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CLARKSVILLE VISALIA 451 International Blvd. 231 S. Kelsey St. Clarksville, Tennessee 37040 Visalia, California 1.931.245.5802 1.800.332.9725 Editor Lynne M. O’Hara Copy Editors Becky Butz Nan Siegel, HISTORYNET

NHD is Endorsed by: American Association for State National Association of Secondary and Local History School Principals American Historical Association National Council for History Education Federation of State Humanities National Council on Public History Councils National Council for the Social Studies Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Organization of American Historians Foundation Society for American Archivists

This Publication is Sponsored by:

NHD is also generously supported by:

Kenneth E. Behring Jostens

Albert H. Small

The Joe Weider Foundation

WEM 2000 Foundation of the Dorsey & Whitney Foundation

Southwest Airlines. Proud to be the Official Airline of National History Day

4511 Knox Road Phone: 301-314-9739 Suite 205 Fax: 301-314-9767 College Park, MD 20740 Email: [email protected] Website: www.nhd.org

©2016 National History Day. May be duplicated for educational purposes. Not for resale. IBSN: 978-0-9962189-1-7 Taking a Stand in History TABLE OF CONTENTS

2 Editor’s Notebook

3 What is National History Day®?

5 2017 Theme Narrative: Taking a Stand in History

8 U.S. History Sample Topics

9 European History Sample Topics

10 World History Sample Topics

11 Project Category Infographics

14 Women Take a Stand at the White House

22 “Bravo, Winston!”

29 Rosa Parks: Taking a Stand by Keeping Her Seat

38 Teaching the Truth About Native America

43 Make Way for Democracy: Taking a Stand as American Citizens

53 Taking the Stand to Take a Stand

61 Ten Strategies for Using Chronicling America in Your Classroom

71 Taking a Stand in History: World War II in China, Burma, and India Making History

Making History is a comprehensive series of workbooks that provides teachers step- by step guidance on how to conduct historical research and gives students directions on how to create NHD projects. Order now and receive the latest revised editions of How to Create a Historical Performance, How to Write a Historical Paper, How to Develop a Historical Website, and How to Create a Historical Exhibit. These newly up- dated versions include the most recent advice for crafting the best possible project.

How to Create a Historical Performance...... $26 How to Write a Historical Paper...... $26 How to Develop a Historical Website...... $26 How to Create a Historical Exhibit...... $26 A Guide to Historical Research...... $43 Purchase the whole set for a discount of $30 - only $143 for the whole set. Get yours today at: nhd.org/shop

6 Taking a Stand in History EDITOR’S NOTEBOOK Making ® Lynne M. O’Hara, Director of Programs, National History Day

If you want to make history, you have to take a risk. The 2017 National History Day (NHD) theme, Taking a Stand in History, explores those who have taken risks and taken a stand, whether in a political, social, History religious, military, economic, intellectual, or artistic sphere. The 2017 theme book includes the annual theme narrative and topic lists, as well as a series of articles and activities that combines the experience of NHD teachers and coordinators with the resources of our partner organizations.

Several of NHD’s generous partner organizations have contributed articles to this year’s theme book. Courtney Speckmann, the Director of Education for the White House Historical Association, looks at the White House as a place where women have taken a stand throughout history. Dr. Justin Quinn Olmstead, a professor at the University of Central Oklahoma, looks at a familiar NHD topic (in this case, Winston Churchill) during a lesser-known time of his career to discover an example of taking a stand at the beginning of World War I. As we near the one hundredth anniversary of American involvement in World War I, Lora Vogt, the Curator of Education from the National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, explores the role of African Americans in World War I. Making History is a comprehensive series of workbooks that provides teachers step- by step guidance on how to conduct historical research and gives students directions Rosa Parks is a source of inspiration for teaching activities and case studies from Cheryl Lederle, Kathleen McGuigan, and Stephen Wesson at the Library of Congress. Christopher Zarr, an Education Specialist with on how to create NHD projects. Order now and receive the latest revised editions the National Archives and Records Administration, shows NHD students how to use court cases as a way of How to Create a Historical Performance, How to Write a Historical Paper, How to to explore this year’s theme in light of the recent anniversary of the Bill of Rights. Mattea Victoria Sanders, Carol McBryant, and Carolyn Fiscus from the National Park Service show NHD new ways to teach about Develop a Historical Website, and How to Create a Historical Exhibit. These newly up- Native American history. We wrap the book with an exploration of imperialism resources from Chronicling dated versions include the most recent advice for crafting the best possible project. America along with techniques to use these primary sources in a world or U.S. history classroom.

