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Two Endemic Viverrids of the Western Ghats, India

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Two Endemic Viverrids of the Western Ghats, India Two endemic viverrids of the Western Ghats, India N. V. K. Ashraf, A. Kumar and A. J. T. Johnsingh The Malabar and brown palm civets, Viverra civettina and Paradoxurus jerdoni, are both endemic to the Western Ghats of south-west India. Little is known about them and in 1990 a survey was conducted in three parts of the Western Ghats to assess their status. This revealed that isolated populations of Malabar civet still survive in less disturbed areas of South Malabar but they are seriously threatened by habitat destruction and hunting because they are outside protected areas. The brown palm civet is not immediately threatened because there are about 25 protected areas within its distribution range. Recommendations have been made for conservation action to ensure the survival of these animals. Introduction Mountains, Madurai, Tamil Nadu. In the last 40 years, there have been only two possible Two of the seven species of civets in India, the sightings, one in Kudremukh in Karnataka Malabar civet Viverra civettina and the brown (Karanth, 1986) and the other in Tiruvella in palm civet Paradoxurus jerdoni, are endemic, Kerala (Kurup, 1989). Listed as 'possibly ex- being confined to the Western Ghats of south- tinct' in the IUCN Mammal Red Data Book of west India (Figure 1). These are the only two 1978 (Thornback, 1978), the species was redis- Indian viverrids described as priority species covered in Elayur, a locality in the lowland for conservation by the Mustelid and Viverrid Western Ghats, in Malappuram district, Specialist Group (M&VSG) of the IUCN/SSC Kerala (Kurup, 1989). (Schreiber et al., 1989). Despite their rarity, The current distribution of the Malabar they have received little scientific or conser- civet is not clearly understood. Most pub- vation attention. A 3-month preliminary sur- lished reports suggest that it is largely a vey of these two species was conducted from species of lowland tracts of the Western Ghats April to June 1990. This was organized by the Qerdon, 1874; Pocock, 1939; Prater, 1948). It Wildlife Institute of India, under the initiative has also been reported from the elevated tracts of M&VSG with funding from the Zoological of Wynad, Coorg (Jerdon, 1874) and High Society for the Conservation of Species and Wavy Mountains of Western Ghats (Hutton, Populations, Germany. 1949). Malabar civet Brown palm civet The Malabar civet is one of four viverrids list- The brown palm civet was sighted by A. ed as endangered in the 1990 IUCN Red List of Kumar in 1983 and 1990, and by Chandrasekar Threatened Animals (Thornback et al., 1990). (1989) in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary The species was not recorded during surveys (previously Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary) of conducted by the Zoological Society of Tamil Nadu, and also by E. R. C. Davidar (in London and by the British Museum (Natural Schreiber et al., 1989) in Coonoor, Tamil Nadu. History) in the early part of this century Because these sightings and most of the mu- (Kurup, 1989). Hutton (1949), however, re- seum specimens were from the elevated moist ported this species from the High Wavy forests of the Western Ghats, it probably 109 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 02 Oct 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300020640 N. N. K. ASHRAF, A. KUMAR AND A. J. T. JOHNSINGH 76' 3. to assess the feasibility of long-term ecologi- cal studies on these species. Survey areas and methods The selection of survey areas was based on re- cent reports of sightings and captures of Malabar and brown palm civets. The precise collection locality is known for only two out of about 11 museum specimens of Malabar civet. Both were obtained in 1987 from Elayur, Kerala (South Malabar). Elayur and adjoining areas of Calicut and Palghat districts of Kerala were, therefore, selected for the survey (Figure 1). The only two recent sightings of Malabar civet are from Kudremukh in Karnataka • Major cities Lowland Western Ghats (Karanth, 1986) and Tiruvella in Kerala • Areas surveyed Elevated Western Ghats (Kurup, 1989). The former (600 sq km) was se- A Areas recommended for Malabar Civet Survey WS Wildlife sanctuary lected because it is the only protected area from which this animal has been reported. Figure 1. Areas surveyed and areas recommended Moreover, it falls within the distribution range for further survey in parts of south-west India. of the northern subspecies of the brown palm civet P. j. caniscus. Another area selected for occurs in other protected areas as well. Two brown palm civet was Indira Gandhi Wildlife subspecies of brown palm civet are recog- Sanctuary (987 sq km). nized, the southern P. ;. jerdoni and the north- Methods included interviews