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RELIGIOUS CO-EXISTENCE IN MALAPPURAM: MYTH OR REALITY? BY MUNEER KUTTIYANI MUHAMMED A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master in Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage (UÎËl al-DÊn and Comparative Religion) Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia DECEMBER 2013 ABSTRACT Hindu-Muslim relation in Malappuram district of Kerala state in India is noteworthy in terms of its peaceful co-existence since the early Muslim presence in the region. However, there are some attempts that have been taking place to polarize the people of both communities, just like what the colonizers did during the period of colonial invasion. The purpose of the present study is to determine the status of religious co- existence prevailing in the current social realm of Malappuram in relation to its historical contributions towards Hindu-Muslim peaceful co-existence. The study also seeks the critical analysis of the denunciations put against the district and its people, which threatened the idea of peaceful co-existence and its practicability. The study examines the history, status and features of Religious co-existence in the district. The perception of Hindus on the majority Muslims have also been highlighted in the study. The methodology of the research is qualitative analysis through library study and examination of relevant information based on books, articles, websites, newspapers, reports of various agencies including the interviews of selected personalities. This study highlights the need for a peaceful inter-religious ambience in a society where different people of different faiths live together. The sustenance of the peaceful co- existence between the Muslims and Hindus can be maintained by reiterating the glorious history of the region which has been heavily emphasized in this study. ii ﺧﻼﺻﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ إنﱠ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﳌﺴﻠﻢ واﳍﻨﺪوﺳﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎﻻﺑﻮرام ﻣﻦ وﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﲑاﻻ ﰲ اﳍﻨﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺮة ﺑﺎﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﻨﺬُ وﺟﻮد اﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﰲ اﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ. ﻏﲑ أنﱠ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﶈﺎوﻻت اﳌﺘﻌﻤﺪة اﻟﱵ ﺟﺮت ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺘﲔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎً ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ اﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮ ﺧﻼل ﻓﱰة اﻟﻐﺰو اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎري.إنﱠ اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ اﻟﺪﻳﲏ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪة ﰲ اﺎل اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ اﳊﺎﱄ وﺻﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﳘﺎت اﻟﺘﺎرﳜﻴﺔ ﲡﺎﻩ اﳍﻨﺪوس واﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺎﻻﺑﻮرام. وﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ أﻳﻀﺎً ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﺪي ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ اﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﺿﺪ اﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ وﺷﻌﺒﻬﺎ، واﻟﱵ ﺪﱢد ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﳍﺎ. اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ اﳊﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﳜﻴﺔ وﺻﻮرة اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ اﻟﺪﻳﲏ ﰲ اﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ، وﻗﺪ ﰎﱠ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺮة اﳍﻨﺪوﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﳌﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ. ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل دراﺳﺎت ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻴﺔ، وﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ، واﳌﻘﺎﻻت، واﳌﻮاﻗﻊ، واﻟﺘﻘﺎرﻳﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻت ﲟﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎت ﳐﺘﺎرة ﰲ ﻣﻮاﺿﻴﻊ ذات ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ. وﺗُﱪز ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻷﺟﻮاء ﺳﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ اﻷدﻳﺎن ﰲ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻪ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻨﺎس، وﳐﺘﻠﻒ اﻷدﻳﺎن. ﳝﻜﻦ اﳊﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ اﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﲔ اﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ واﳍﻨﺪوس ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ اﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ، واﻟﺬي ﰎﱠ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ. iii APPROVAL PAGE I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage (UsËl al-DÊn & Comparative Religion). .................……………………………. Thameem Ushama Supervisor I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion, it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and qualify, as a dissertation for degree of Master of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage (UsËl al-DÊn & Comparative Religion). …..……………………………………. Haslina Ibrahim Internal Examiner This dissertation was submitted to the Department of UsËl al-DÊn & Comparative Religion and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage (UsËl al-DÊn & Comparative Religion). …..…………………………………… Thameem Ushama Head, Department of UsËl al-DÊn & Comparative Religion This dissertation was submitted to Kulliyyah of Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree Master of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage (UsËl al-DÊn & Comparative Religion). …..……………………………………. Ibrahim Mohamed Zein Dean, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences iv DECLARATION I do hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigation, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions. Muneer Kuttiyani Muhammed Signature…………………… …… Date…………………… v INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH Copyright © 2013 by Muneer Kuttiyani Muhammed. All rights reserved. RELIGIOUS CO-EXISTENCE IN MALAPPURAM: MYTH OR REALITY? No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below. 