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Pengaruh Kerapatan Tumbuhan Terhadap

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Pengaruh Kerapatan Tumbuhan Terhadap PENGARUH KOMPOSISI TUMBUHAN TERHADAP POPULASI BURUNG DI TAMAN NASIONAL BATANG GADIS, SUMATERA UTARA (Effect of Plant Composition on Bird Population in Batang Gadis National Park, North Sumatra)* Oleh/By: Wanda Kuswanda Balai Penelitian Kehutanan Aek Nauli Sibaganding Km 10,5 Aek Nauli Parapat - 21174 Sumatera Utara Telp. (0625) 41659 dan 41653 Email : [email protected] *Diterima : 16 Januari 2009; Disetujui : 30 April 2010 i ABSTRACT Deforestation will cause bird species be endangered. The purpose of this research is to find the information of the effect of plant composition on bird species population and diversity which can be used for developing bird conservation program in Batang Gadis National Park (BGNP). This research was conducted in the year of 2006-2007 in the zones planned for the BGNP. Data were collected with the strip transect method for vegetation and the variable circular-plot method for bird. The number of plant species identified on 2.8 ha of research areas were 158 species. The highest plant composition consisting of total density, total frequency, and total dominancy components was found in sub-montana primary forest. The bird species diversity indices and the abundance indices ranged from 2.9 to 3.9 and from 27.2 to 69.1 respectiely. Bird population density was 1.06 individual/ha. The plant composition influenced 90.4% of diversity, 94.3% of abundance indices, and 67.3% of density value of bird species. Keywords: Batang Gadis National Park, bird, flora, population ABSTRAK Kerusakan hutan mengakibatkan beragam jenis burung menjadi terancam punah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi ilmiah mengenai pengaruh komposisi tumbuhan terhadap keanekaragaman jenis dan kepadatan burung sebagai bahan masukan untuk mengembangkan program konservasi burung di kawasan Taman Nasional Batang Gadis (TNBG). Penelitian dilakukan pada berbagai kawasan rencana zonasi TNBG, dari tahun 2006-2007. Pengumpulan data tumbuhan melalui analisis vegetasi menggunakan metode garis berpetak dan pengamatan burung menggunakan metode variable circular-plot method. Jenis tumbuhan yang teridentifikasi pada plot penelitian seluas 2,8 ha sebanyak 158 jenis dengan komposisi tumbuhan (kerapatan, frekuensi, dan dominansi total) tertinggi ditemukan pada hutan sub-pegunungan di zona inti. Indeks keanekaragaman jenis burung pada berbagai lokasi penelitian cukup tinggi, yaitu 2,9-3,9 dengan nilai kelimpahan jenis antara 27,2-69,1. Populasi burung sebesar 1,06 ind./ha atau dalam dugaan selang antara 0,4-1,73 ind./ha. Komposisi tumbuhan mempengaruhi sebesar 90,4% terhadap indeks keanekaragaman jenis burung, 94,3% terhadap kelimpahannya, dan 67,3% terhadap nilai kepadatan suatu jenis burung. Kata kunci: Taman Nasional Batang Gadis, burung, tumbuhan, populasi I. PENDAHULUAN lau Sumatera (Primark et al., 1998). Ha- bitat burung meliputi hutan tropis, rawa- Burung atau aves adalah anggota ke- rawa, padang rumput, pesisir pantai, te- lompok hewan bertulang belakang (verte- ngah lautan, gua-gua batu, perumahan, brata) yang memiliki bulu dan sayap. Di- bahkan di wilayah perkotaan. Burung te- perkirakan terdapat sekitar 8.800-10.200 lah memberikan banyak manfaat dalam spesies burung di seluruh dunia dan seki- kehidupan manusia, baik sebagai sumber tar 1.500 jenis di antaranya ditemukan di protein, peliharaan, perlombaan, maupun Indonesia serta 465 jenis terdapat di Pu- olahraga berburu. 193 Vol. VII No.2 : 193-213, 2010 Namun, ancaman perburuan liar yang seperti beragam jenis burung. Menurut terus meningkat menyebabkan beragam Conservation International-Indonesia jenis burung harus dilindungi karena po- (2004), pada kawasan TNBG sedikitnya pulasinya sudah dalam kondisi hampir teridentifikasi sekitar 247 jenis burung, di terancam punah (near threatened) sampai mana 47 jenis merupakan jenis burung terancam punah (endangered), seperti je- yang dilindungi di Indonesia, tujuh jenis nis dari famili Bucerotidae (IUCN, secara global terancam punah, dan 12 je- 2004). Begitu pula, aktivitas penebangan nis mendekati terancam punah. Hasil ini dan konversi hutan telah mengakibatkan menunjukkan bahwa kawasan TNBG te- jenis burung yang sensitif, seperti jenis lah menjadi habitat dan koridor jenis-je- burung pelatuk (Picidae) kepadatannya nis burung yang ada di Sumatera. Untuk semakin menurun (Lambert, 1992 dalam itu, pelestarian kawasan TNBG menjadi Partasasmita, 2003). Beberapa penelitian sangat penting dalam mendukung upaya menunjukkan bahwa perubahan struktur penyelamatan beragam jenis satwaliar dan komposisi tumbuhan akibat pema- langka, endemik, dan dilindungi, khusus- nenan kayu merubah kelimpahan dan ke- nya jenis-jenis burung. ragaman jenis burung (Welsh, 1987; Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menda- Thompson et al., 