Pharmacological Diversity and Structure-Activity Relationship on Anticancer Effects
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Allozyme Variation in American Ginseng, Panax Quinquefolius L (Araliaceae): Implications for Management of Wild and Cultivated Populations
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2001 Allozyme Variation in American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L (Araliaceae): Implications for Management of Wild and Cultivated Populations Holly Jean Grubbs College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Grubbs, Holly Jean, "Allozyme Variation in American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L (Araliaceae): Implications for Management of Wild and Cultivated Populations" (2001). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626306. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-zyrf-5943 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALLOZYME VARIATION IN AMERICAN GINSENG, Panax quinquefolius L. (Araliaceae): IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILD AND CULTIVATED POPULATIONS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Biology The College of William and Mary In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Holly Jean Grubbs 2001 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is presented in partial fulfillment of The requirement for the degree of Master of Arts lly J. Grubbs Approved April, 2001 C Martha A. Case, Ph.D. c&OOna H . 'frf&TZ, Donna M. E. Ware, Ph.D. ’juuml <'IUQIU l Stewart A. Ware, Ph.D. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my grandparents, J. Owen Pence, Verda Pence, and Norma Whitbeck, who each, in a unique way, taught me a love and curiosity for the natural world and persistence in seeking beauty and truth. -
Chemical Investigation of Devil's Club
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1939 Chemical investigation of devil's club Hubert William Murphy The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Murphy, Hubert William, "Chemical investigation of devil's club" (1939). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6264. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6264 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A CHBMIOAL IMTESTIGATiaS Of D E W S CLDB by Hubert WlXlleoot Murphy B«8.# State UniTerslty of Montana, 1937 Presented In partial fulfillment of the re quirement for the d agree of Master of Selenee State Hhiversity of Montana 1939 Approved: 71 chairman of Boarct' of Examiners# Chairman of Coomittee on Graduate Study Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP37065 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI DiMtMUtior) PubliaNng UMI EP37065 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). -
Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese -
Chemical Authentication of Botanical Ingredients: a Review of Commercial Herbal Products
MINI REVIEW published: 15 April 2021 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666850 Chemical Authentication of Botanical Ingredients: A Review of Commercial Herbal Products Mihael Cristin Ichim 1* and Anthony Booker 2,3* 1“Stejarul” Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania, 2Research Centre for Optimal Health, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom, 3Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom Chemical methods are the most important and widely used traditional plant identification techniques recommended by national and international pharmacopoeias. We have reviewed the successful use of different chemical methods for the botanical authentication of 2,386 commercial herbal products, sold in 37 countries spread over six continents. The majority of the analyzed products were reported to be authentic (73%) but more than a quarter proved to be adulterated (27%). At a national level, the number of products and the adulteration proportions varied very widely. Yet, the adulteration reported for the four countries, from which more than 100 commercial products were purchased Edited by: and their botanical ingredients chemically authenticated, was 37% (United Kingdom), 31% Marcello Locatelli, University of Studies G. d’Annunzio (Italy), 27% (United States), and 21% (China). Simple or hyphenated chemical analytical Chieti and Pescara, Italy techniques have identified the total absence of labeled botanical ingredients, substitution Reviewed by: with closely related or unrelated species, the use of biological filler material, and the hidden Santhosh Kumar J. Urumarudappa, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand presence of regulated, forbidden or allergenic species. -