1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may only be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement. 2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make transmit copies (print of electronic) for institutional and academic purposes. 3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries. Affirmed by Muneer Kuttiyani Muhammed. …………………………….. ………………………….. Signature Date vi This study is dedicated to my beloved parents, Muhammed Rafeeque Moulavi and Khadeeja Beevi; my beloved life partner Shameera and our children; and to my guardians and well wishers in Al Jamia Al Islamiya, Santhapuram. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the name of Allah the most Merciful and the most Benevolent All praises be to Allah the Lord of the Universe. Let His regards and salutations be upon the Holy Prophet MuÍammad and his family and companions I would like to acknowledge, with gratitude, my respected supervisor Prof. Dr. Thameem Ushama, for his sincere assistance in guiding, supervising and advising me. Also, my gratitude goes to Dr. Haslina Ibrahim, whose critical examination and welcomed suggestions for constructive changes contributed in the completion of this thesis. I do owe special gratitude to Dr. Abdu Salam Ahmed, who facilitated this great opportunity to pursue my higher studies in IIUM and his valuable advices, instructions and constructive criticism which had a profound and positive impact on the successful completion of this study. I am extremely indebted to Al Jamia al Islamiya where from I inspired to pursue my higher studies in IIUM and for guiding and leading into the field of learning and knowledge. I extend my sincere thanks to IIIT for granting financial assistance throughout the last two years and unless its assistance, I would not be able complete the study. I would also like to extend my acknowledgements to all my teachers in IIUM, well wishers and friends especially Basheerudheen T.P and Abu Darru C.T who have assisted me by giving the required books. There are many other people who have helped me in many ways. Last but not least, I would like to pay high regards to my beloved father Muhammed Rafeeque Moulavi, dear mother Khadeeja Beevi and my wife Shameera for their sincere encouragement and inspiration throughout my research work and lifting me uphill this phase of life. May Allah, the Almighty, render His bounties and blessings on all of them. Finally, I state that I am alone responsible for the entire faults that remain in this thesis. May Allah accept this humble attempt and make it fruitful for this life and the hereafter. ÓmÊn. viii TABLE OF TRANSLITERATION Consonants Ö ض ‘ ء Ù ط B ب Ú ظ T ت ‘ ع Th ث Gh غ J ج F ف × ح Q ق Kh خ K ك D د L ل Dh ذ M م R ر N ن Z ز W و S س H ه Sh ش Y ي Ø ص Short Vowels Long Vowels Ó آ A ءَ Ô إي I ءِ Õ أ ُو U ءُ ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ........................................................................................................................... ii Abstract in Arabic ........................................................................................................... iii Approval Page ................................................................................................................ iv Declaration ...................................................................................................................... v Copyright Page ............................................................................................................... vi Dedication ..................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... viii Table of Transliteration .................................................................................................. ix List of Maps ............................................................................................................... ixiii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………...xiv List of Abbreviations …………… ................................................................................. xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1 1.1.
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    Why I became a Hindu Parama Karuna Devi published by Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Copyright © 2018 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved Title ID: 8916295 ISBN-13: 978-1724611147 ISBN-10: 1724611143 published by: Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Website: www.jagannathavallabha.com Anyone wishing to submit questions, observations, objections or further information, useful in improving the contents of this book, is welcome to contact the author: E-mail: [email protected] phone: +91 (India) 94373 00906 Please note: direct contact data such as email and phone numbers may change due to events of force majeure, so please keep an eye on the updated information on the website. Table of contents Preface 7 My work 9 My experience 12 Why Hinduism is better 18 Fundamental teachings of Hinduism 21 A definition of Hinduism 29 The problem of castes 31 The importance of Bhakti 34 The need for a Guru 39 Can someone become a Hindu? 43 Historical examples 45 Hinduism in the world 52 Conversions in modern times 56 Individuals who embraced Hindu beliefs 61 Hindu revival 68 Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj 73 Shraddhananda Swami 75 Sarla Bedi 75 Pandurang Shastri Athavale 75 Chattampi Swamikal 76 Narayana Guru 77 Navajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru 78 Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha 79 Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 79 Sarada Devi 80 Golap Ma 81 Rama Tirtha Swami 81 Niranjanananda Swami 81 Vireshwarananda Swami 82 Rudrananda Swami 82 Swahananda Swami 82 Narayanananda Swami 83 Vivekananda Swami and Ramakrishna Math 83 Sister Nivedita
  • Dictionary of Martyrs: India's Freedom Struggle

