Araliaceae) Roderick J
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Lancewoods and Five-Fingers: Hybridisation, Conservation, and the Ice-Age1 Leon Perrie2 & Lara Shepherd3
Wellington Botanical Society Bulletin 52, April 2010 Lancewoods and five-fingers: hybridisation, conservation, and the ice-age1 Leon Perrie2 & Lara Shepherd3 In our talk, we shared what we had learnt about Pseudopanax from our field experiences and research projects of the last several years. Pseudopanax, at least as we circumscribe it (Perrie & Shepherd 2009), comprises 12 species, and is endemic to New Zealand (i.e., all of the species occur only within the New Zealand Botanical Region). Some Pseudopanax species are well-known, but others are much less so. Even some of the common taxa can be challenging to identify accurately. Consequently, we began our talk by discussing each of the species: how to recognise them and good places to see them. We then covered the hybridisation that occurs in Pseudopanax, and finished by presenting results from our research into the patterns of genetic variation that occur in P. lessonii (coastal five-finger, houpara) and P. ferox (fierce lancewood). CATALOGUE OF PSEUDOPANAX SPECIES Three groups can be recognised on the basis of morphology: the stipulate five-fingers (P. arboreus group), the exstipulate five-fingers (P. lessonii group), and the lancewoods (P. crassifolius group). Genetic evidence supports the distinctiveness of the stipulate five-fingers. Indeed, some place these species in a separate genus, Neopanax (e.g., Frodin & Govaerts 2004). We, however, see no compelling reason for doing so, based on the uncertainty that continues to surround their relationship to the other species of Pseudopanax and other genera (see Perrie & Shepherd 2009). Despite their very different morphology, genetic evidence for the distinctiveness of the exstipulate five-fingers and the lancewoods is lacking, and they appear to be closely related (Perrie & Shepherd 2009). -
Chemical Investigation of Devil's Club
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1939 Chemical investigation of devil's club Hubert William Murphy The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Murphy, Hubert William, "Chemical investigation of devil's club" (1939). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6264. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6264 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A CHBMIOAL IMTESTIGATiaS Of D E W S CLDB by Hubert WlXlleoot Murphy B«8.# State UniTerslty of Montana, 1937 Presented In partial fulfillment of the re quirement for the d agree of Master of Selenee State Hhiversity of Montana 1939 Approved: 71 chairman of Boarct' of Examiners# Chairman of Coomittee on Graduate Study Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP37065 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI DiMtMUtior) PubliaNng UMI EP37065 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). -
Plant List 20-4-21.Xlsx
Item Name Price Qty Avail Ideal for Ready? Acer palmatum 'Okagami', Japanese Maple PB3$ 8.00 16 Autumn colour, deciduous, specimen, foliage, large tree, Yes full sun, part shade, protect from strong wind Agapanthus 'Peter Pan' PB3$ 8.00 60 Compact, drought tolerant, full sun, part shade, flowers, Spring 21 foliage Agapanthus 'Silver Baby' PB3$ 7.00 50 Compact, drought tolerant, full sun, part shade, flowers, Yes foliage Agathis Australis, Kauri PB3 $ 8.00 36 Specimen, Reveg, Large tree, Legacy Yes Albizia julibrissin, Silk Tree PB12$ 16.00 6 Specimen, shade, birds, bees, hardy, flowers, drought Yes tolerant Albizia julibrissin, Silk Tree PB3$ 7.00 61 Specimen, shade, birds, bees, hardy, flowers, drought Yes tolerant Alectryon excelsus, Titoki PB5$ 8.00 76 Specimen, Avenue, Large tree, Legacy, free draining, full Yes sun, part shade Alocasia culcullata 'Jade Millie' PB5 $ 9.00 11 Semi shade, sub-tropical, indoor Autumn 21 Apodasmia similis, Oioi PB3 $ 6.00 154 Wetland, movement, colour, coastal, structure Yes Arthropodium cirratum, Rengarenga Lily PB5 $ 5.00 57 Dry, wet, full sun, shade, flowers, foliage, frost tender Yes Asplenium bulbiferum, Hen & Chicken Fern PB3$ 7.00 52Shade, foliage Yes Austroderia fulvida, Toi Toi PB5 $ 6.00 24 Large tussock, best in wet soils, shelter, reveg, flowers Yes Blechnum gibbum 'Silver Lady' PB5$ 15.00 65Dwarf tree fern, indoors, outdoors, shady Autumn 21 Brugmansia 'Double White' PB3$ 7.00 19 Full sun, part shade, trumpet shaped white flowers, toxic Yes Butia capitata, Jelly Palm PB8$ 30.00 12 Full sun, -
Panax Ginseng) from Different Regions
