected] (3) NOAA/PMEL, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA, Email: [email protected] (4) NOAA/ESRL/PSD, R/PSD3, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305-3328, USA, Email: [email protected] (5) USDC/NOAA/AOML/PHOD, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA, Email: [email protected] (6) Earth and Space Research, 2101 Fourth Ave., Suite 1310, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA, Emails: [email protected], [email protected] (7) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission UNESCO, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE, Email: [email protected] (8) Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, NOAA/ESRL/PSD, 325 Broadway, R/PSD2, Boulder, CO 80305, USA, Email: [email protected] (9) National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK, Emails: [email protected], -
Advisory Circular 91-70A
U.S. Department Advisory of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Oceanic and International Date: 8/12/10 AC No: 91-70A Operations Initiated by: AFS-400 Change: FOREWORD This advisory circular (AC) contains general information and guidance for operators planning oceanic flights, including authorizations needed for operations outside the continental United States. This includes Special Areas of Operation (SAO) such as North Atlantic Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications (NAT/MNPS), Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM), Area Navigation (RNAV), and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) airspace. The dynamics of oceanic operations are such that they are constantly evolving and it is incumbent on the operators to closely monitor any changes. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) revised this AC to point the reader to the most current sources of international material. In many cases, the references are to a Web site. The material, however, is still found at www.faa.gov or calling a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) navigation specialist. This AC includes specific guidance for authorizations and other FAA policy issues. A detailed study of the FAA Web site is the best source for introduction information about oceanic, international, and remote operations. John M. Allen Director, Flight Standards Service AC 91-70A 8/12/10 CONTENTS Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. GENERAL 1-1. Purpose...........................................................................................................................1 -
Section 5 Development of and Studies with Regional and Smaller-Scale
Section 5 Development of and studies with regional and smaller-scale atmospheric models, regional ensemble forecasting Verification of mesoscale forecasts by a high resolution non-hydrostatic model at JMA Kohei Aranami and Tomonori Segawa Numerical Prediction Division, 1-3-4 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8122, Japan E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 1 Introduction etary boundary layer is reduced to be half of 10km- Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started op- NHM. The horizontal mixing length is reduced to erating a mesoscale numerical weather prediction the same value of that of vertical. system for disaster prevention in March 2001 us- The Kessler-type conversion threshold from con- ing a hydrostatic model (MSM) with a horizon- vective condensate to precipitation is increased tal resolution 10 km. A non-hydrostatic model and life times of deep and shallow convection are (JMANHM, Saito et al., 2006, hereafter 10km- changed in the Kain Fritsch cumulus parameteri- NHM) has been operating since September 2004 zation scheme (Kain and Fritsch, 1993) that affects with the same horizontal resolution. The horizon- greatly the accuracy of precipitation forecasts. tal resolution is planned to be enhanced to 5 km 3 Verification results (5km-NHM) in March 2006 on the new computer In this section, the performance of 5km-NHM is system of JMA. shown in terms of statistical verification scores in 2 Specifications of 5km-NHM comparison with 10km-NHM for the period of June In this section, the specifications which are to July in 2004 and January to February in 2005. -
To Marine Meteorological Services
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION Guide to Marine Meteorological Services Third edition PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS PUBLICATION IS GOING TO BE UPDATED BY END OF 2010. WMO-No. 471 Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization - Geneva - Switzerland 2001 © 2001, World Meteorological Organization ISBN 92-63-13471-5 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. TABLE FOR NOTING SUPPLEMENTS RECEIVED Supplement Dated Inserted in the publication No. by date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 CONTENTS Page FOREWORD................................................................................................................................................. ix INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 — MARINE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES ........................................................... 1-1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Requirements for marine meteorological information....................................................................... 1-1 1.2.1 -
The Aerograph Will Be Mailed the First of September
Before I get started with whatever it is I am going to say, I have an important bit of information for you. "AFTER TALKING WITH JIM STONE AND GETTING CONCURRENCE FROM THE PRESIDENT, THERE IS GOING TO BE A CHANGE IN THE DATES FOR THE AUGUST AEROGRAPH. SINCE INPUT WAS DUE BY JULY 15TH AND THE REUNION WON'T BE OVER TILL JULY 24TH, THE DATES FOR THE AUGUST AEROGRAPH WILL BE MOVED FORWARD ONE MONTH. I WILL NEED YOUR INPUT BY AUGUST 15TH AND THE AEROGRAPH WILL BE MAILED THE FIRST OF SEPTEMBER. THIS WILL ACCOMMODATE BEING ABLE TO PRINT THE MINUTES FROM THE EXECUTIVE AND GENERAL MEETINGS OF THE 19TH REUNION." ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- In the last issue I said I would be in my new office and would have looked up and different subjects that we have asked for articles on, and print them in this issue. Well, I was partly right. I did get the office built in the garage but, for what-ever reason, I haven't gotten to the past issues to check on subject material. IT WILL BE IN THE MAY ISSUE. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- It seems as though everyone is asking for money these days, and NWSA is right in their pitching. Jim Stone has an article asking for a small donation to pay for the new computer the association just purchased for the Secretary/Treasurer. Jim mentioned in this issue that these donations are tax deductible. President Roby mentioned in his article that, due to low interest rates, we might be limited in our giving of scholarships this year. -