How to Create a Historical Performance...... $26 Assistant, Amanda Hendrey. These are great resources to help students decide which category is the right How to Write a Historical Paper...... $26 This year we have a new feature - infographics for our five project categories created by NHD’s Programs How to Develop a Historical Website...... $26 www.nhd.org/themebook Indiafit for theaterthem. We of Worldhave these War andII. other downloadable resources to create your NHD bulletin board at How to Create a Historical Exhibit...... $26 . There you can also find an article about the Flying Tigers and the China-Burma- A Guide to Historical Research...... $43 National History Day is a leader in professional development for teachers that has a positive impact on student achievement and critical thinking. The 2017 theme book is a component of this outreach. For

Purchase the whole set for a discount of $30 - only $143 for the whole set. www.nhd.org/themebook for teachers to print, save, edit, copy, or distribute. We love to see your work! Shareeach article your journey that you using find in#NHD2017. this theme book, a variety of teaching resources is accessible at

Happy Researching! Get yours today at: nhd.org/shop Lynne M. O’Hara, NBCT, James Madison Fellow

National History Day 2017 2 WHAT IS NATIONAL HISTORY DAY®?

National History Day® students to engage in historical research. NHD is not a predetermined, by-the-book program but rather an innovative curriculum (NHD) framework is a nonprofit in which organization students learn that historycreates byopportunities selecting topics for teachers of interest and and launching into a year-long research project. The mission of NHD is to improve the teaching and learning of history in middle and high school. The most visible vehicle is the NHD Contest.

When studying history through historical research, students and teachers practice critical inquiry,

Beginning in the fall, students choose a topic related to the annual theme and conduct extensive primary andasking secondary questions research. of significance, After analyzing time, and and place. interpreting History students their sources become and immersed drawing conclusions in a detective about story.

nationaltheir topics’ levels, significance where they in arehistory, evaluated students by professionalpresent their historians work in original and educators. papers, exhibits,The program performances, culminates atwebsites, the national or documentaries. competition held These each projects June at are the entered University into ofcompetitions Maryland at in College the spring Park. at local, affiliate, and

Each year National History Day uses a theme to provide a lens through which students can examine history. The theme for 2017 is Taking a Stand in History. The annual theme frames the research for both students and teachers. It is intentionally broad enough that students can select topics from any place (local, national, or world) and any time period in history. Once students choose their topics, they investigate historical

archives, and museums, through oral history interviews, and by visiting historic sites. context, historical significance, and the topic’s relationship to the theme by conducting research in libraries,

Students select topics that match their interests. Program expectations and guidelines are explicitly providedNHD benefits for students, both teachers but the and research students. journey For the is student,driven by NHD the allowsprocess control and is uniqueof his or to her the own historical learning. research. Throughout the year, students develop essential life skills by fostering intellectual curiosity and academic achievement. In addition, students develop critical-thinking and problem-solving skills that will help them manage and use information now and in the future.

The student’s greatest ally in the research process is the classroom teacher. NHD supports teachers by

watchproviding for examplesinstructional of the materials theme and and to through identify workshops connections at local,in their affiliate, study ofand history national across levels. time. Many teachers find that incorporating the NHD theme into their regular classroom curriculum encourages students to NHD’s work with teachers and students extends beyond the contest and includes institutes and training programs, which provide teachers with opportunities to study history and develop lessons and materials they can share with their students. In addition, NHD offers continuing education courses for teachers (for graduate credit or professional development hours) to improve classroom practice. NHD also offers teaching resources to help teachers integrate primary sources and critical thinking into the classroom. These resources are free and accessible to all teachers. Visit www.nhd.org to learn more.