1999). patkan informasi ilmiah mengenai penga- Untuk melindungi habitat burung, pe- ruh kerapatan tumbuhan terhadap keane- merintah Indonesia telah memperluas ka- karagaman jenis dan kepadatan burung. wasan konservasi, baik berupa kawasan Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat pelestarian alam, kawasan suaka alam, menjadi bagian bahan masukan dalam maupun hutan lindung. Pada tahun 2005 mengembangkan program pelestarian bu- luas kawasan konservasi di Indonesia ha- rung dan kawasan TNBG pada umumnya nya sekitar 15,75 juta ha (Departemen secara komprehensif. Kehutanan, 2005) dan meningkat pada ta- hun 2009 menjadi 20,12 juta ha (Depar- temen Kehutanan, 2009). Salah satu ka- II. BAHAN DAN METODE wasan pelestarian alam yang ditunjuk berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Kehutan- A. Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian an No. SK 126/Menhut-II/2004 tentang Perubahan Fungsi dan Penunjukan Hutan Secara administratif pemerintahan ka- Lindung, Hutan Produksi Terbatas dan wasan TNBG masuk dalam wilayah Ka- Hutan Produksi Tetap sebagai Kawasan bupaten Madina, Provinsi Sumatera Uta- Pelestarian Alam dengan fungsi taman ra, yang meliputi 11 wilayah kecamatan nasional di Kabupaten Mandailing Natal dan bersinggungan dengan 71 desa ter- (Madina) Provinsi Sumatera Utara adalah masuk enclave di Desa Batahan. Secara Taman Nasional Batang Gadis (TNBG) geografis TNBG terletak pada kisaran ke- (Departemen Kehutanan, 2004) yang lu- tinggian 300-2.145 m dpl. Topografi pada asnya sekitar 108.000 ha atau 26% dari umumnya berupa perbukitan sampai pe- total luas Kabupaten Madina. Secara geo- gunungan dengan kemiringan rata-rata le- grafis TNBG terletak di antara 99°12'45" bih dari 40% dan terletak di daerah vul- sampai dengan 99°47'10" Bujur Timur kanis aktif dengan kondisi geologis yang dan 0°27'15" sampai dengan 1°01'57" labil. Jenis tanah di kawasan TNBG dido- Lintang Utara (Balai Konservasi Sumber- minasi oleh jenis Andosol, komplek Pod- daya Alam II Sumatera Utara, 2005). solik Merah Kuning-Latosol, komplek Kawasan TNBG meliputi hutan hujan Podsolik Coklat-Podsolik-Latosol, dan tropis dataran rendah sampai pegunungan Latosol. Jenis tanah tersebut secara dengan kandungan keanekaragaman ha- umum peka erosi sehingga eksistensi yati dan non hayati yang kaya dan unik, TNBG semakin krusial untuk dilindungi 194 Pengaruh Komposisi Tumbuhan terhadap Populasi Burung …(W. Kuswanda) dan dilestarikan guna terjaganya sistem vation International Indonesia (2004) ter- penyangga kehidupan, terutama perannya dapat 240 jenis tumbuhan berpembuluh sebagai pengatur tata air, pengatur iklim, (vascular plant) yang terdiri atas 47 suku dan pencegah erosi (Balai Konservasi atau sekitar 0,9% dari flora yang ada di Sumberdaya Alam II Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Distribusi kelas diameter tum- 2005). buhan mengikuti pola ‘J terbalik’ atau Kawasan TNBG masuk dalam Daerah distribusi eksponensial negatif yang men- Aliran Sungai (DAS) Batang Gadis, DAS jadi salah satu karakter di hutan alam tro- Batang Parlampungan, DAS Batang Ba- pika yang belum terganggu (Kartawinata tahan, dan DAS Batang Natal. DAS Ba- et al., 2004). Beberapa jenis tumbuhan tang Gadis sendiri mempunyai luas ku- langka di TNBG adalah bunga padma rang lebih 386.455 ha atau 58,37% dari (Raffesia sp.), Nepenthes sp., Hopea nig- luas daratan kabupaten dan di DAS Ba- ra Burck, dan Shorea platyclados Sloot. tang Gadis mengalir ± 943 sungai dan ex Foxw. anak sungai. Kawasan TNBG sendiri Menurut Balai KSDA II Sumut menjadi sumber air dari sungai dan anak (2006), berdasarkan penilaian potensi ka- sungai yang jumlahnya ± 1.175 buah. wasan TNBG maka disusun rencana per- Pola aliran sungai umumnya mengikuti untukan (masih dalam tahap proses peng- pola paralel, artinya pola aliran sungai usulan oleh pihak Balai TNBG) zonasi di bentuknya memanjang ke satu arah de- dalam kawasan TNBG meliputi (Gambar ngan cabang-cabang sungai kecil yang 1): datangnya dari arah lereng-lereng bukit 1. Zona inti, yang terdiri atas zona inti kemudian menyatu di sungai utama yang bagian utara/Mandailing dengan luas ± mengalir di lembahnya (Ismoyo, 2004). 20.250 ha dan zona inti bagian se- Ekosistem TNBG kemungkinan me- latan/Natal dengan luas ± 13.233 ha. rupakan zona hibridisasi (pertemuan/per- 2. Zona rimba, dengan luas keseluruhan silangan) dari jenis-jenis satwa khas Su- ± 65.947 ha. matera bagian selatan, utara, dan timur. 3. Zona pemanfaatan penelitian dan pe- Jenis mamalia yang ditemukan di TNBG ngembangan (litbang), yang terdiri sekitar 47 jenis, di antaranya harimau su- atas zona pemanfaatan litbang I de- matera (Panthera tigris sumatrae), tapir ngan luas ± 1.180 ha dan zona peman- (Tapirus indicus), beruang madu (He- faatan libang II dengan luas ± 2.616 larctos malayanus), rusa (Cervus unico- ha, zona pemanfaatan wisata alam de- lor), empat jenis primata, dan dua jenis
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