Araliaceae – Ginseng Family
ARALIACEAE – GINSENG FAMILY Plant: some herbs (perennial), woody vines, shrubs and trees Stem: usually pithy Root: sometimes with rhizomes Leaves: simple or palmately compound but rarely 2’s or 3’s, often thickened and large, mostly alternate (rarely opposite or whorled); usually with stipules that forms a stem sheath; often with star-shaped hairs Flowers: mostly perfect or unisexual (monoecious or dioecious), regular (actinomorphic); flowers very small, mostly in umbels; sepals 5, often forming small teeth or none, mostly 5(-10) petals; mostly 5(-10) stamens; ovary inferior, 2-5 (10) fused carpels Fruit: berry or drupe, oily Other: mostly tropical and subtropical, a few oranamentals; similar to Apiaceae; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 70+ genera; locally Aralia (spikenard), Hedera (English Ivy), Oplopanax, Panax (ginseng) WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Araliaceae (Ginseng Family) – 5 (mostly) sepals and petals (often 5-lobed), often in umbels or compound umbels; leaves simple or more often compound; fruit a berry or drupe Examples of common genera Devil's Walkingstick [Hercules’ Club] Wild Sarsaparilla Aralia spinosa L. Aralia nudicaulis L. Devil's Club [Devil’s Walking Stick; Alaskan Ginseng] Oplopanax horridus (Sm.) Miq. English Ivy Hedera helix L. (Introduced) Dwarf Ginseng Panax trifolius L. ARALIACEAE – GINSENG FAMILY Wild Sarsaparilla; Aralia nudicaulis L. Devil's Walkingstick [Hercules’ Club]; Aralia spinosa L. English Ivy; Hedera helix L. (Introduced) Devil's Club [Devil’s -
Journal-6-2011.Pdf
Integrative Herbalism Summer 2011 Montpelier, VT Journal of the Vermont Center for Integrative Herbalism (3) Extraction for Piper methysticum. Emma Merritt, y2 (7) Herbal Anthelmintics for Goats. Sarah Shapiro, y2 (12) Devil’s Club, Oplopanax horridus. Lisa Weiss, y2 (16) Belladonna Monograph. Danielle Charles-Davies, y3 2009 (33) Pollinator Photography. Laurel Buley, y3 (38) Probiotics and the case for food-based flora. Graham Unangst-Rufenacht, y2 (41) Food as Medicine recipes Effie Elfer, Rachel Navaro , Elise Walsh y1 Volume 1, Number 1 (June 2011) Welcome. Integrative Herbalism is a publication that focuses on the research reviews, crea- tive work, and clinical experience of the student body at the Vermont Center for Integra- tive Herbalism in Montpelier, VT. Twice annually a collection of the most recent work will focus on areas of general interest (Summer edition) and on topics in human pathophysiology and herbal therapeu- tics (Winter edition). Both editions will feature photographs, artwork, and special projects students have completed in the course of their studies. As part of our mission to advance the cause of herbalism in the United States (and beyond), the journal is provided openly under a Creative Commons license, allowing for free reproduction and distribution, unmodified, and not for commercial purposes. Plants give freely of themselves—support open access. Our mission at the Vermont Center for Integrative Herbalism is to: • educate and empower individuals to use traditional remedies as viable options in caring -
THE STORY of PLANTS: IVY D Aniel Mount
NORTHWEST HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY WINTER 2014 THE STORY OF PLANTS: IVY D aniel Mount When I first laid eyes on the ivy- stain remover. In 1566, Anton Mizald, swathed green belts of Seattle I a Parisian doctor, even recom- was flled with a childlike mended wrapping pendulous awe. You see, I was a boy breasts in ivy garlands who imagined himself to restore elasticity Tarzan more than a and to “raise them freman. I found to their proper tree climbing position.” I’m and vine swing- not sure if that ing half-naked would work for preferable to man-boobs, uniformed but that’s not teamwork. Tis why I’m inter- is probably why I ested in ivy. I’m became a gardener. interested in the As a native plant garden worthiness enthusiast I quickly began of this plant I have long to see these green deserts for chosen to overlook. what they were: botanical waste- In the early eighteenth century, lands. I saw ivy as something frst to be horticulturists in Europe began collect- loathed, then to be eradicated. I never Hedera helix cv. (Daniel Mount) ing and naming clones of H. helix. In planted ivy no matter how lovely the the next century the Victorians raised variegation, or deeply lobed the leaf. All ivies I believed would ivy to nearly a cult status, growing it as a parlor plant as well eventually become voracious green monsters and swallow the as in their gardens. To them it was associated with long-lasting Emerald City. and clinging love. Tey used it for joyful Christmas decorat- I was grossly misinformed. -
