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What the Gringos Brought: a Critical Examination of a Privately Protected Area in Chilean Patagonia

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What the Gringos Brought: a Critical Examination of a Privately Protected Area in Chilean Patagonia University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2017 WHAT THE GRINGOS BROUGHT: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF A PRIVATELY PROTECTED AREA IN CHILEAN PATAGONIA Elena Louder University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Part of the Nature and Society Relations Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Louder, Elena, "WHAT THE GRINGOS BROUGHT: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF A PRIVATELY PROTECTED AREA IN CHILEAN PATAGONIA" (2017). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 11067. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11067 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WHAT THE GRINGOS BROUGHT: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF A PRIVATELY PROTECTED AREA IN CHILEAN PATAGONIA By ELENA LOUDER Bachelors of Science, University of Montana, Missoula, 2013 Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Resource Conservation, International Conservation and Development The University of Montana Missoula, MT Summer 2017 Approved By: Dr. Keith Bosak, Chair Department of Society and Conservation Dr. Brian Chaffin Department of Society and Conservation Dr. Sarah Halvorson Department of Geography i Louder, Elena, M.S., Summer 2017 What the Gringos Brought: A Critical Examination of a Privately Protected Area in Chilean Patagonia Chairperson: Dr. Keith Bosak Abstract Neoliberal ideology increasingly underscores many mainstream efforts to conserve biodiversity. This research explores this convergence through an in-depth case study of a privately owned park located in Chilean Patagonia. In two complementary chapters, I assess the social and cultural impacts of the project, and examine the role of discourse in the process of communicating and constructing the park. In the first chapter I draw from interview data collected from September through December of 2016 and explore the perspectives of local people with a variety of relationships to the project. In the second I employ a critical discourse analysis of park promotional materials to examine ways in which representations of the project highlight the heroic role of Northern actors while concealing the projects relationship to neoliberal capitalism. Through my analysis, I show that the project has precipitated a host of deleterious social impacts: local people expressed feelings of loss, powerlessness, and concern that their way of life is being eroded by outside forces. Conjoined, the two chapters display how the complex experiences of local people are rendered illegible in discourses produced for global audiences. I argue that apparently matter-of-fact park discourses extend the legitimation of capitalist modes of conservation, and play a critical role in silencing the dissent of local people. ii Acknowledgements This research was supported by a grant from the United States Forest Service International Programs, and made possible with the help and wisdom of many people. I would like to thank my committee chair Keith Bosak for his steadfast guidance and support throughout the research process, as well as my committee members Brian Chaffin and Sarah Halvorson for their insightful comments, helpful suggestions, and belief in me. Field research would not have been possible without the assistance and friendship of Gabriela Reyes, Mauricio Inostroza, and Honorindo Vasquez, three huge-hearted Patagonians who welcomed a stranger into their world. I also thank Heidi Blair with whom I navigated the complexity of Aysén on many levels. Lastly I thank my friends and family for their love and ever-open ears and minds. iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Local Perceptions of Patagonia Park............................................................................. 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 5 Background ............................................................................................................................... 12 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 21 Discussion and Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 49 References ................................................................................................................................. 53 Chapter 3: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Park Materials ........................................................ 58 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 58 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................. 61 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 66 Results and Discussion .............................................................................................................. 70 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 81 References ................................................................................................................................. 82 Chapter 4: Conclusion................................................................................................................... 85 Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 87 iv List of Figures Figure 1. Location of Valle Chacabuco relative to Chile, Aysén province, and in detail .............. 3 Figure 2. Binary photographs illustrating the future of Patagonia ................................................ 72 Figure 3. An example of a former gaucho now employed by the park ........................................ 77 Figure 4. Recreating the gaucho experience for visitors ............................................................... 78 v Chapter 1: Introduction Tucked in the narrow sliver of country separating the Andes from the Pacific Ocean, Chilean Patagonia’s Valle Chacabuco is being transformed from a working sheep ranch into a Yellowstone-style national park. Purchased in 2004 by a North American NGO, the former ranch is now an example of a privately protected area (PPA), an increasingly popular trend in global conservation efforts (Stolton et al. 2014). Just downslope from the tallest peaks dividing Chile from Argentina, the park lies in Aysén, the northernmost province of Patagonia. ‘Patagonia’ is a term applied differently by different people. It is a region defined more by common customs and history than lines on a map. Like all of Patagonia, Aysén is home to a pioneer culture, welcoming people, and stunning landscapes. Settled just over a century ago, the province is sparsely populated, a place where the most likely traffic jam is with a flock of sheep. Despite its remoteness, the region is rapidly changing. The park vows to bring tourists from around the world and forecasts a new local economy based on conservation and ecotourism. In this thesis, I present an in-depth case study of this process of transformation. The research is broken into two complementary chapters. In the first, I draw from interviews collected from September through December of 2016. The interviews are from a range of perspectives: park rangers, administrators, non-park affiliated local residents, and a public protected area manager. In this first chapter, I present the ways that local people are experiencing the park, and hope to contribute to the dearth of critical attention directed at the social impacts of PPAs. In the second chapter, I present a critical discourse analysis of materials promoting the park. I examine websites, videos, blogs, and advertising, and dissect the ways discourse transforms Valle Chacabuco. In both chapters, I situate the research in the growing 1 body
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