Chemical Investigation of Devil's Club
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Panax Ginseng) from Different Regions
molecules Article Analysis of Ginsenoside Content (Panax ginseng) from Different Regions Wei Chen 1,2,3 , Prabhu Balan 2,3 and David G Popovich 1,* 1 School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; [email protected] 2 Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; [email protected] 3 Alpha-Massey Natural Nutraceutical Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-63569099 Academic Editor: Vincenzo De Feo Received: 3 September 2019; Accepted: 25 September 2019; Published: 26 September 2019 Abstract: Recently Panax ginseng has been grown as a secondary crop under a pine tree canopy in New Zealand (NZ). The aim of the study is to compare the average content of ginsenosides from NZ-grown ginseng and its original native locations (China and Korea) grown ginseng. Ten batches of NZ-grown ginseng were extracted using 70% methanol and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The average content of ginsenosides from China and Korea grown ginseng were obtained by collecting data from 30 and 17 publications featuring China and Korea grown ginseng, respectively. The average content of total ginsenosides in NZ-grown ginseng was 40.06 3.21 mg/g (n = 14), which showed significantly ± (p < 0.05) higher concentration than that of China grown ginseng (16.48 1.24 mg/g, n = 113) and ± Korea grown ginseng (21.05 1.57 mg/g, n = 106). For the individual ginsenosides, except for the ± ginsenosides Rb2, Rc, and Rd, ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rf, and Rg1 from NZ-grown ginseng were 2.22, 2.91, 1.65, and 1.27 times higher than that of ginseng grown in China, respectively. -
Araliaceae) Roderick J
Essential Oils from the Leaves of Three New Zealand Species of Pseudopanax (Araliaceae) Roderick J. Weston Industrial Research Ltd., P.O. Box 31-310, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Fax: +64-4-9313-055. E-mail: [email protected] Z. Naturforsch. 59c, 39Ð42 (2004); received July 22, 2003 Essential oils from three of the eleven endemic New Zealand species of Pseudopanax, P. arboreus, P. discolor and P. lessonii, were found to have a fairly uniform composition which was different from that of the oils of Raukaua species that were formerly classified in the Pseudopanax genus. Oils of the three Pseudopanax species all contained significant propor- tions of viridiflorol and a closely related unidentified hydroazulene alcohol in common. In addition, the oil of P. arboreus contained bicyclogermacrene, linalool and long chain hy- drocarbons. The oil of P. discolor contained nerolidol in abundance (36.3%) together with linalool and epi-α-muurolol. The oil of P. lessonii contained a complex mixture of sesquiter- pene alcohols including epi-α-muurolol and a mixture of long chain hydrocarbons. Nerolidol and linalool provided the oil of P. discolor with a pleasant floral aroma, but the yield of oil was very low (0.01%). Key words: Pseudopanax arboreus, discolor and lessonii, Araliaceae, Essential Oil Introduction species studied in this paper, P. lessonii and P. dis- color, belong to this group and were selected be- The Araliaceae is a family of 65 genera and ap- cause their leaves, when crushed, emit a weak fra- proximately 800 species, which occur mainly in grance. The third group is characterized by its tropical regions, but some genera are found in shorter wider fleshier leaves and includes P. -
Araliaceae – Ginseng Family
ARALIACEAE – GINSENG FAMILY Plant: some herbs (perennial), woody vines, shrubs and trees Stem: usually pithy Root: sometimes with rhizomes Leaves: simple or palmately compound but rarely 2’s or 3’s, often thickened and large, mostly alternate (rarely opposite or whorled); usually with stipules that forms a stem sheath; often with star-shaped hairs Flowers: mostly perfect or unisexual (monoecious or dioecious), regular (actinomorphic); flowers very small, mostly in umbels; sepals 5, often forming small teeth or none, mostly 5(-10) petals; mostly 5(-10) stamens; ovary inferior, 2-5 (10) fused carpels Fruit: berry or drupe, oily Other: mostly tropical and subtropical, a few oranamentals; similar to Apiaceae; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 70+ genera; locally Aralia (spikenard), Hedera (English Ivy), Oplopanax, Panax (ginseng) WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Araliaceae (Ginseng Family) – 5 (mostly) sepals and petals (often 5-lobed), often in umbels or compound umbels; leaves simple or more often compound; fruit a berry or drupe Examples of common genera Devil's Walkingstick [Hercules’ Club] Wild Sarsaparilla Aralia spinosa L. Aralia nudicaulis L. Devil's Club [Devil’s Walking Stick; Alaskan Ginseng] Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq. English Ivy Hedera helix L. (Introduced) Dwarf Ginseng Panax trifolius L. ARALIACEAE – GINSENG FAMILY Wild Sarsaparilla; Aralia nudicaulis L. Devil's Walkingstick [Hercules’ Club]; Aralia spinosa L. English Ivy; Hedera helix L. (Introduced) Devil's Club [Devil’s -
THE STORY of PLANTS: IVY D Aniel Mount