3 Taking a Stand in History National History Day® Graduate Courses for Teachers 2016-17 Learn more at: nhd.org/OnlineEducation

"I thought the class was fantastic! I learned many practical strategies to use with my classes and I look forward to implementing them."

Introduction to Project-Based Learning Through the NHD Curriculum Framework July to August 2016 -- January to April 2017 -- July to August 2017

The following courses require either five years of NHD experience or completion of the Introduction to Project-Based Learning course:

Developing Websites to Facilitate Writing and Editing for NHD Historical Thinking Skills January to March 2017 August to September 2016

Conducting Historical Research in Developing Documentaries to the NHD Model Facilitate Historical Thinking Skills September to December 2016 Summer 2017 Developing Exhibits to Facilitate Developing Performances to Historical Thinking Skills Facilitate Historical Thinking Skills October to November 2016 Summer 2017

Graduate credits offered through the University of San Diego National History Day 2017 4 2017 THEME NARRATIVE: TAKING A STAND IN HISTORY Amanda Hendrey, Programs Assistant, National History Day Lynne O’Hara, Director of Programs, National History Day

the theme Taking a Stand in History. The theme is broad to encourage participants to delve into history, whetherFor National it be History a topic Dayfrom students, the ancient the world 2016-2017 or the academic history of year their will own be city. filled Students with research need to related begin to

research with secondary sources to gain a broader context, then progress to finding primary sources, and Whatfinally doesmake it an mean argument to take about a stand? the effects of a topic in history. people have taken a stand in support of an issue, such as the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square who protested for greater freedom in China. To Sometimes take a stand, taking one amust stand take involves a firm opposingposition on the an status issue. quo—for Historically, example, Martin Luther’s act of nailing his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the All Saints’ Church in

well-knownWittenberg, Germany.individuals Taking taking a astand stand. could How even did theseinvolve people fighting defend against their a powerfulposition? movement, such as Queen Liliuokalani’s fight against annexation to maintain Hawaiian independence. These examples show When looking at different individuals and groups who took a stand, there are examples of those who used force, words, and economic power to make their voices heard. These people are remembered because they had an impact on history and inspired others to follow them. Remember that there is a difference between opposition and truly taking a stand. What do you think has to happen to move from opposition to taking a stand?

Can a group of people take a stand? Yes. Think back to how the Indian National Congress protested to end British Control of India. Or look even further into the past at the Magna Carta, considered one of the world’s most important documents. It would never have been written if it were not for a group of rebellious English barons who took a stand against an all-powerful King John in 1215. How did American colonists, many of them women, take a stand against King George III? In the more recent past, numerous nations came together to stand up for the rights of individuals after World War II. Why and how did the United Nations agree to the Declaration of Human Rights in 1948? What can be accomplished when nations come together to stand up for individual rights? Perhaps you could explore these questions and more by writing a paper.

Grassroots movements can become something more through the dedication of followers. Think of the Temperance Movement during the Progressive Era. Although the movement for temperance began much earlier, the Progressive Era sparked a revival that led to the 18th Amendment and a 13-year prohibition of alcohol.

Why was this issue brought back into the spotlight by the Progressive Era? Why was this movement successful? As historians, you must look at the lasting legacy of the actions of individuals and groups. What

5 Taking a Stand in History happened because of their stand? What changes occurred in the short-term? How about the long-term? Did they leave the world, their country, or their town better or worse?

Many times those who take a stand emerge as great historical leaders. George Washington was a gifted career. Yes, he led the Continental Army in the American Revolution, but Washington also took a stand againstleader who disease influenced by inoculating the lives his of armymany. against He took smallpox numerous during stands a time throughout when many his military questioned and thepolitical validity of this procedure. Why did he decide to go against the mindset of the time? How do you think this has shaped his lasting legacy?

