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A Posthumanist Account of the Río Cruces Disaster in Valdivia, Chile

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A Posthumanist Account of the Río Cruces Disaster in Valdivia, Chile SWANS, ECOLOGICAL STRUGGLES AND ONTOLOGICAL FRACTURES: A Posthumanist Account of the Río Cruces Disaster in Valdivia, Chile by Claudia Sepúlveda A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies (Geography) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) February 2016 © Claudia Sepúlveda, 2016 Abstract This is a dissertation on ontological struggles –that is, struggles between competing ways of performing the world. More precisely, I study the ontological opening resulting from such struggles once what I call dominant performations are exposed to revision and room is made for non-dominant ontologies, such as alternative human/nature entanglements. I analyze the ontological opening provoked by a landmark event in Valdivia, Chile: the Río Cruces ecological disaster that since 2004 has affected a protected wetland and its colony of black-necked swans. The disaster, that followed the installation of a new pulp-mill by ARAUCO, one of the world’s largest pulpwood companies, sparked an unprecedented mobilization with long-lasting effects. Staying close to the “doings” of the actors, my political ontological interpretation describes, first, how the disaster exposed ARAUCO’s environmental practices as constitutive of its way of performing the forest business and, doing so, also fractured Chile’s until then dominant business model. Second, I describe how the disaster revealed the workings of environmental procedures and the techno-scientific knowledges upon which they were based provoking the breakdown of Chile’s environmental edifice and its ensuing reform. Third, I follow the ontological struggle that the disaster unleashed around Valdivia’s identity once dominant performations tied to the city’s industrial past were confronted. I describe how historical entanglements between Valdivians and rivers became the substrate of a reconfigured identity closely connected to wetlands. Finally, I attend to the centrality that the actors attribute to the swans in explaining the disaster’s effects. Despite no meaningful bond with the swans existed before 2004 I conclude that the swan’s “suffering” was the most agentive force within the struggle. I take this finding as evidence of the non- dominant nature/human entanglements that surfaced once dominant realities were fractured. In contrast to critiques that conceive of local mobilizations as failing to embody a fully transformative potential this conclusion demonstrates that single-issue ecological struggles may contribute to the world’s politicization. On the one side, by allowing non-dominant ontologies to manifest and travel more freely and, on the other, by expanding the borders of the political community to previously ignored actors, both human and nonhuman. ii Preface This dissertation is an original intellectual product of the author. The fieldwork reported from Chapters 3 to 9 was covered by UBC Ethics Certificate H12-02249, granted on September 7 of 2012 by the Behavioral Research Ethics Board to the research titled “Swans, Ecological Struggles and Ontological Openings: A Posthumanist Account of the Río Cruces Disaster in Valdivia, Chile.” The following book chapter, describing the theoretical approach applied in the present dissertation, was published in 2015: Sepúlveda, Claudia and Juanita Sundberg. 2015. “Aperturas Ontológicas, Multiplicidad y Performación: Ampliando la Agenda de una Ecología Política Posthumanista a Partir de Reflexiones Sobre el Desastre del Río Cruces, en Valdivia”. Pp. 167-191 in Ecología Política en Chile: Poder, Naturaleza, Conocimiento edited by Beatriz Bustos, Manuel Prieto and Jonathan Barton. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria. iii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................................... ii Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................................. vi List of Photographs .................................................................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................ viii Foreword by the Author .......................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction: Why this Research? …………………………………………...………1 Chapter 2: Tracing and Describing the Ontological Opening Provoked by the Río Cruces Disaster: Methodological Strategy and Analytical Tools ......................................................................................... 31 2.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.2 Methodological Approach .................................................................................................................................................... 33 2.3 Methodological Strategy ....................................................................................................................................................... 35 2.3.1 Ontological Fractures and their Effects ..................................................................................................................... 35 2.3.2 Traces and Agencies ........................................................................................................................................................... 38 2.3.3 Sources and Descriptions ................................................................................................................................................. 42 2.3.4 Tracing the Surfacing of Non-dominant Ontologies ............................................................................................. 45 2.3.5 Narrating the Ontological Opening ............................................................................................................................... 47 2.4 Analytical Tools ........................................................................................................................................................................ 49 2.4.1 Opening the Black-boxes of Science ............................................................................................................................ 50 2.4.2 Tracing (and Flattening) the Materiality of “the Social” ..................................................................................... 53 2.4.3 Making Actors Speak: Posthumanism’s Political Project ................................................................................... 58 2.4.4 From the Materiality of “the Social” to Ontological Performativity ............................................................... 60 2.4.5 From Ontological Multiplicity to Macro-social Performation .......................................................................... 65 2.5 Research Questions ...................................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 3: The Making of ARAUCO: How Erosion, Pines and Native Forests Took Part in the Performation of Chile’s Forest Giant ............................................................................................................ 72 3.1 ARAUCO as the Incarnation of Chile’s Successful “Forest Model” ...................................................................... 72 3.2 Pines to Stop the Flying Sands ........................................................................................................................................... 76 3.3 The Agency of Pino Radiata and the Pressure for a Pulpwood Industry ........................................................ 81 3.4 A New Impulse to Forestation: Conservationists Join the Forest “Feat” ......................................................... 86 3.5 The Making of ARAUCO ........................................................................................................................................................ 90 3.6 The Confrontation Between Plantations and Native Forests ............................................................................... 97 3.7 Competing Worlds Take Shape ....................................................................................................................................... 103 3.8 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................................................. 108 Chapter 4: The Making of the Sanctuary: How Earthquakes, Ornithologists, Plants and Swan Counts Took Part in Performing the Río Cruces Wetland as Worthy of Protection ................... 111 4.1 An Inexistent Bond ..............................................................................................................................................................
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