American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius)
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) • American ginseng is a wild perennial Situation plant that has become very rare in Canada—the harvest of wild American When American ginseng was first discovered growing in ginseng is considered unsustainable. North America in 1715, it set off a lucrative trade business and rapidly became the second most important Canadian • American ginseng is an endangered export after fur. The roots of ginseng had been used species and is protected by law. for centuries in traditional Asian medicine, and it was − It is protected on federal lands under in high demand. Ginseng is still used by many people the Species at Risk Act. today in the practice of traditional medicine. − The harvest, trade and cultivation Unfortunately, this wild perennial plant has become of wild, wild-simulated and very rare in Canada, and the harvest of wild American woods-grown American ginseng ginseng is now considered unsustainable. Very few viable is prohibited under Ontario’s populations remain in Canada; even low levels of harvest Endangered Species Act, 2007. and poaching pose a real threat to its survival because of − In Quebec, under the Loi sur les its slow growth and low rate of reproduction in the wild. espèces menacées ou vulnérables, American ginseng plants are long‑lived but can take three harvest or trade of wild American to eight years to reach maturity and begin flowering. ginseng is prohibited. In Canada, wild American ginseng is found only in • The export of wild American ginseng southern Ontario and Quebec. Over‑harvesting, poaching is prohibited from Canada—only and habitat destruction have led to its being listed as cultivated American ginseng can be nationally endangered (Species at Risk Act), provincially legally traded in Canada. -
Araliaceae.Pdf
ARALIACEAE 五加科 wu jia ke Xiang Qibai (向其柏 Shang Chih-bei)1; Porter P. Lowry II2 Trees or shrubs, sometimes woody vines with aerial roots, rarely perennial herbs, hermaphroditic, andromonoecious or dioecious, often with stellate indumentum or more rarely simple trichomes or bristles, with or without prickles, secretory canals pres- ent in most parts. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite (never in Chinese taxa), simple and often palmately lobed, palmately compound, or 1–3-pinnately compound, usually crowded toward apices of branches, base of petiole often broad and sheathing stem, stipules absent or forming a ligule or membranous border of petiole. Inflorescence terminal or pseudo-lateral (by delayed development), um- bellate, compound-umbellate, racemose, racemose-umbellate, or racemose-paniculate, ultimate units usually umbels or heads, occa- sionally racemes or spikes, flowers rarely solitary; bracts usually present, often caducous, rarely foliaceous. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic. Pedicels often jointed below ovary and forming an articulation. Calyx absent or forming a low rim, some- times undulate or with short teeth. Corolla of (3–)5(–20) petals, free or rarely united, mostly valvate, sometimes imbricate. Stamens usually as many as and alternate with petals, sometimes numerous, distinct, inserted at edge of disk; anthers versatile, introrse, 2- celled (or 4-celled in some non-Chinese taxa), longitudinally dehiscent. Disk epigynous, often fleshy, slightly depressed to rounded or conic, sometimes confluent with styles. Ovary inferior (rarely secondarily superior in some non-Chinese taxa), (1 or)2–10(to many)-carpellate; carpels united, with as many locules; ovules pendulous, 2 per locule, 1 abortive; styles as many as carpels, free or partially united, erect or recurved, or fully united to form a column; stigmas terminal or decurrent on inner face of styles, or sessile on disk, circular to elliptic and radiating. -
Oplopanax Horridus (Smith) Miq
