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Doctoral Dissertation Sustainable Peatland Management in Riau

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Doctoral Dissertation Sustainable Peatland Management in Riau Doctoral Dissertation Sustainable Peatland Management in Riau Province, in terms of Fire Risk, Biodiversity and Land Management PRAYOTO Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University September 2018 1 Sustainable Peatland Management in Riau Province, in terms of Fire Risk, Biodiversity and Land Management D154696 PRAYOTO A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation of Hiroshima University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ i List of figures ..................................................................................................................... v List of tables ...................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................................................ vii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Statement of Research Problem ............................................................................... 7 1.3 Aim and objective of the study................................................................................. 8 1.4 The significance of the study ................................................................................... 8 1.5 Scientific contribution of the study .......................................................................... 9 1.6 Dissertation structure ............................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2. Theoretical background and methodological approaches ................................. 12 2.1 Theoretical background ......................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Theoretical framework of sustainable peatland management ..................................... 12 2.1.1.1 Defining sustainable management ........................................................................... 12 2.1.1.2 Peatland management: issues and approaches ........................................................ 13 2.1.2 Theoretical frameworks of fire risk .............................................................................. 15 2.1.2.1 Defining fire risk ....................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2.2 Interaction between factor of human and climate on fire activities .......................... 15 2.1.2.3 Fire data................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.3 Theoretical frameworks of biodiversity ....................................................................... 19 2.1.3.1 Defining biodiversity ................................................................................................ 19 2.1.3.2 Threats to peatland biodiversity and approach......................................................... 19 2.1.4 The theoretical framework of land management ........................................................ 20 i 2.2 General description of peatland management in Indonesia ..................................... 21 2.2.1 Legal history of peatland management in Indonesia .................................................... 21 2.2.2 General descriptions of peatland in Riau ..................................................................... 24 2.3 Methodological approach ....................................................................................... 25 2.3.1 Method for land cover classification............................................................................ 25 2.3.2 Method for identification of land management and landholder .................................. 30 2.3.3 Method for mapping fire progression.......................................................................... 31 2.3.4 Method for burned area estimation and hotspot density ............................................ 31 2.3.5 Assessing drivers of fire with Maxent model ............................................................... 32 2.3.6 Method for biodiversity index ..................................................................................... 33 Chapter 3. Limitation of the use of satellites to identify who might be responsible for haze in Southeast Asia .............................................................................................................. 35 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................................... 38 3.2.1 Study area................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.2 Data collection ............................................................................................................ 39 3.2.3 Mapping burned areas and prior vegetation in the study area .................................... 40 3.2.4 Mapping fire progression ............................................................................................ 41 3.2.5 Landholder in the study area ....................................................................................... 42 3.3 Results and discussion ........................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Relationship between rainfall and fire ......................................................................... 44 3.3.2 Undeveloped peatlands are the target of fires and the fires spread into plantation ..... 45 3.3.3 Role of independent farmers inside concessions ......................................................... 46 3.3.4 Role of companies outside concessions ....................................................................... 47 3.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................. 50 Chapter 4. The driving force of fires and the recent peatland fires regimes in Riau ........... 52 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 52 4.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Study area and data collection .................................................................................... 56 4.2.2 Mapping deforestation, landholder, and hotspot ........................................................ 57 4.2.3 Assessing the drivers of fire with Maxent model ......................................................... 59 ii 4.2.2 Mapping Riau’s peatland post-fire land cover map in 2014 ......................................... 60 4.2.3 Identification of pre-fire land cover and hotspot in 2014 ............................................. 62 4.2.4 Identification of land management system ................................................................. 62 4.2.5 Landholders in 2014 .................................................................................................... 63 4.2.6 Map analysis and proximity analysis ............................................................................ 64 4.2.7 Statistical Analysis ....................................................................................................... 64 4.3 Results and discussion ........................................................................................... 64 4.3.1 Relationship between deforestation, landholder, and fire ........................................... 64 4.3.2 The drivers of fire ........................................................................................................ 68 4.3.3 Accuracy assessment for land cover classification in 2014 ........................................... 68 4.3.4 Land cover types and land management in 2014 ......................................................... 70 4.3.5 Land cover types and fire occurrences in 2014 ............................................................ 74 4.3.6 Land cover and fire under different land management in 2014 ................................... 75 4.3.7 Landholders and fires in 2014 ..................................................................................... 77 4.3.8 Proximity to roads and canals and fires in 2014 ........................................................... 81 4.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................. 83 Chapter 5. Woodland fires in Sumatra, in relation to climate and deforestation ................. 84 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 84 5.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................................... 87 5.2.1 Study area..................................................................................................................
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