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La Patagonia Chilena: Un Nuevo El Dorado Para El Turismo Científico Fabien Bourlon, Pascal Mao

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La Patagonia Chilena: Un Nuevo El Dorado Para El Turismo Científico Fabien Bourlon, Pascal Mao La Patagonia Chilena: Un nuevo El Dorado para el Turismo Científico Fabien Bourlon, Pascal Mao To cite this version: Fabien Bourlon, Pascal Mao. La Patagonia Chilena: Un nuevo El Dorado para el Turismo Científico. Ñire Negro, pp.240, 2016, Mauricio Osorio, 978-956-8647-26-1. halshs-01496851 HAL Id: halshs-01496851 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01496851 Submitted on 10 Apr 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License La Patagonia Chilena: ¿El Dorado del Turismo Científico? VERSION AUTORES ANTES DE EDICION Fabien BOURLON, Departamento de Turismo Sustentable y Turismo Científico, Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Región de Aysén, Chile Pascal MAO, Institut de Géographie Alpine, CERMOSEM, Territoires, UMR Pacte, Universidad Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, Francia Índice Introducción ................................................................................................................................... ix Capítulo 1. Las cuatro formas de turismo científico ................................................................. 14 1.1. El turismo de exploración y de aventura con dimensión científica ..................................... 15 1.2. El turismo cultural de contenido científico ......................................................................... 18 1.3. El ecovoluntariado científico .............................................................................................. 19 1.4. Turismo de investigación científica .................................................................................... 20 Capítulo 2. El turismo científico: ¿Un nuevo nicho turístico? ................................................. 23 2.1. El turismo científico se centra en la experiencia más que en el consumo turístico ............ 23 2.2. El turismo científico: forma alternativa y nicho turístico ................................................... 24 Tabla 1: Síntesis de la cuatro formas de turismo científico ............................................................... 27 Capítulo 3. El sur de la Patagonia chilena, un wilderness marcado por “una tormenta de imaginario” (Schneier-Madanes, 1996) ...................................................................................... 29 3.1. Un espacio natural diversificado ......................................................................................... 29 3.2. Un espacio de wilderness, de límites y confines geográficos ............................................. 31 3.3. Un espacio al límite del territorio ecúmene ........................................................................ 34 3.3.1. Los pueblos indígenas de la Patagonia chilena ........................................................................ 35 3.3.2. Los albores de la colonización de la Patagonia chilena (desde el siglo XVI hasta mediados siglo XIX) ........................................................................................................................................... 40 3.3.3. La colonización de la Patagonia chilena (desde mediados del siglo XIX) .............................. 41 3.3.4. La situación demográfica actual ............................................................................................... 44 3.4. Un espacio cargado de imágenes y símbolos ...................................................................... 44 3.4.1. La Patagonia, un espacio cultural originado por la literatura .................................................. 44 3.4.2. Un espacio de utopías por excelencia ..................................................................................... 45 3.4.3. Una imagen atractiva y comercial ............................................................................................ 48 3.5. El problema del desarrollo territorial y del turismo en la Patagonia chilena ...................... 49 3.5.1. La depredación de los recursos naturales ................................................................................. 49 3.5.2. El turismo en la Patagonia ........................................................................................................ 50 3.5.3. El turismo en los espacios periféricos de la Patagonia chilena ................................................ 51 Capítulo 4. La Patagonia chilena: una larga historia de exploración científica ..................... 56 4.1. Primer periodo: la "Era de los Descubrimientos" en los confines de las tierras conocidas, desde el siglo XVI hasta mediados del siglo XVIII ................................................................... 57 4.1.1. Magallanes y Pigafetta: la Patagonia aparece en las representaciones occidentales ................ 57 4.1.2. Los españoles intentan expandir su influencia hasta Sudamérica meridional ......................... 62 i 4.1.3. Los conquistadores y las misiones jesuitas: entre la evangelización y la búsqueda de la Ciudad de los Césares ........................................................................................................................ 64 4.1.4. El naufragio de la fragata inglesa Wager en los archipiélagos de la Patagonia chilena ........... 67 4.2. Segundo periodo: los “viajes de exploración científica” desde mediados del siglo XVIII hasta finales del siglo XIX ......................................................................................................... 70 4.2.1. Bougainville y Cook conciben una nueva forma de viajes exploración de dimensión científica ............................................................................................................................................. 71 4.2.2. Alcide d’Orbigny y Darwin, los viajeros naturalistas en la Patagonia ..................................... 74 4.3. Tercer periodo: viajes de exploración y de aventuras de dimensión científica, desde finales del siglo XIX y durante el siglo XX ............................................................................... 80 4.3.1. Los escritores viajeros de la Patagonia continental .................................................................. 80 4.3.2. Los exploradores de los nuevos territorios patagónicos ........................................................... 83 4.3.3. Los científicos - viajeros en la Patagonia ................................................................................. 88 4.3.4. Los aventureros deportivos en la Patagonia ............................................................................. 94 4.3.5. El desarrollo de un turismo cultural y de naturaleza .............................................................. 101 Capítulo 5. Las formas contemporáneas del turismo científico en la Patagonia chilena .... 105 5. 1. Turismo de exploración o de aventura con dimensión científica en la Patagonia chilena .................................................................................................................................................. 106 5.1.1. Expedición en kayak de mar de Cristian Donoso en los fiordos patagónicos (2007–2008) .. 106 5.1.2. Georuta Andina: una travesía en bicicleta por América del Sur al servicio de la mediación de las ciencias de la tierra (2008 – 2009) ......................................................................................... 107 5. 2. Turismo cultural de dimensión científica en la Patagonia chilena ................................... 108 5.2.1. La Escuela de Guías de la Patagonia: cómo formar actores locales en el marco de estadías ecoturísticas ...................................................................................................................................... 109 5.2.2. CONAF, hacia la implementación de un sistema de gestión medioambiental y de una filial ecoturística ....................................................................................................................................... 111 5.2.3. Las bases de una oferta ecoturística local e internacional en la Patagonia chilena ................ 112 5.3. El ecovoluntariado científico en la Patagonia chilena ...................................................... 117 5.3.1. Proyecto "Biodiversidad de Aysén": ecovoluntariado en las áreas protegidas de la Región de Aysén ........................................................................................................................................... 117 5.3.2. Ecovoluntariado arqueológico en el Valle Chacabuco (2009-2011) ..................................... 120 5. 4. Turismo de investigación científica la Patagonia chilena ................................................ 123 5.4.1. Proyecto franco-chileno de perforación glaciar en el San Valentín, campo de hielo Norte .. 123 5.4.2. Los centros regionales de investigación: protagonistas de los proyectos científicos que se desarrollan en la Patagonia chilena .................................................................................................. 126 5.5. Las formas híbridas de turismo científico en la
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