Doctoral Dissertation Sustainable Peatland Management in Riau Province, in terms of Fire Risk, Biodiversity and Land Management PRAYOTO Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University September 2018 1 Sustainable Peatland Management in Riau Province, in terms of Fire Risk, Biodiversity and Land Management D154696 PRAYOTO A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation of Hiroshima University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ i List of figures ..................................................................................................................... v List of tables ...................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................................................ vii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Statement of Research Problem ............................................................................... 7 1.3 Aim and objective of the study................................................................................. 8 1.4 The significance of the study ................................................................................... 8 1.5 Scientific contribution of the study .......................................................................... 9 1.6 Dissertation structure ............................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2. Theoretical background and methodological approaches ................................. 12 2.1 Theoretical background ......................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Theoretical framework of sustainable peatland management ..................................... 12 2.1.1.1 Defining sustainable management ........................................................................... 12 2.1.1.2 Peatland management: issues and approaches ........................................................ 13 2.1.2 Theoretical frameworks of fire risk .............................................................................. 15 2.1.2.1 Defining fire risk ....................................................................................................... 15 2.1.2.2 Interaction between factor of human and climate on fire activities .......................... 15 2.1.2.3 Fire data................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.3 Theoretical frameworks of biodiversity ....................................................................... 19 2.1.3.1 Defining biodiversity ................................................................................................ 19 2.1.3.2 Threats to peatland biodiversity and approach......................................................... 19 2.1.4 The theoretical framework of land management ........................................................ 20 i 2.2 General description of peatland management in Indonesia ..................................... 21 2.2.1 Legal history of peatland management in Indonesia .................................................... 21 2.2.2 General descriptions of peatland in Riau ..................................................................... 24 2.3 Methodological approach ....................................................................................... 25 2.3.1 Method for land cover classification............................................................................ 25 2.3.2 Method for identification of land management and landholder .................................. 30 2.3.3 Method for mapping fire progression.......................................................................... 31 2.3.4 Method for burned area estimation and hotspot density ............................................ 31 2.3.5 Assessing drivers of fire with Maxent model ............................................................... 32 2.3.6 Method for biodiversity index ..................................................................................... 33 Chapter 3. Limitation of the use of satellites to identify who might be responsible for haze in Southeast Asia .............................................................................................................. 35 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................................... 38 3.2.1 Study area................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.2 Data collection ............................................................................................................ 39 3.2.3 Mapping burned areas and prior vegetation in the study area .................................... 40 3.2.4 Mapping fire progression ............................................................................................ 41 3.2.5 Landholder in the study area ....................................................................................... 42 3.3 Results and discussion ........................................................................................... 44 3.3.1 Relationship between rainfall and fire ......................................................................... 44 3.3.2 Undeveloped peatlands are the target of fires and the fires spread into plantation ..... 45 3.3.3 Role of independent farmers inside concessions ......................................................... 46 3.3.4 Role of companies outside concessions ....................................................................... 47 3.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................. 50 Chapter 4. The driving force of fires and the recent peatland fires regimes in Riau ........... 52 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 52 4.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Study area and data collection .................................................................................... 56 4.2.2 Mapping deforestation, landholder, and hotspot ........................................................ 57 4.2.3 Assessing the drivers of fire with Maxent model ......................................................... 59 ii 4.2.2 Mapping Riau’s peatland post-fire land cover map in 2014 ......................................... 60 4.2.3 Identification of pre-fire land cover and hotspot in 2014 ............................................. 62 4.2.4 Identification of land management system ................................................................. 62 4.2.5 Landholders in 2014 .................................................................................................... 63 4.2.6 Map analysis and proximity analysis ............................................................................ 64 4.2.7 Statistical Analysis ....................................................................................................... 64 4.3 Results and discussion ........................................................................................... 64 4.3.1 Relationship between deforestation, landholder, and fire ........................................... 64 4.3.2 The drivers of fire ........................................................................................................ 68 4.3.3 Accuracy assessment for land cover classification in 2014 ........................................... 68 4.3.4 Land cover types and land management in 2014 ......................................................... 70 4.3.5 Land cover types and fire occurrences in 2014 ............................................................ 74 4.3.6 Land cover and fire under different land management in 2014 ................................... 75 4.3.7 Landholders and fires in 2014 ..................................................................................... 77 4.3.8 Proximity to roads and canals and fires in 2014 ........................................................... 81 4.4 Conclusion............................................................................................................. 83 Chapter 5. Woodland fires in Sumatra, in relation to climate and deforestation ................. 84 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 84 5.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................................... 87 5.2.1 Study area..................................................................................................................