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Private Conservation in Latin America – Impacts on Local and Regional Development with Focus on Chile

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Private Conservation in Latin America – Impacts on Local and Regional Development with Focus on Chile Private Conservation in Latin America – Impacts on local and regional development with focus on Chile Benedikt Hora Matrikelnummer: 0816431 A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Geo- and Atmospheric Sciences of the University of Innsbruck, Austria, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography at the Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Supervised by em. o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Axel Borsdorf Innsbruck, 25.10.2018 2 Dedicated to my beloved family, Carla and Helena, and to my wonderful parents, Michael and Theresia 3 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor em. o.Univ.-Prof. Dr. Axel Borsdorf for supporting me during my PhD with advice. He helped me to organize the PhD and disseminate the research at conferences, such as the Mountains of Our Future Earth conference in Perth/ Scotland in 2015. Furthermore, I want to thank Univ.-Prof. Dr. Martin Coy, who advised me during my PhD. I express my thanks to all the interviewees in Valdivia, Santiago de Chile, Neltume and Chaitén, who were kind enough to answer the research questions. Furthermore, I want to thank all the persons who participated in the questionnaires during the fieldwork in Neltume and Chaitén. I am also thankful for financial support from the Vice Rectory of Science in Innsbruck, who provided me with a on financial assistance relating to travel and publishing provided by the Faculty of Geo- and Atmospheric Science. e year grant between 05.2015 and 05.2016. I’m also grateful for Last but not least, I wish to thank my family for their patience, inspiration and motivation. Thanks also to Bernadette Hora, Christoph Huber and Michael McCluskey for proofreading. 4 Content Content Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Content ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Erweiterte Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Extended Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 Resumen ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Disciplinary roots of geographic Latin American studies in German speaking countries ... 12 1.2 The history of protected areas with examples in Germany, Austria and Chile ......................... 16 1.3 Biosphere Reserve Program........................................................................................................................... 25 2 Private Protected Areas in Latin America ......................................................................................................... 28 2.1 Chile the private conservation paradise? .............................................................................................. 30 2.1.1 Parque Pumalín ................................................................................................................................................ 32 – 2.1.2 The case of Reserva Biológica Huilo Huilo............................................................................................ 34 2.1.3 The case of the Oncol park .......................................................................................................................... 36 3 Hypothesis and research questions ..................................................................................................................... 39 4 Theoretical background ........................................................................................................................................... 40 5 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................................... 42 6 Results .............................................................................................................................................................................. 47 7 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................................................... 50 8 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................................... 52 9 References ...................................................................................................................................................................... 54 10 Directory of illustrations, tables and abbreviations ................................................................................... 64 11 Appendix Published Articles in Original Format ..................................................................................... 65 – 5 Erweiterte Zusammenfassung Erweiterte Zusammenfassung Seit den 1990er Jahren kam es in Lateinamerika, insbesondere in Chile zu zahlreichen Neugründungen von privaten Schutzgebieten. Die Initiative entstand sowohl von inländischen, wie auch von ausländischen Investoren. Deren Ziele variieren von einem reinen Schutzgedanken bis zu gewinnorientierten Tourismusdestinationen. Die Fläche der privaten Schutzgebiete in Chile beträgt inzwischen 1.651.916 ha und hat somit einen Anteil von 2,2 % an der Gesamtfläche des Landes. Dadurch ist Chile nach Belize (5,7 %) und Costa Rica (5,19 %) der Staat mit dem drittgrößten Flächenanteil in Lateinamerika, der unter privaten Schutz gestellt wurde. Ein im Zuge der Doktorarbeit veröffentlichter Review Artikel (Private Protected Areas in Latin America: Between conservation, sustainability goals and economic interests. A Review; Hora et al. 2018) erläutert das Phänomen im lateinamerikanischen Kontext. Privater Naturschutz nimmt in Chile auch in der Regionalentwicklung eine außerordentliche wichtige Stellung ein. Diese Doktorarbeit veranschaulicht anhand von ausgewählten Beispielen die Auswirkungen von Privatparks auf deren Umgebung. Die ersten beiden (Reserva Biológica de Huilo Huilo, Parque Pumalín) der drei Fallbeispiele wurden anhand ihrer relativen Vergleichbarkeit ausgewählt. Beide privaten Schutzgebietsprojekte ähneln sich in ihrer Bekanntheit, Größe, regionalen Bedeutung und befinden sich in demselben Biosphärenreservat (Bosques Templados Lluviosos de los Andes Australes). Der Parque Oncol als drittes Fallbeispiel ist wesentlich kleiner und dieses unter Schutz gestellte Ökosystem befindet sich auf der Küstenkordillere. Die Fläche Reserva Biológica de Huilo Huilo von 100.000 ha entstand aus der Abwicklung des forstwirtschaftlichen Betriebs Complejo Forestal y Maderero Panguipulli Mitte der 1990er Jahre. Neben den Outdooraktivitäten bietet das Reserva Luxushotellerie an. Die Feldarbeit zur Fallstudie wurde im März 2016 in der Ortschaft Neltume durchgeführt. Die Mehrheit der Dorfbewohner hat einen persönlichen wirtschaftlichen Vorteil durch das Reserva. Lediglich diejenigen, die weiterhin in der Forstwirtschaft arbeiten, sehen einen Nachteil. Die Befragten, die im Tourismus arbeiten, klagen außerdem über die starke Saisonalität ihrer Arbeit (Hochsaison: Dezember Februar). Die Feminisierung des Arbeitsmarktes unterzieht sich einem bedeutenden Wandel. In vielen Haushalten sorgen die Frauen jetzt für ihr eigenes Einkommen, da sie mehr Arbeitsmöglichkeiten– sowohl innerhalb als auch außerhalb des Huilo Huilo Projektes haben. Auch wurden öffentliche Infrastrukturprojekte durch den Tourismus gefördert. Inzwischen ist die einstmals schwer zu erreichende Region über eine geteerte Schnellstraße mit dem chilenischen Straßennetz verbunden. protected areas contribute to sustainable development? A case study from the Huilo Huilo Biological Reserve in Neltume,Aus Chile;dieser Hora Untersuchung 2017). entstand der Artikel “Do large private Als weiteres Beispiel wurde der Parque Pumalín in der Region Los Lagos untersucht. Dieser 1991 gegründete Park wurde von dem Unternehmer Douglas Tompkins gegründet. Mit 284.6300 ha ist dieser Park das zweitgrößte private Schutzgebiet in Chile und gilt als das prominenteste Beispiel privater Schutzgebiete. Das private Naturschutzgebiet Parque Pumalín entstand Anfang der 1990er Jahre auf der Initiative des US-Amerikaners und Gründer der Marken North Face, Esprit u.a., Douglas Tompkins. Davor war das Gebiet in der Hand einiger Großgrundbesitzer. Dieser Park befindet sich im Fjordland der Los Lagos Region in der Nähe der Gemeinde Chaitén. Mit 290.000 (Weischet 1970) wurde Chaitén für die Befragung der Bevölkerung ausgewählt, da es in unmittelbarerha ist er der Nähegrößte zum private Parque Park Pumalín in Chile. liegt. Im Die siedlungsarmen wichtigsten Zugänge “patagonischen zu diesem ParkUrwaldchile” sind von dort aus am leichtesten zu erreichen. Chaitén bildet eine wichtige Etappenstation an der Carretera Austral. Die Kleinstadt wurde 2008 vom Ausbruch des gleichnamigen Vulkans und des darauffolgenden
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