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Populism, Stabilitocracyand Multiculturalism

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Populism, Stabilitocracyand Multiculturalism • Multikulturalizam i etnicitet Populism, stabilitocracy and multiculturalism are three social phe- Zoran Lutovac Goran Bašić nomena which have recently been in the spotlight of political science professionals, while simultaneously also capturing the attention of a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of • Social culture: Reevaluating the paradigm wider public. Studying these phenomena is important not only in order Social Sciences in Belgrade. Ljubomir Hristić for us to better understand their nature, but also to be able to confront Head of the Center for Political Studies and the consequences they produce. Stabilitocracy and multiculturality Public Opinion Research. • Slepe ulice istorije comprise political and social habitus of populism in Serbia, while liberal monographs Elita, (dis)kontinuitet i legitimitet democracy and multiculturalism constitute political goals which lead to About the author Neven Cvetićanin a well-regulated state and free society. He has published two monographs “Minori- ties, the CSCE and the Yugoslav crisis” and series • O парадоксу прогреса “Serbian Identity in Montenegro” and doz- Владимир Ментус ens of articles on international relations, human and minority rights, constitutional, • Sudskomedicinska veštačenja u teoriji Populism in Serbia, i.e. manifestations of Serbian populism primarily Zoran Lutovac i praksi medicinskog prava through glorification of the people, anti-elitism and anti-pluralism com- political and national identity, European Hajrija Mujović prise the central part of this book, in addition to considerations of the integration, populism as well as political re- institutional and political framework in which this populism is manife- lations in Serbia and the region in national • Nasilje i mi sted – stabilitocracy. In order to better understand populism in Serbia, POPULISM, and international scientific and professional - Mediji o nasilju nad ženama the study includes the results of an empirical research concerning the STABILITOCRACY AND MULTICULTURALISM STABILITOCRACY journals or proceedings. He was president Zorica Mršević monographs perception of politics, the attitudes of citizens towards the people and of the Board of Directors of the Institute political elite, and their attitudes towards representative democracy, for European studies. • Генетички и други здравствени основи STABILITOCRACY AND leader and “dangerous others”. дискриминације на раду He has participated in both several empirical Сања Н. Стојковић Златановић POPULISM, MULTICULTURALISM studies on political public opinion in Serbia • U susret regionalnoj and specialized studies, such as ethnic dis- When in multinational societies populists homogenize the people, they usu- depopulaciji u Srbiji tance, international relations etc. Vladimir Nikitović ally homogenize their own national group, while the rest of the people are at the very least excluded, or even more frequently treated as “dangerous He was an adviser to Prime Minister of Serbia • Populism, others”. A consequence of the populist homogenization of the people is (2001-2003), Coordinator of the expert team Stabilitocracy and anti-pluralism which erodes liberal values in political communities, since in of the President of Serbia for the adoption of Multiculturalism multicultural societies, the fight for pluralism is the fight for the harmony the new Constitution of Serbia (2005-2006) Zoran Lutovac of diversity, while multiculturalism is the manner of diversity management which leads to harmonisation of the political community and society. and Ambassador of the Republic of Serbia in Montenegro (2008-2013). www.idn.org.rs Zoran Lutovac POPULISM, STABILITOCRACY AND MULTICULTURALISM Series Monographs Published by Institute of Social Sciences Belgrade, 2020 Publisher Goran Bašić, PhD Series Editor Vladimir Milisavljević, PhD Reviewers Goran Ilik PhD, University St. Kliment Ohridski - Bitola | North Macedonia Dominika Mikucka-Wójtowicz PhD, University of Warsaw | UW · Institute of European Studies Goran Bašić PhD, Institute of Social Sciences | Belgrade This monograph was written as part of the 2020 Research Program of the Institute of Social Sciences with the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia ISBN 978-86-7093-230-2 Zoran Lutovac POPULISM, STABILITOCRACY AND MULTICULTURALISM series monographs Institute of Social Sciences Belgrade, 2020 4 Zoran Lutovac | Populism, Stabilitocracy and Multiculturalism Contents Contents 13 POPULISM 16 Approaches and Major Characteristics of Studying Populism 23 Populism as a Thin-Centred Ideology 26 Symbiotic Nature of Populism as a Thin-Centred Ideology 27 Idealisation of the People and the Heartland (State) 29 