Oplopanax horridus (Smith) Miq. Island Hu’lqum̲ ínu’m Name(s): qwa'pulhp or qwa’pu p Upriver Halkomelem Name: qwó:pelhp English name: Devil’s club Family: Araliaceae (Ginseng family) The name Oplopanax horridus was derived from the Greek words “hoplon” meaning “weapon” and “panakos” meaning “all-heal.” Its species name refers to its formidable prickly appearance (Bressette 2017). O. horridus is in the ginseng family; “panax” is the genus name for ginseng (eflora BC 2018). Identifying characteristics: Devil’s club is a deciduous perennial shrub with an upright habit reaching an average height of 90 – 275 cm (Bressette 2017). Stems are densely packed and armed with spines that continue along leaf petioles and leaf veins. The palmate leaves are alternately arranged and very large, ranging from 20-40 cm in width, with 5-13 lobes and are sharply toothed along their margins (KPU 2015. From mid-spring to summer plants produce a large upright spike of small, light green to white florets, each with 5 petals (Summer 1998). By mid to late-summer pollinated flowers form clusters of small red drupes (KPU 2015). Distribution: Devil’s club is a native species in Canada and is found in British Columbia, Alberta (USDA 2018), and in some areas north of Lake Superior in Ontario (virtualmuseum 2005). It also occurs in the southwestern part of the Yukon Territory, and in the United States where its range extends from Alaska to Montana and as far south as Oregon (USDA 2018). Habitat: Oplopanax horridus is a shade-loving plant typically found in forest understories, especially those of old-growth forests. -
American Ginseng & Endangered Species Panax Quinquefolius L
Natural Heritage American Ginseng & Endangered Species Panax quinquefolius L. Program www.mass.gov/nhesp State Status: Special Concern Federal Status: None Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife DESCRIPTION: American Ginseng is a perennial herb long known for the reputed medicinal and aphrodisiac properties of its aromatic root. The genus name Panax reflects the reputed value of various species of ginseng as a cure-all or panacea. The unbranched stem is 20 - 40 cm (8 - 15 in.) high and is topped by a single whorl of 1 to 5 palmately compound leaves. Usually, three compound leaves are produced, each with five serrate (pointed and toothed) leaflets. The tiny flowers are produced in a single, ball-like cluster in the fork where the leaf stalks meet the stem. The five-petalled flowers are white or greenish-yellow and are scented like Lily-of- the-valley. They appear from late June to mid-July. The fruits, bright red drupes one cm. (0.4 in.) in diameter, are easily seen in the fall. American Ginseng plants less than three years old usually bear no fruit, and it takes 18 to 22 months between the time when the ripe fruit drops to the ground and the time the seed will germinate. SIMILAR SPECIES: Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), like American Ginseng, has five palmate leaflets, but it is usually a climbing or sprawling vine with tendrils. Also, the leaves of Virginia Creeper are alternately arranged, unlike the whorled leaves of American Ginseng. Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis) is also similar in appearance to American Ginseng. In contrast to American Ginseng, its five leaflets are Oklahoma. -
The Family Tree Garden Center Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia
Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia Fatsia japonica 'Spider's Web' Height: 10 feet Spread: 10 feet Sunlight: Hardiness Zone: 7b Description: Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia foliage This stunning plant has huge palmate dark green leaves Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder that are speckled with white as its principle attraction; perfect for creating a tropical look in the garden; it takes about 3 years for it to show speckling so be patient Ornamental Features Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia features showy clusters of white pincushion flowers rising above the foliage in mid fall. It has attractive white-spotted green foliage. The large glossy lobed palmate leaves are highly ornamental and remain green throughout the winter. The fruit is not ornamentally significant. Landscape Attributes Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia is a multi-stemmed Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia evergreen shrub with an upright spreading habit of Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder growth. Its average texture blends into the landscape, but can be balanced by one or two finer or coarser trees or shrubs for an effective composition. This shrub will require occasional maintenance and upkeep, and is best pruned in late winter once the threat of extreme cold has passed. Gardeners should be aware of the following characteristic(s) that may warrant special consideration; - Suckering Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia is recommended for the following landscape applications; - Accent - Mass Planting - Hedges/Screening - General Garden Use Planting & Growing Spider's Web Japanese Fatsia will grow to be about 10 feet tall at maturity, with a spread of 10 feet. It has a low canopy, and is suitable for planting under power lines.