NORTHWEST HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY WINTER 2014 THE STORY OF PLANTS: IVY D aniel Mount When I first laid eyes on the ivy- stain remover. In 1566, Anton Mizald, swathed green belts of Seattle I a Parisian doctor, even recom- was flled with a childlike mended wrapping pendulous awe. You see, I was a boy breasts in ivy garlands who imagined himself to restore elasticity Tarzan more than a and to “raise them freman. I found to their proper tree climbing position.” I’m and vine swing- not sure if that ing half-naked would work for preferable to man-boobs, uniformed but that’s not teamwork. Tis why I’m inter- is probably why I ested in ivy. I’m became a gardener. interested in the As a native plant garden worthiness enthusiast I quickly began of this plant I have long to see these green deserts for chosen to overlook. what they were: botanical waste- In the early eighteenth century, lands. I saw ivy as something frst to be horticulturists in Europe began collect- loathed, then to be eradicated. I never Hedera helix cv. (Daniel Mount) ing and naming clones of H. helix. In planted ivy no matter how lovely the the next century the Victorians raised variegation, or deeply lobed the leaf. All ivies I believed would ivy to nearly a cult status, growing it as a parlor plant as well eventually become voracious green monsters and swallow the as in their gardens. To them it was associated with long-lasting Emerald City. and clinging love. Tey used it for joyful Christmas decorat- I was grossly misinformed. -
Araliaceae.Pdf
ARALIACEAE 五加科 wu jia ke Xiang Qibai (向其柏 Shang Chih-bei)1; Porter P. Lowry II2 Trees or shrubs, sometimes woody vines with aerial roots, rarely perennial herbs, hermaphroditic, andromonoecious or dioecious, often with stellate indumentum or more rarely simple trichomes or bristles, with or without prickles, secretory canals pres- ent in most parts. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite (never in Chinese taxa), simple and often palmately lobed, palmately compound, or 1–3-pinnately compound, usually crowded toward apices of branches, base of petiole often broad and sheathing stem, stipules absent or forming a ligule or membranous border of petiole. Inflorescence terminal or pseudo-lateral (by delayed development), um- bellate, compound-umbellate, racemose, racemose-umbellate, or racemose-paniculate, ultimate units usually umbels or heads, occa- sionally racemes or spikes, flowers rarely solitary; bracts usually present, often caducous, rarely foliaceous. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic. Pedicels often jointed below ovary and forming an articulation. Calyx absent or forming a low rim, some- times undulate or with short teeth. Corolla of (3–)5(–20) petals, free or rarely united, mostly valvate, sometimes imbricate. Stamens usually as many as and alternate with petals, sometimes numerous, distinct, inserted at edge of disk; anthers versatile, introrse, 2- celled (or 4-celled in some non-Chinese taxa), longitudinally dehiscent. Disk epigynous, often fleshy, slightly depressed to rounded or conic, sometimes confluent with styles. Ovary inferior (rarely secondarily superior in some non-Chinese taxa), (1 or)2–10(to many)-carpellate; carpels united, with as many locules; ovules pendulous, 2 per locule, 1 abortive; styles as many as carpels, free or partially united, erect or recurved, or fully united to form a column; stigmas terminal or decurrent on inner face of styles, or sessile on disk, circular to elliptic and radiating. -
Panax Ginseng
Cognitive Vitality Reports® are reports written by neuroscientists at the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF). These scientific reports include analysis of drugs, drugs-in- development, drug targets, supplements, nutraceuticals, food/drink, non-pharmacologic interventions, and risk factors. Neuroscientists evaluate the potential benefit (or harm) for brain health, as well as for age-related health concerns that can affect brain health (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes/metabolic syndrome). In addition, these reports include evaluation of safety data, from clinical trials if available, and from preclinical models. Panax ginseng Evidence Summary Some studies have shown that ginseng improves cognitive functions and decreases mortality and cancer risk in humans; safe when taken alone, but some drug interactions are known. Neuroprotective Benefit: Numerous studies have reported cognitive benefit with ginseng in healthy people as well as in dementia patients, but the evidence remains inconclusive due to the lack of large, long-term well-designed trials. Aging and related health concerns: Ginseng intake is associated with lower risks for mortality and cancers; also, some benefits seen in Asian people with ischemic heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesteremia, and fatigue. Safety: Numerous meta-analyses have reported that ginseng is generally safe when taken alone; however, ginseng interacts with several medications. 1 Availability: OTC. No Dose: 200-400 mg/day Chemical formula: e.g., C42H72O14 pharmaceutical -
Pseudopanax Laetus