Significant Papers from the First 50 Years of the Boulder Labs
B 0 U l 0 I R LABORATORIES u.s. Depan:ment • "'.."'c:omn-..""""....... 1954 - 2004 NISTIR 6618 and NTIA SP-04-416 Significant Papers from the First 50 Years of the Boulder Labs Edited by M.E. DeWeese M.A. Luebs H.L. McCullough u.s. Department of Commerce Boulder Laboratories NotionallnstitlJte of Standards and Technology Notional Oc::eonic and Atmospheric Mministration Notional Telecommunications and Informofion Administration NISTIR 6618 and NTIA SP-04-416 Significant Papers from the First 50 Years of the Boulder Labs Edited by M.E. DeWeese, NIST M.A. Luebs, NTIA H.L. McCullough, NOAA Sponsored by National Institute of Standards and Technology National Telecommunications and Information Administration National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Boulder, Colorado August 2004 U.S. Department of Commerce Donald L. Evans, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Arden L. Bement, Jr., Director National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Jr., Undersecretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and NOAA Administrator National Telecommunications and Information Administration Michael D. Gallagher, Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information ii Acronym Definitions CEL Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory CIRES Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences CRPL Central Radio Propagation Laboratory CU University of Colorado DOC Department of Commerce EDS Environmental Data Service ERL ESSA Research Laboratory ESSA Environmental Science Services Administration ITS Institute for -
The International Maritime Meteorological Archive (IMMA) Format
The International Maritime Meteorological Archive (IMMA) Format Shawn R. Smith1, Eric Freeman2,3, Sandra J. Lubker4, Scott D. Woodruff2,5, Steven J. Worley6, William E. Angel2, Dave I. Berry7, Philip Brohan8, Zaihua Ji6, Elizabeth C. Kent7 1Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA 2 NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Asheville, USA 3STG. Inc., Asheville, USA 4 Formerly NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, USA 5 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, USA 6National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, USA 7National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Southampton, UK 8Met Office, Exeter, UK (DRAFT) Updated Report (15 September 2016) 1 Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3 Background ........................................................................................................... 4 Original IMMA0 format structure ........................................................................... 6 Original IMMA0 format implementation ................................................................. 7 Format Modifications Resulting in IMMA1 ............................................................. 9 References ......................................................................................................... 12 Supplement A: Existing Formats and Codes ..................................................... -
CGMS-19 Report
REPORT OF THE NINETEENTH MEETING OF THE CO-ORDINATION GROUP FOR METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES CGMS XIX TASHKENT, USSR 10 - 14 DECEMBER 1990 REPORT OF THE NINETEENTH MEETING OF THE CO-ORDINATION GROUP FOR METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES CGMS XIX TASHKENT, USSR 10 - 14 DECEMBER 1990 A. PRELIMINARIES A.1 Introduction CGMS-XIX was convened at 10.30 am on 10 December by Mr. V. Kharitonov, Deputy Director of the satellite division, Hydromet Centre of the USSR, Moscow. In his welcome address, Mr N.N. Aksarin, Director of the Uzbekistan Met Service expressed his great pleasure that CGMS had chosen Tashkent as the meeting venue for CGMS XIX. Tashkent, he added, would be one of the main data processing centres for GOMS. The construction of the building was complete and a new computer system was currently being installed. He noted that the meteorological centre in Tashkent was already very aware of the importance of satellite imagery for weather forecasting, especially for observing the weather in neighbouring rather data sparse regions. Satellite data had been received in the centre for some 20 years. He looked forward to a close cooperation with the Members of CGMS over the coming years and wished the delegates a very enjoyable stay in Tashkent and a most productive and successful The reader should note that a full list of acronyms and abbreviations can be found in Annex I. A.2 Election of Chairman Mr D.E. Hinsman, Senior Scientific Officer, Satellite Activities, WMO, was elected Chairman of this session of CGMS. Mr N.F. Veltishchev, Deputy Director of the Hydromet Centre of the USSR, Moscow, was elected Vice Chairman. -
Ship Rout(E)Ing
Marine Forecasting Course - 2013 Introduction to Ship Rout(e)ing Dr. Thomas Bruns Deutscher Wetterdienst Hamburg Marine Forecasting Course - 2013 [email protected] Outline A short History of Ship Routing Ocean Waves and other Hazards Climate & Weather Navigation Route Optimization Ship Performance Onboard & Shore-based Routing Marine Forecasting Course - 2013 [email protected] 2 A Short History of Ship Routing 1855 Maury published his Sailing Directions Read More : http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516637/Sailing-Directions 1912 RMS Titanic sank on April 15th 1914 "International Convention for the Safety Of Life At Sea" was initiated. 1955 First commercial Ship Routing Services in USA 1959 Foundation of the „International Maritime Organization“ (IMO) 1959 Ship Routing Service launched at German Weather Service (DWD) 1974 SOLAS 74 : The convention was updated and amended Marine Forecasting Course - 2013 [email protected] 3 The SOLAS‘74 - Convention Chapter V - Safety of navigation Chapter V identifies certain navigation safety services which should be provided by Contracting Governments and sets forth provisions of an operational nature applicable in general to all ships on all voyages. This is in contrast to the Convention as a whole, which only applies to certain classes of ship engaged on international voyages. The subjects covered include the maintenance of meteorological services for ships; the ice patrol service; routing of ships; and the maintenance of search and rescue services. Read More: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOLAS_Convention Marine Forecasting Course - 2013 [email protected] 4 The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System The German vessel MS „München“ sank in a severe northatlantic storm in December 1978.