Allozyme Variation in American Ginseng, Panax Quinquefolius L (Araliaceae): Implications for Management of Wild and Cultivated Populations
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2001 Allozyme Variation in American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L (Araliaceae): Implications for Management of Wild and Cultivated Populations Holly Jean Grubbs College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Grubbs, Holly Jean, "Allozyme Variation in American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L (Araliaceae): Implications for Management of Wild and Cultivated Populations" (2001). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626306. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-zyrf-5943 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALLOZYME VARIATION IN AMERICAN GINSENG, Panax quinquefolius L. (Araliaceae): IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF WILD AND CULTIVATED POPULATIONS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Biology The College of William and Mary In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Holly Jean Grubbs 2001 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is presented in partial fulfillment of The requirement for the degree of Master of Arts lly J. Grubbs Approved April, 2001 C Martha A. Case, Ph.D. c&OOna H . 'frf&TZ, Donna M. E. Ware, Ph.D. ’juuml <'IUQIU l Stewart A. Ware, Ph.D. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my grandparents, J. Owen Pence, Verda Pence, and Norma Whitbeck, who each, in a unique way, taught me a love and curiosity for the natural world and persistence in seeking beauty and truth. Table of Contents Acknowledgements .....................................................................................................................v List of Tables .............................................................................................................................vi List of Figures...........................................................................................................................vii Abstract ..........................................................................................................................viii Introduction................................................................................................................................. 2 Life History............................................................................................................................. 5 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 7 Methods........................................................................................................................................9 Sampling................................................................................................................................. 9 Tissue Preparation................................................................................................................. 11 Electrophoresis...................................................................................................................... 11 Statistical Analyses................................................................ 13 Results........................................................................................................................................17 Genetic Interpretation...........................................................................................................17 Diversity Measures....................................................................................................... 18 Structure of Diversity............................................................................................................20 Discussion................................................................................................................................. 23 Polyploidy................ 23 Breeding System................................................................................... 24 Geographic Patterns and Centers of Diversity.................................................................... 26 Relationship Between Wild and Cultivated Populations....................................................28 Inbreeding and Outbreeding Depression ..............................................................................31 Conclusions and Management Recommendations............................................................. 33 Appendix 1: Collecting Instructions.............................................. 51 Appendix 2: Allele Frequencies.............. 54 Appendix 3: Genotype Frequencies....................................................................................... 60 Appendix 4: Genetic Interpretation of Allozymes.................................................................78 Appendix 5: Nei’s (1978) Unbiased Genetic Differences Between Wild Populations 88 Appendix 6: Cluster Levels............................................................................ 91 Literature Cited......................................................................................................................... 92 Vita.............................................................................................................................................97 iv Acknowledgements My sincerest appreciation goes to Dr. Martha Case for her continued thoughts on this project and for teaching me the techniques of isozyme electrophoresis and to Dr. Stewart Ware and Dr. Donna Ware for their revisions of this manuscript. I must also thank Jean Jancaitis and Joel Bunn for beginning communication with botanists and organizations nationwide that ultimately yielded information about the location of populations and potential collectors. Joel Bunn also graciously took me to a local ginseng population where he helped me collect tissue samples. Charles Werth provided valuable insight for regarding the genetic interpretation of polyploid banding patterns. In addition to other contacts too numerous to count, the following people assisted this research by providing tissue samples: Jim Allison, John Ambagis, Barbara Bohn, Jim Brandle, Pat Cox, Jen Cruse, Bernard Cyrus, Robert Eidus, Scott Harris, Steve Hill, Mike Homoya, Diana Horton, Brandy Jenks, Jacob Lindauer, Gary McCurry, Jim McGraw, Robert Moats, Andree Nault, Aubrey Neas, Martha Potvin, Doug Rogers, Tim Smith, Brian Watts, David White, and Jo Wolf. Finally, I am extremely grateful to my husband, Brian Grubbs, who provided constant encouragement and served as emergency back-up help for collecting trips, tissue accession, and ultracold crashes. Funding for this project was provided by the Jeffress Trust of Virginia, The Herb Society of America, Parks Canada, and a Minor Grant from The College of William and Mary. v List of Tables « Table 1. Tissue accessions used for allozyme analysis of American ginseng,Panax quinquifolius.............................................................................................................................. 42 Table 2. Number of loci and alleles attributed to each enzyme system utilized in data analyses ....................................................................................................................................43 Table 3. Diversity statistics forPanax quinquefolius populations........................................ 44 Table 4. Allele frequencies at polymorphic loci weighted for population size and averaged for wild and cultivated population groups................................................................................46 Table 5. Populations containing loci significantly different from Hardy-Weinberg expectations................................................................................................................................47 Table 6. F-statistics at all polymorphic loci for all examined populations (All) and wild (Wild) and cultivated (Cult.) groups .................................................................................. 49 Table 7. Average population level polymorphic loci (P), alleles per locus (A), expected heterozygosity(He), and gene diversity(Hs) for Panax quinquefolius and averages for species with similar breeding systems...................................................................................................50 Table 8. Species level polymorphic loci (P), alleles per locus (A), expected heterozygosity (He), and gene diversity(HT) for Panax quinquefolius and averages for species with similar range........................................................................................................................................... 51 vi List of Figures Figure 1. Approximate location of sampled populations.......................................................52 Figure 2. UPGMA phenogram produced from Nei’s(1978) unbiased genetic distances between all pairs of populations................................................................................................53 Figure 3. Plot of Panax quinquefolius populations resulting from Principal Components Analysis of allele frequencies........................................................ 54 Figure 4. Plot of wild populations resulting from Principal Components Analysis of allele frequencies................................................................................................................................