    Dictionary of Martyrs: India's Freedom Struggle

    DICTIONARY OF MARTYRS INDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1857-1947) Vol. 5 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala ii Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5 DICTIONARY OF MARTYRSMARTYRS INDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1857-1947) Vol. 5 Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala General Editor Arvind P. Jamkhedkar Chairman, ICHR Executive Editor Rajaneesh Kumar Shukla Member Secretary, ICHR Research Consultant Amit Kumar Gupta Research and Editorial Team Ashfaque Ali Md. Naushad Ali Md. Shakeeb Athar Muhammad Niyas A. Published by MINISTRY OF CULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF IDNIA AND INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH iv Dictionary of Martyrs: India’s Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Vol. 5 MINISTRY OF CULTURE, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA and INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH First Edition 2018 Published by MINISTRY OF CULTURE Government of India and INDIAN COUNCIL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH 35, Ferozeshah Road, New Delhi - 110 001 © ICHR & Ministry of Culture, GoI No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN 978-81-938176-1-2 Printed in India by MANAK PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD B-7, Saraswati Complex, Subhash Chowk, Laxmi Nagar, New Delhi 110092 INDIA Phone: 22453894, 22042529 [email protected] State Co-ordinators and their Researchers Andhra Pradesh & Telangana Karnataka (Co-ordinator) (Co-ordinator) V. Ramakrishna B. Surendra Rao S.K. Aruni Research Assistants Research Assistants V. Ramakrishna Reddy A.B. Vaggar I. Sudarshan Rao Ravindranath B.Venkataiah Tamil Nadu Kerala (Co-ordinator) (Co-ordinator) N.
  • Marxist Praxis: Communist Experience in Kerala: 1957-2011

    Marxist Praxis: Communist Experience in Kerala: 1957-2011

    MARXIST PRAXIS: COMMUNIST EXPERIENCE IN KERALA: 1957-2011 E.K. SANTHA DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SIKKIM UNIVERSITY GANGTOK-737102 November 2016 To my Amma & Achan... ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the outset, let me express my deep gratitude to Dr. Vijay Kumar Thangellapali for his guidance and supervision of my thesis. I acknowledge the help rendered by the staff of various libraries- Archives on Contemporary History, Jawaharlal Nehru University, C. Achutha Menon Study and Research Centre, Appan Thampuran Smaraka Vayanasala, AKG Centre for Research and Studies, and C Unniraja Smaraka Library. I express my gratitude to the staff at The Hindu archives and Vibha in particular for her immense help. I express my gratitude to people – belong to various shades of the Left - who shared their experience that gave me a lot of insights. I also acknowledge my long association with my teachers at Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur and my friends there. I express my gratitude to my friends, Deep, Granthana, Kachyo, Manu, Noorbanu, Rajworshi and Samten for sharing their thoughts and for being with me in difficult times. I specially thank Ugen for his kindness and he was always there to help; and Biplove for taking the trouble of going through the draft intensely and giving valuable comments. I thank my friends in the M.A. History (batch 2015-17) and MPhil/PhD scholars at the History Department, S.U for the fun we had together, notwithstanding the generation gap. I express my deep gratitude to my mother P.B.
  • Filippo Osella, University of Sussex, UK

    Filippo Osella, University of Sussex, UK

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by SOAS Research Online Chapter 9 “I am Gulf”: The production of cosmopolitanism among the Koyas of Kozhikode, Kerala Filippo Osella, University of Sussex & Caroline Osella, SOAS, University of London Introduction: Kozhikode and the Gulf A few weeks after our arrival in Kozhikode (known as Calicut during colonial times) we were introduced to Abdulhussein (Abdulbhai), an export agent who runs a family business together with his three younger brothers. He sat behind a desk in his sparsely furnished office on Beach Road. Abdulbhai is reading a Gujarati newspaper, while one of his younger brothers is talking on the phone in Hindi to a client from Bombay. The office is quiet and so is business: our conversation is only interrupted by the occasional friend who peeps into the office to greet Abdulbhai. He begins: Business is dead, all the godowns (warehouses) along the beach are closed; all the other exporters have closed down. But at my father’s time it was all different. During the trade season, there would be hundreds of boats anchored offshore, with barges full of goods going to and fro. There were boats from Bombay, from Gujarat, from Burma and Ceylon, but most of them belonged to Arabs. Down the road there were the British warehouses, and on the other end there is the Beach Hotel, only Britishers stayed there. The beach front was busy with carts and lorries and there were hundreds of Arab sailors walking up and down. The Arab boats arrived as soon as the monsoon was over, in October, and the last left the following May, before the rain started.