molecules Article Analysis of Ginsenoside Content (Panax ginseng) from Different Regions Wei Chen 1,2,3 , Prabhu Balan 2,3 and David G Popovich 1,* 1 School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; [email protected] 2 Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; [email protected] 3 Alpha-Massey Natural Nutraceutical Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-63569099 Academic Editor: Vincenzo De Feo Received: 3 September 2019; Accepted: 25 September 2019; Published: 26 September 2019 Abstract: Recently Panax ginseng has been grown as a secondary crop under a pine tree canopy in New Zealand (NZ). The aim of the study is to compare the average content of ginsenosides from NZ-grown ginseng and its original native locations (China and Korea) grown ginseng. Ten batches of NZ-grown ginseng were extracted using 70% methanol and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The average content of ginsenosides from China and Korea grown ginseng were obtained by collecting data from 30 and 17 publications featuring China and Korea grown ginseng, respectively. The average content of total ginsenosides in NZ-grown ginseng was 40.06 3.21 mg/g (n = 14), which showed significantly ± (p < 0.05) higher concentration than that of China grown ginseng (16.48 1.24 mg/g, n = 113) and ± Korea grown ginseng (21.05 1.57 mg/g, n = 106). For the individual ginsenosides, except for the ± ginsenosides Rb2, Rc, and Rd, ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rf, and Rg1 from NZ-grown ginseng were 2.22, 2.91, 1.65, and 1.27 times higher than that of ginseng grown in China, respectively. -
Major Lineages Within Apiaceae Subfamily Apioideae: a Comparison of Chloroplast Restriction Site and Dna Sequence Data1
American Journal of Botany 86(7): 1014±1026. 1999. MAJOR LINEAGES WITHIN APIACEAE SUBFAMILY APIOIDEAE: A COMPARISON OF CHLOROPLAST RESTRICTION SITE AND DNA SEQUENCE DATA1 GREGORY M. PLUNKETT2 AND STEPHEN R. DOWNIE Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 Traditional sources of taxonomic characters in the large and taxonomically complex subfamily Apioideae (Apiaceae) have been confounding and no classi®cation system of the subfamily has been widely accepted. A restriction site analysis of the chloroplast genome from 78 representatives of Apioideae and related groups provided a data matrix of 990 variable characters (750 of which were potentially parsimony-informative). A comparison of these data to that of three recent DNA sequencing studies of Apioideae (based on ITS, rpoCl intron, and matK sequences) shows that the restriction site analysis provides 2.6± 3.6 times more variable characters for a comparable group of taxa. Moreover, levels of divergence appear to be well suited to studies at the subfamilial and tribal levels of Apiaceae. Cladistic and phenetic analyses of the restriction site data yielded trees that are visually congruent to those derived from the other recent molecular studies. On the basis of these comparisons, six lineages and one paraphyletic grade are provisionally recognized as informal groups. These groups can serve as the starting point for future, more intensive studies of the subfamily. Key words: Apiaceae; Apioideae; chloroplast genome; restriction site analysis; Umbelliferae. Apioideae are the largest and best-known subfamily of tem, and biochemical characters exhibit similarly con- Apiaceae (5 Umbelliferae) and include many familiar ed- founding parallelisms (e.g., Bell, 1971; Harborne, 1971; ible plants (e.g., carrot, parsnips, parsley, celery, fennel, Nielsen, 1971). -
Researchcommons.Waikato.Ac.Nz
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Commons@Waikato http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Identifying Host Species of Dactylanthus taylorii using DNA Barcoding A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Biological Sciences at The University of Waikato by Cassarndra Marie Parker _________ The University of Waikato 2015 Acknowledgements: This thesis wouldn't have been possible without the support of many people. Firstly, my supervisors Dr Chrissen Gemmill and Dr Avi Holzapfel - your professional expertise, advice, and patience were invaluable. From pitching the idea in 2012 to reading through drafts in the final fortnight, I've been humbled to work with such dedicated and accomplished scientists. Special mention also goes to Thomas Emmitt, David Mudge, Steven Miller, the Auckland Zoo horticulture team and Kevin. -
Araliaceae – Ginseng Family
