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Algal and Fungal Leaf Spots* of Native Plants

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Algal and Fungal Leaf Spots* of Native Plants Forest Pathology in New Zealand No. 12 (Third Edition 2010) Algal and Fungal Leaf Spots* of Native Plants I.A. Hood (Revised by I.A. Hood) * A selection of some of the more conspicuous leaf spots from among many found on native plants. The first group in this leaflet are caused by green algae in the genus Cephaleuros and the rest by microscopic fungi. Leaf spots produced by native rust fungi are described in leaflet No. 14. Cephaleuros algal leaf spot Fig. 1 – Cephaleuros virescens on Melicytus ramiflorus (mahoe). Causal organisms Cephaleuros lagerheimii Schmidle C. minimus G. Karsten C. parasiticus G. Karsten C. virescens Kunze. Type of injury Spotting and disfigurement of green foliage. Diagnostic features Greenish white, yellow, or reddish circular spots, up to 8 mm in diameter, slightly raised with diffuse margins, on upper surfaces of green leaves (Fig. 1). Brown spots sometimes present on lower leaf surfaces directly beneath those on upper surfaces. Hosts Individual host Cephaleuros sp. Blechnum discolor C. virescens Brachyglottis repanda C. virescens Beilschmiedia tawa C. parasiticus Coprosma grandifolia C. minimus ; C. virescens C. lucida C. minimus C. robusta C. virescens Corokia buddleioides C. virescens Dysoxylum spectabile C. virescens *Ficus elastica C. virescens Hedycarya arborea C. virescens Hoheria populnea C. virescens Knightia excelsa C. minimus ; C. parasiticus *Laurus nobilis C. virescens *Ligustrum japonicum C. virescens Litsea calicaris C. virescens Macropiper excelsum C. virescens *Magnolia grandiflora C. virescens Melicope ternata C. virescens Melicytus macrophyllus C. lagerheimii , C. virescens M. ramiflorus C. lagerheimii , C. virescens Metrosideros excelsa C. parasiticus *Passiflora edulis C. virescens *Persea americana C. virescens Pseudowintera axillaris C. virescens Schleffera digitata C. virescens Vitex lucens C. virescens *Introduced host species Distribution C. parasiticus and C . virescens occur throughout New Zealand; C. lagerheimii is known in the North Island and northern South Island; C. minimus is recorded in parts of the North Island. Disease development These algae grow under the cuticle on the upper surface of the leaf, killing the tissue beneath. Microscopic threads producing reproductive bodies eventually appear above the leaf surface. Economic importance C. parasiticus and C. virescens cause disease in commercial crops in the tropics. However, they are of no significance in New Zealand, where the infection is normally harmless. Heavy attack may occasionally induce some defoliation of light-suppressed plants. C. virescens is the most commonly seen species on leaves, notably of M. ramiflorus (mahoe). Spots caused by C. minimus and C. parasiticus are very common and conspicuous on leaves of K. excelsa (rewarewa). Control Not considered necessary. Cercospora leaf spot of wineberry Fig. 2 - Pseudocercospora aristoteliae on Aristotelia serrata (wineberry). Causal organism Pseudocercospora aristoteliae (Cooke) Deighton = Cercospora aristoteliae Cooke. Type of injury Spotting and disfigurement of green foliage. Diagnostic feature Dark brown, circular spots, with yellow-brown margins, up to 12 mm in diameter, coincident on both surfaces of green leaves (Fig. 2). Host Aristotelia serrata . Distribution Throughout New Zealand. Disease development The fungus produces microscopic, asexual spores which spread the infection to other leaves. Economic importance Aristotelia serrata (wineberry) is a comparatively short-lived hardwood shrub that regenerates vigorously on disturbed or cleared sites in native forests. It may become a troublesome weed during the establishment and early growth of planted trees. Pseudocercospora aristoteliae does not appear to have any potential as a biological control agent of wineberry, as it has little, if any, effect on its host. Control Not considered necessary. Corynelia leaf spot of podocarps Causal organism Corynelia tropica (Auerswald & Rabenhorst) Starbäck. Type of injury Spotting and disfigurement of green foliage. Fig. 3 - Corynelia tropica fruiting bodies on Podocarpus totara (totara). Diagnostic features Yellow or pink, oval spots (up to 4 mm long by 2 mm wide) between midribs and margins of green needles, coincident on both leaf surfaces, and also on twigs and fruits. Prominent, black, coral-like fruiting bodies (up to 4 mm long by 1 mm wide) on spots, mainly those on lower needle surfaces and on twigs (Fig. 3). Hosts Podocarpus acutifolius ; P. hallii ; P. nivalis ; P. totara ; P. hallii × nivalis ; P. hallii × totara . Distribution Throughout New Zealand at altitudes up to 1000 m above sea level. Disease development Spores infect new foliage only, but infection persists and can be found on 4- and 5-year- old needles. Fruiting bodies first appear between December and February on the new foliage of seedlings and trees of all ages. Economic importance Of no significance. Corynelia tropica is generally harmless, but very heavy infections may limit shoot growth and destroy fruits. Control Not considered necessary. Diplochorella leaf spot of mahoe Fig. 4 - Diplochorella colensoi on Melicytus ramiflorus (mahoe). Causal organism Diplochorella colensoi (Berkeley) P.R. Johnston & P.F. Cannon = Diplochorella melicyti (Sydow & P. Sydow) Sydow & P. Sydow). Type of injury Spotting and disfigurement of green foliage. Diagnostic feature • Black angular spots, up to 2 mm in diameter, coincident on both surfaces of green or yellow leaves (Fig. 4). Host Melicytus ramiflorus . Distribution Through most of New Zealand (not recorded south of Canterbury). Disease development The fungus appears to cause premature yellowing of some foliage. Microscopic sexual fruiting bodies are formed within the leaves and produce spores which infect other leaves. Economic importance Of no significance. Control Not considered necessary. Mycosphaerella leaf spot of coprosma Fig. 5 - Mycosphaerella coacervata on Coprosma grandifolia . Note minute, black fruiting bodies. Causal organism Mycosphaerella coacervata Sydow. Type of injury Spotting and disfigurement of green foliage. Diagnostic features Irregular shaped, grey spots with reddish margins, up to 10 mm across, coincident on both surfaces of green leaves. Tiny, black fruiting bodies, barely visible to the eye, scattered on the spots of both leaf surfaces (Fig. 5). Hosts Coprosma foetidissima ; C. grandifolia ; C. lucida ; C. robusta ; C. tenuifolia . Distribution Common throughout New Zealand. Disease development Sexual spores are produced in microscopic fruiting bodies present on leaf spots. These spores spread the infection to other leaves. Economic significance Of no significance. Control Not considered necessary. Placosoma leaf spot of pseudopanax Fig. 6 - Placosoma nothopanacis on Pseudopanax arboreus (five-finger). Causal organism Placosoma nothopanacis Sydow. Type of injury Spotting and disfigurement of green foliage. Diagnostic feature Slightly raised, black, circular "tar spots", up to 8 mm in diameter, sometimes concentrically grooved, on upper surfaces of green leaves (Fig. 6). Hosts Pseudopanax arboreus ; P. colensoi ; Raukaua simplex ; R. simplex var. sinclairii . Distribution Common through most of New Zealand (not recorded south of Canterbury). Disease development Sexual spores are released from microscopic fruiting bodies present on leaf spots. These spores then infect other leaves. Economic importance Of no significance. Control Not considered necessary. Trabutia tar-spot of southern beech Fig. 7 - Trabutia nothofagi on Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (mountain beech). Causal organism Trabutia nothofagi Sydow. Type of injury Spotting and disfigurement of green foliage. Diagnostic feature Tiny (up to 1.5 mm diameter), black, shiny, convex "tar spots" scattered on upper or lower leaf surfaces (Fig. 7). Hosts Nothofagus fusca ; N. solandri var cliffortioides ; N. truncata . Distribution Throughout New Zealand. Disease development Microscopic fruiting bodies are formed on the "tar spots" and produce either sexual or asexual spores. These spores then infect other leaves. Economic importance This fungus may cause premature leaf shedding, but is of little significance. Control Not considered necessary. BIBLIOGRAPHY Dingley, J. M. 1969: Records of plant diseases in New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 192. Gadgil, P.D. 2005: Fungi on trees and shrubs in New Zealand. Fungi of New Zealand Volume 4. Fungal Diversity Research Series 16: 1-437. Gilmour, J.W. 1966: The pathology of forest trees in New Zealand. The fungal, bacterial, and algal pathogens. New Zealand Forest Service , Forest Research Institute Technical Paper No. 48. Johnston, P.R. 1999: Tar-spot fungi on Nothofagus in New Zealand – a preliminary report. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37 : 703-714. Pennycook, S.R. 1989: Plant diseases recorded in New Zealand. Plant Diseases Division, DSIR, Auckland. 3 volumes. Thompson, R.H.; Wujek, D.E. 1997: Trentepohliales: Cephaleuros, Phycopeltis, and Stomatochroon. Morphology, Taxonomy, and Ecology. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, USA. 149 pp. .
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