Pseudopanax laetus SYNONYMS Panax arboreus var. laetus Kirk, Nothopanax laetus (Kirk) Cheeseman, Neopanax laetus (Kirk) Philipson FAMILY Araliaceae AUTHORITY Pseudopanax laetus (Kirk) Allan FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON Yes ENDEMIC GENUS Yes Close up, Pseudopanax laetus mature foliage, ENDEMIC FAMILY Upper Kaueranga Valley. Photographer: John No Smith-Dodsworth STRUCTURAL CLASS Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons NVS CODE PSELAE CHROMOSOME NUMBER 2n = 48 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2018 | At Risk – Declining PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2012 | Not Threatened 2009 | Not Threatened | Qualifiers: RF 2004 | Gradual Decline BRIEF DESCRIPTION bushy shrub with large hand-shaped leaves on red stalks Pseudopanax laetus close up of inflorescence DISTRIBUTION with flowers during male phase, Ex Cult. Puhoi. Photographer: Peter de Lange Endemic to the northern part of the North Island from Coromandel to inland Gisborne and Taranaki. HABITAT Montane forest. FEATURES Small multi-branched tree to 5 m tall, branchlets brittle. Leaves alternate, leaflets 5-7, palmate, on short petiolules. Petiole to 25 cm long, sheathing branchlet at base, stipules present, purplish red. Petiolules stout, purplish red or leaflets subsessile. Leaflets obovate- to cuneate-oblong, thick and coriaceous, green above, paler below, margin coarsely dentate-serrate in distal half, acute or acuminate to subacute; midveins and main lateral veins obvious above and below; teminal lamina 12-25 x 5-10 cm or more, lateral leaflets smaller. Inflorescence a terminal, compound umbel, flowers sometimes subracemose on secondary rays; primary rays (branchlets) 10-15; 15-20 secondary rays. Calyx truncate or obscurely 5-toothed; petals ovate-oblong, acute. Ovary 2-loculed, each containing 1 ovules; style branches 2, spreading. Fruit fleshy, purple, c. -
Oplopanax Horridus (Smith) Miq
Oplopanax horridus (Smith) Miq. Island Hu’lqum̲ ínu’m Name(s): qwa'pulhp or qwa’pu p Upriver Halkomelem Name: qwó:pelhp English name: Devil’s club Family: Araliaceae (Ginseng family) The name Oplopanax horridus was derived from the Greek words “hoplon” meaning “weapon” and “panakos” meaning “all-heal.” Its species name refers to its formidable prickly appearance (Bressette 2017). O. horridus is in the ginseng family; “panax” is the genus name for ginseng (eflora BC 2018). Identifying characteristics: Devil’s club is a deciduous perennial shrub with an upright habit reaching an average height of 90 – 275 cm (Bressette 2017). Stems are densely packed and armed with spines that continue along leaf petioles and leaf veins. The palmate leaves are alternately arranged and very large, ranging from 20-40 cm in width, with 5-13 lobes and are sharply toothed along their margins (KPU 2015. From mid-spring to summer plants produce a large upright spike of small, light green to white florets, each with 5 petals (Summer 1998). By mid to late-summer pollinated flowers form clusters of small red drupes (KPU 2015). Distribution: Devil’s club is a native species in Canada and is found in British Columbia, Alberta (USDA 2018), and in some areas north of Lake Superior in Ontario (virtualmuseum 2005). It also occurs in the southwestern part of the Yukon Territory, and in the United States where its range extends from Alaska to Montana and as far south as Oregon (USDA 2018). Habitat: Oplopanax horridus is a shade-loving plant typically found in forest understories, especially those of old-growth forests. -
American Ginseng & Endangered Species Panax Quinquefolius L
Natural Heritage American Ginseng & Endangered Species Panax quinquefolius L. Program www.mass.gov/nhesp State Status: Special Concern Federal Status: None Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife DESCRIPTION: American Ginseng is a perennial herb long known for the reputed medicinal and aphrodisiac properties of its aromatic root. The genus name Panax reflects the reputed value of various species of ginseng as a cure-all or panacea. The unbranched stem is 20 - 40 cm (8 - 15 in.) high and is topped by a single whorl of 1 to 5 palmately compound leaves. Usually, three compound leaves are produced, each with five serrate (pointed and toothed) leaflets. The tiny flowers are produced in a single, ball-like cluster in the fork where the leaf stalks meet the stem. The five-petalled flowers are white or greenish-yellow and are scented like Lily-of- the-valley. They appear from late June to mid-July. The fruits, bright red drupes one cm. (0.4 in.) in diameter, are easily seen in the fall. American Ginseng plants less than three years old usually bear no fruit, and it takes 18 to 22 months between the time when the ripe fruit drops to the ground and the time the seed will germinate. SIMILAR SPECIES: Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), like American Ginseng, has five palmate leaflets, but it is usually a climbing or sprawling vine with tendrils. Also, the leaves of Virginia Creeper are alternately arranged, unlike the whorled leaves of American Ginseng. Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis) is also similar in appearance to American Ginseng. In contrast to American Ginseng, its five leaflets are Oklahoma. -
The Family Tree Garden Center Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia
Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia Fatsia japonica 'Spider's Web' Height: 10 feet Spread: 10 feet Sunlight: Hardiness Zone: 7b Description: Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia foliage This stunning plant has huge palmate dark green leaves Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder that are speckled with white as its principle attraction; perfect for creating a tropical look in the garden; it takes about 3 years for it to show speckling so be patient Ornamental Features Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia features showy clusters of white pincushion flowers rising above the foliage in mid fall. It has attractive white-spotted green foliage. The large glossy lobed palmate leaves are highly ornamental and remain green throughout the winter. The fruit is not ornamentally significant. Landscape Attributes Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia is a multi-stemmed Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia evergreen shrub with an upright spreading habit of Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder growth. Its average texture blends into the landscape, but can be balanced by one or two finer or coarser trees or shrubs for an effective composition. This shrub will require occasional maintenance and upkeep, and is best pruned in late winter once the threat of extreme cold has passed. Gardeners should be aware of the following characteristic(s) that may warrant special consideration; - Suckering Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia is recommended for the following landscape applications; - Accent - Mass Planting - Hedges/Screening - General Garden Use Planting & Growing Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia will grow to be about 10 feet tall at maturity, with a spread of 10 feet. It has a low canopy, and is suitable for planting under power lines. -
Comparative Analysis and Phylogenetic Investigation of Hong
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Comparative analysis and phylogenetic investigation of Hong Kong Ilex chloroplast genomes Bobby Lim‑Ho Kong1,3, Hyun‑Seung Park2, Tai‑Wai David Lau1,3, Zhixiu Lin4, Tae‑Jin Yang2 & Pang‑Chui Shaw1,3* Ilex is a monogeneric plant group (containing approximately 600 species) in the Aquifoliaceae family and one of the most commonly used medicinal herbs. However, its taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships at the species level are debatable. Herein, we obtained the complete chloroplast genomes of all 19 Ilex types that are native to Hong Kong. The genomes are conserved in structure, gene content and arrangement. The chloroplast genomes range in size from 157,119 bp in Ilex gracilifora to 158,020 bp in Ilex kwangtungensis. All these genomes contain 125 genes, of which 88 are protein‑coding and 37 are tRNA genes. Four highly varied sequences (rps16-trnQ, rpl32-trnL, ndhD-psaC and ycf1) were found. The number of repeats in the Ilex genomes is mostly conserved, but the number of repeating motifs varies. The phylogenetic relationship among the 19 Ilex genomes, together with eight other available genomes in other studies, was investigated. Most of the species could be correctly assigned to the section or even series level, consistent with previous taxonomy, except Ilex rotunda var. microcarpa, Ilex asprella var. tapuensis and Ilex chapaensis. These species were reclassifed; I. rotunda was placed in the section Micrococca, while the other two were grouped with the section Pseudoaquifolium. These studies provide a better understanding of Ilex phylogeny and refne its classifcation. Ilex, a monogeneric plant group in the family Aquifoliaceae, is a widespread genus. -
Sustainable Sourcing : Markets for Certified Chinese
SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS In collaboration with SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS SUSTAINABLE SOURCING: MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED CHINESE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Abstract for trade information services ID=43163 2016 SITC-292.4 SUS International Trade Centre (ITC) Sustainable Sourcing: Markets for Certified Chinese Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Geneva: ITC, 2016. xvi, 141 pages (Technical paper) Doc. No. SC-2016-5.E This study on the market potential of sustainably wild-collected botanical ingredients originating from the People’s Republic of China with fair and organic certifications provides an overview of current export trade in both wild-collected and cultivated botanical, algal and fungal ingredients from China, market segments such as the fair trade and organic sectors, and the market trends for certified ingredients. It also investigates which international standards would be the most appropriate and applicable to the special case of China in consideration of its biodiversity conservation efforts in traditional wild collection communities and regions, and includes bibliographical references (pp. 139–140). Descriptors: Medicinal Plants, Spices, Certification, Organic Products, Fair Trade, China, Market Research English For further information on this technical paper, contact Mr. Alexander Kasterine ([email protected]) The International Trade Centre (ITC) is the joint agency of the World Trade Organization and the United Nations. ITC, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland (www.intracen.org) Suggested citation: International Trade Centre (2016). Sustainable Sourcing: Markets for Certified Chinese Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, International Trade Centre, Geneva, Switzerland. This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union.