Essentialist (Radical) and Instrumentalist (Mainstream) Populism 34 Value Neutral Approach to Populism 37 Use of the Term ‘Populism’ 39 Marginalisation of the Left and Breakthrough of the Radical Right under the Auspices of Populist Relativisation 43 Populism – A Global Phenomenon 45 The Weaknesses of Representative Democracy: Migrants, Alienated Elites – Space for the Rise of Populism 49 Structural and External Causes of the Expansion of Populism in Europe 52 Authoritarian Populism 55 Italy – A Complete Triumph of Populism 59 The Temptation of Populism in Germany 63 Populism in Scandinavia 64 The Economic Base of Populism – The Example of Sweden 66 Spain 68 Populism in Eastern European Countries 71 The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Hungary 72 Populism in Poland 75 Populism and Global Democracy 78 Populist View of the Democratic-Liberal Misbalance 79 Spread of Populism through the Global Liberal Order 81 Liberal vs. Democratic 84 More Liberalism or More Democracy (Different Views of the Liberal-Democratic Misbalance) 88 What Can Be Learned from Populists Can Populism Encourage Strengthening of Democracy, and 91 What Is the Role of Movements in It? 94 Widened Gap between the Political Elites and Citizens 99 Pro-European Anti-populist Resistance 6 Zoran Lutovac | Populism, Stabilitocracy and Multiculturalism 100 The Idea of Europe – A Bastion against “Populist International” European Parliament Elections (Europe of the People vs. 104 Europe of the Citizens Nationalists vs. Globalists) 107 The Idea of Europe in Serbia 111 Populism in Serbia Populism in Recent Political History of Serbia – 113 The Roots and Manifestations Dissolution of SFRY and Populism – Glorification of One’s Own 116 Nation and Instigation of Fear and Hatred against “Others” 117 The Party Produces and Dispels Fears through Populism 119 Transitional Post-communist Populism 123 Populism in the Transitional Momentum 2000-2003 125 Post-Đinđić Period 2004-2012 The Coalition of Quasi-Rightist and 126 Quasi-Leftist Populism 2012-2019 129 The Clash between Reflexive and Generic Populism 129 Agreement with the People vs. “The Future of Serbia” - 131 The Leader, Elite, and Plebs Impact of Social and Political Context on 136 the Nature of Populism in Serbia 143 STABILITOCRACY 143 Populism in Stabilitocracies: The Case of Serbia 145 Term and Definition of Stabilitocracy 146 Europeanisation versus Stabilitocracy 151 Populism and Defects of Democracy 154 Stabilitocracy and Democracy The Essence of Stabilitocracy: External Stability Based on 156 Autocratic Populism Liberal and Illiberal (Populist) Democracy (Internal tension and 159 gap between the theoretical concept and practical functioning) 163 Elements of Populism in the Public Opinion in Serbia 165 Perception of Politics 167 Citizens’ Attitude towards the People and Political Elite 168 Citizen’s Attitude towards Representative Democracy 170 Citizen’s Attitude towards the Leader 170 Citizen’s Attitude towards “Dangerous Others” 7 Contents 175 MULTICULTURALISM 180 Multiculturality and Multiculturalism Multiculturalism and the Legitimating Foundations 181 of the Former Yugoslav States 184 “Authentic” Representation of National Minorities Dominance Instead of Integration, 186 Ethnification Instead of Civilification The Status and Prospects of Multiculturalism between 187 Proclamations, Norms and Action 191 Multiculturalism, Civic Identity and Civic Values 192 Multiculturality, Europeanisation and Multiculturalism 193 Europeanisation and National Identity The Influence of the EU as a Community of Values on the Europeanisation of National Identity (Universalisation and 194 pluralism) Constitution, Multiculturalism and Europeanisation of 195 National Identity 196 Multiculturalism and the EU as a Union of Values Multiculturalism and the Effect of the EU Aims and Values on 198 Member and Candidate States 199 Democratisation vs. Stabilitocratisation 205 CONCLUDING REMARKS 209 BIBLIOGRAPHY Introduction Populism, stabilitocracy and multiculturalism are three social phenomena which have recently been in the spotlight of political science professionals, while simultaneously also captu- ring the attention of a wider public. This is particularly true of Serbia, where all the flaws and shortcomings of the political community, concerning political culture, constitutional, legal and political system, as well as political life in its wider and narrower senses, are reflections of these three phenomena. Studying these phenomena is important not only in order for us to better understand their nature, but also to be able to con- front the consequences they produce. The central topic of this book is populism, including: the term, usage, definition, manifestations, interpretations, types and nature of, and approaches to populism, as well as compo- nents, causes and consequences
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