ARALIACEAE – GINSENG FAMILY Plant: some herbs (perennial), woody vines, shrubs and trees Stem: usually pithy Root: sometimes with rhizomes Leaves: simple or palmately compound but rarely 2’s or 3’s, often thickened and large, mostly alternate (rarely opposite or whorled); usually with stipules that forms a stem sheath; often with star-shaped hairs Flowers: mostly perfect or unisexual (monoecious or dioecious), regular (actinomorphic); flowers very small, mostly in umbels; sepals 5, often forming small teeth or none, mostly 5(-10) petals; mostly 5(-10) stamens; ovary inferior, 2-5 (10) fused carpels Fruit: berry or drupe, oily Other: mostly tropical and subtropical, a few oranamentals; similar to Apiaceae; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 70+ genera; locally Aralia (spikenard), Hedera (English Ivy), Oplopanax, Panax (ginseng) WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Araliaceae (Ginseng Family) – 5 (mostly) sepals and petals (often 5-lobed), often in umbels or compound umbels; leaves simple or more often compound; fruit a berry or drupe Examples of common genera Devil's Walkingstick [Hercules’ Club] Wild Sarsaparilla Aralia spinosa L. Aralia nudicaulis L. Devil's Club [Devil’s Walking Stick; Alaskan Ginseng] Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq. English Ivy Hedera helix L. (Introduced) Dwarf Ginseng Panax trifolius L. ARALIACEAE – GINSENG FAMILY Wild Sarsaparilla; Aralia nudicaulis L. Devil's Walkingstick [Hercules’ Club]; Aralia spinosa L. English Ivy; Hedera helix L. (Introduced) Devil's Club [Devil’s -
Pseudopanax Lessonii
Pseudopanax lessonii COMMON NAME Houpara SYNONYMS Panax lessonii DC. FAMILY Araliaceae AUTHORITY Pseudopanax lessonii (DC.) K.Koch FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON Yes ENDEMIC GENUS No Leaves of Pseudopanax lessonii. Photographer: Wayne Bennett ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons NVS CODE PSELES CHROMOSOME NUMBER 2n = 48 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2012 | Not Threatened Motuoruhi, Coromandel, March. Photographer: John Smith-Dodsworth PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | Not Threatened 2004 | Not Threatened BRIEF DESCRIPTION Coastal tree with fleshy hand-shaped leaves DISTRIBUTION Endemic. Three Kings to Poverty Bay and northern Taranaki HABITAT Coastal forest and scrub FEATURES Small tree to 6 m tall; branches stout, with leaves crowded towards tips of branchlets. Leaves alternate, leaflets 3-5, palmate, lateral leaflets smaller; juvenile leaves larger than adult. Petiole to 15 cm long, stout, sheathing stem at base; stipules absent. Leaflets subsessile, terminal leaflet on short petiolule, obovate-cuneate, sinuate-crenate to bluntly serrate in distal half, subacute to obtuse, dark green above, paler beneath, midvein obvious, lateral veins obscure, c. 5-10 x 2-4 cm. Inflorescence a terminal compound umbel; male (staminate) primary rays (branchlets) 4-8 c. 4-5 cm long, flowers racemosely arranged along secondary rays; pistillate (female) primary rays shorter, flowers in irregular umbellules. Petals greenish, acute; anthers on filaments < petals. Ovary 5-loculed, each containing 1 ovule; style branches 5, conate, tips spreading. Fruit fleshy, dark purple, broadly oblong, 7 x 5 mm, style branches retained on an apical disc. 5 Seeds per fruit, narrowly ovate to ovate or oblong, dimpled, 5.5-8.0 mm long. -
Native Vascular Plants of Great Barrier Island. Areas Visited by Wellington
Native Vascular Plants of Great Barrier Island. List of all native vascular plants ever reported, and of those recognised by members of Wellington Botanical Society - 30 January to 7 February 2008. Rodney Lewington 1 An initial list of vascular plants recorded for Great Barrier Island was prepared prior to the visit of the Wellington Botanical Society in January 2008. That list was based on a variety of sources including Ewen Cameron’s chapter in Armitage, D. (ed), Great Barrier Island 2. 2004. Subsequent to the visit my attention was brought to the list prepared by Ewen Cameron in the Auckland Botanical Society Journal of 20023. Additions from that publication have been noted on the list that follows and are mentioned in the “New, doubtful and excluded records” section below. I am grateful to Ewen Cameron for comments on a previous draft of these notes and the list that follows. Those species recorded by the Wellington Botanical Society in January and February 2008 are noted against the areas visited. The main contributors to the Society's observations were Jonathan Anderson, Jo Fillery, Shelley Heiss-Dunlop, Bryan Halliday, Chris Hopkins, J.Chris Horne, Rodney Lewington, Barbara Mitcalfe, Neill Simpson and Owen Spearpoint. Species names have been updated at January 2008 to those used in the NZ Plant Conservation Network database4, plus some other literature. Abbreviations used in the list: GBI = Great Barrier Island. Pos. Ext.GBI = Possibly extinct on GBI. End. GBI = Endemic to GBI. Add. to E.C. 2002 = Species not included in the 2002 Ewen Cameron list. (excluding hybrids) * Indicates rare on GBI. -
Tree Selection and Planting Guide for Planting Within 8M of Power Lines Choose Trees Carefully