with Forest ern P. ]. caniscus. Department staff, tribal people, native Unlike the Malabar civet, most museum hunters, Ayurvedic physicians, civet rearers specimens of brown palm civet were collected and trappers. Brochures with pictures of from moist forests above 500 m altitude. While Malabar civet, small Indian civet Viverricula the rarer P. j. caniscus is known from North indica, and common palm civet Paradoxurus and South Coorg hills, the better known P. ;'. hermaphroditus were distributed in the jerdoni is reported from the southern parts of Malabar civet survey areas. Other methods in- Western Ghats, namely Nilgiris, Anaimalais, cluded night transects and watch-tower obser- Palni and also Travancore (Pocock, 1939). vations using a spotlight. There are few Recent records of this species from Coonoor motorable roads, which restricted the use of (in Nilgiris) and Indira Gandhi Wildlife vehicle for transects. Attempts were made to Sanctuary (in Anaimalais) further suggest that sample all vegetation types, but where there it inhabits the elevated mountain Ghats. The had been recent sightings these were more in- species has not been reported in recent years tensively surveyed. Information was also from the lowland tracts of Malabar and gathered on habitat preferences of the species. Travancore. For watch-tower observations, small wooden The aims of the preliminary survey were: platforms were erected as vantage points for 1. to assess the status and conservation needs overnight observations, near fruiting trees, of Malabar and brown palm civets in selected natural water points, deep gorges or tunnels. areas in their distribution range; This method was used most in Indira Gandhi 2. to gather information on their ecology and Wildlife Sanctuary for sighting the brown habitat preferences and; palm civet. 110 ORYX VOL 27 NO 2 APRIL 1993 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 02 Oct 2021 at 17:56:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300020640 VIVERRIDS OF WESTERN GHATS 300 Plantation types V Cashew/Rubber T Areca (Betel-Nut) A # X %. t Coconut t/ \ \ 11 Paddy -- 150 k Figure 2. A general profile of ,nui plantation types in South I J \. Malabar where isolated Hill top a Upper slope Lower slope Valley populations of Malabar civet 500 1000 1500 Distance (m) Results and discussion people interviewed were not even aware of the existence of the species. The local name for The survey for the Malabar civet covered the species, jawad, is popular among the re- about 105 km, mostly on foot, in 84 hours in maining 10 per cent, who are mainly hunters, different plantation types in Elayur and the trappers, Ayurvedic physicians and civet rear- nearby village of Poongode. The exact dis- ers. None of the six hunters interviewed in tance covered in each vegetation type was dif- Kudremukh National Park recognized the ficult to estimate because of the complicated Malabar civet. mosaic of plantation types. However, most Out of 22 areas surveyed, seven had had time was spent in cashew plantations and one or more captive Malabar civets sometime along the edges of slopes and riparian borders during the past 30 years for collecting 'civet- of valleys. At Kudremukh National Park, little musk'. While musk is collected from the small field-work could be carried out because of tor- Indian civet without restraining the animal, rential rain. musk is obtained from the Malabar civet by For the brown palm civet, about 170 km was special manipulation. The civet-musk of the covered in tropical evergreen forest, moist de- Malabar civet is said to have been in ciduous forest and plantations in 34 night- widespread use 20-25 years ago. hours of vehicle transect in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary. Foot transects covered a Ecology. Natural forests have completely dis- distance of 35 km in evergreen forests in about appeared in the entire stretch of the coastal 11 hours. Watch-tower observations lasted 64 Western Ghats due to early colonization by hours during 9 nights. Almost all the obser- man. The present vegetation is, therefore, of vation points were near fruiting trees. secondary origin (Champion and Seth, 1968), and consists mostly of plantations. These plan- tations follow a pattern according to the ter- Malabar civet rain and presence of riparian areas. Cashew, Although no Malabar civets were seen, evi- rubber and sometimes coconut plantations are dence of their existence was found in parts of found on the drier hill tops and upper slopes, South Malabar: skins of two animals captured while the lower moist slopes are planted with in 1987 and 1990 were found in Poongode and betel-nut palms. The valleys are dominated by a defecation site (civetry) was discovered in paddy fields and sometimes coconut (Figure Elayur. 2). Of these, the cashew plantations are the Scarcely anybody in the survey areas recog- least disturbed.
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