TREE SELECTION AND PLANTING GUIDE FOR PLANTING WITHIN 8M OF POWER LINES CHOOSE TREES CAREFULLY Power lines and trees can get along – if you choose EXAMPLE OF PLANTING WITHIN 8M OF POWER LINES the right species and plant them the right distance from the lines. By planting the right sorts of trees and shrubs near network power lines (typically within 8m), you can help avoid the risk of power outages to your neighborhood. Trees and branches falling onto lines are a major cause of power outages in Auckland. Trees must be kept clear of network power lines, as required by the Electricity (Hazards from Trees) Regulations 2003. Under these regulations, tree owners are responsible for the costs of keeping trees trimmed and outside the growth limit zones around 2 to 4M network power lines. Tree owners may face penalties for failing to keep trees clear of lines and may be responsible for the costs of damage a tree causes to power lines or equipment. 0 to 2M Property Boundary For more information about the regulations and your responsibilities as a tree owner, please visit www.vector.co.nz/treetrim 8M Gap filler / Middle layer Top layer / grasses / flaxes shrubs Small trees The Electricity (Hazards from Trees) Regulations 2003 (Tree Regulations) imposes restrictions on tree trimming within 4m of network lines. See vector.co.nz/treetrim for more information about the Tree Regulations. 2 There are some simple rules to follow whether you’re SUITABLE TREES AND OTHER VEGETATION FOR PLANTING UNDER OR planting a shelterbelt, a hedge for privacy or security, NEAR POWER LINES (WITHIN 8M) or simply want to enhance the edge of your property near network power lines. -
Araliaceae.Pdf
ARALIACEAE 五加科 wu jia ke Xiang Qibai (向其柏 Shang Chih-bei)1; Porter P. Lowry II2 Trees or shrubs, sometimes woody vines with aerial roots, rarely perennial herbs, hermaphroditic, andromonoecious or dioecious, often with stellate indumentum or more rarely simple trichomes or bristles, with or without prickles, secretory canals pres- ent in most parts. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite (never in Chinese taxa), simple and often palmately lobed, palmately compound, or 1–3-pinnately compound, usually crowded toward apices of branches, base of petiole often broad and sheathing stem, stipules absent or forming a ligule or membranous border of petiole. Inflorescence terminal or pseudo-lateral (by delayed development), um- bellate, compound-umbellate, racemose, racemose-umbellate, or racemose-paniculate, ultimate units usually umbels or heads, occa- sionally racemes or spikes, flowers rarely solitary; bracts usually present, often caducous, rarely foliaceous. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic. Pedicels often jointed below ovary and forming an articulation. Calyx absent or forming a low rim, some- times undulate or with short teeth. Corolla of (3–)5(–20) petals, free or rarely united, mostly valvate, sometimes imbricate. Stamens usually as many as and alternate with petals, sometimes numerous, distinct, inserted at edge of disk; anthers versatile, introrse, 2- celled (or 4-celled in some non-Chinese taxa), longitudinally dehiscent. Disk epigynous, often fleshy, slightly depressed to rounded or conic, sometimes confluent with styles. Ovary inferior (rarely secondarily superior in some non-Chinese taxa), (1 or)2–10(to many)-carpellate; carpels united, with as many locules; ovules pendulous, 2 per locule, 1 abortive; styles as many as carpels, free or partially united, erect or recurved, or fully united to form a column; stigmas terminal or decurrent on inner face of styles, or sessile on disk, circular to elliptic and radiating. -
Panax Ginseng
Cognitive Vitality Reports® are reports written by neuroscientists at the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF). These scientific reports include analysis of drugs, drugs-in- development, drug targets, supplements, nutraceuticals, food/drink, non-pharmacologic interventions, and risk factors. Neuroscientists evaluate the potential benefit (or harm) for brain health, as well as for age-related health concerns that can affect brain health (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes/metabolic syndrome). In addition, these reports include evaluation of safety data, from clinical trials if available, and from preclinical models. Panax ginseng Evidence Summary Some studies have shown that ginseng improves cognitive functions and decreases mortality and cancer risk in humans; safe when taken alone, but some drug interactions are known. Neuroprotective Benefit: Numerous studies have reported cognitive benefit with ginseng in healthy people as well as in dementia patients, but the evidence remains inconclusive due to the lack of large, long-term well-designed trials. Aging and related health concerns: Ginseng intake is associated with lower risks for mortality and cancers; also, some benefits seen in Asian people with ischemic heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesteremia, and fatigue. Safety: Numerous meta-analyses have reported that ginseng is generally safe when taken alone; however, ginseng interacts with several medications. 1 Availability: OTC. No Dose: 200-400 mg/day Chemical formula: e.g., C42H72O14 pharmaceutical