Often those who take a stand have to overcome opposition. Like the soldiers of George Washington’s time, many Americans feared Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine in the twentieth century. How did Salk seek to prove the validity of his medicine? How did his stand help shape the future of medicine?

Consider the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, the suspension of the writ of habeus corpus during the U.S. CivilTimes War, of crisis or the and internment war often of lead Japanese to conflicts Americans between during the rightsWorld ofWar the II. people Often andthese those situations of the ledgovernment. to court cases where an individual or group challenged the right of the government to restrict liberties. There are many case studies of people standing up to protect liberties. John Peter Zenger, Lucy Stone, William Lloyd Garrison, Eugene V. Debs, and John Lewis all took stands. How does the judicial process provide an avenue to take a stand?

One of the most visible ways to take a stand is related to military action. Alexander the Great, Charlemagne, Joan of Arc, Napoleon I, and Douglas MacArthur are just a few who have led armies in taking a stand. In contrast, you might consider why an individual might take a stand against military action. For example, how did Siegfried Sassoon, a British soldier in World War I, use poetry to take a stand? What consequences did he face as a result?

Taking a stand does not necessarily need to involve military force or a political enemy. In the late 1800s, a group of French artists rebelled against the Salons, a popular venue for artists to display their work. They felt rejected and unwanted so they put on their own shows and were later known as the Impressionists. What legacy did these artists leave? Do you think the Impressionist Movement inspired later artists and other movements? You might decide to tackle those questions by creating an exhibit or a documentary.

Sometimes the best way to take a stand is to walk away. Russia has always had a wonderful reverence for the ballet world, but the ballet dancers of the Soviet Era felt limited by government policies that restricted creative expression. As a result, some dancers, including Rudolf Nureyev and Mikhail affected as individuals? Perhaps you want to explore this topic through a performance. Baryshnikov, defected to other countries. How did their stand influence artist expression? How were they Many women have taken a powerful stand in history. Consider Queen Elizabeth I’s stand against marriage or Catherine the Great’s efforts to bring Enlightenment ideas to the Russian Empire. Alice Paul took a stand to push the women’s suffrage movement into the national spotlight in the early twentieth century. How was she able to garner so much attention? How did Eleanor Roosevelt respond when the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to let Marian Anderson perform in their concert hall? Can you think of other examples of women taking a stand throughout history?

National History Day 2017 6 What happens when taking a stand fails to result in an immediate change? Often many people and groups must take a stand to bring change to a society. Any movement for social and political change can

and prohibition took many attempts at change. What part has the media played in such instances? How can arequire failure years. later becomeEnding slavery,a success? establishing child labor laws, and fighting against Jim Crow segregation laws

Sometimes failure is temporary. In 1892, the People’s Party, or Populist Party, articulated its goals in a document known as the Omaha Platform. While none of its goals (a graduated income tax, direct election of senators) were achieved in 1892, many of the ideas were carried on by Progressive Reformers and enacted in the next 50 years. Looking back through history, are there similar examples where a group might have failed initially?

What happens when someone fails to take a stand? Diplomatic history includes many examples of nations that refused to get involved in events outside their borders. Nations must face challenging decisions of when to intervene in another country’s affairs, and when to be isolationists and stay out.

When deciding on a topic for your NHD project, it is helpful to think outside the box. such a topic is to look at a well-known historical event, such as the Boston Tea Party, and dig a little deeper. Most of us know about the Boston Tea Party and that the Sons of Liberty were a part of its planningOne way andto find execution, but have you heard of Ebenezer Stevens? How did he play a role in the rebellion? What were the consequences of his actions? Perhaps you might want to explore this topic by creating a website.

thereAnother individuals way to find from a new your spin hometown on an old who topic played is to alook role? to How your do own you backyard. think the Many small of town us know movements that Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr. played significant roles in the civil rights movement, but are

ininfluenced history. these movements at a national level? By digging beneath the surface of many famous historical events, researchers can find a treasure trove of fascinating stories of people and groups who took a stand Using these questions, students can choose a topic that interests them and has a strong connection to the Taking a Stand in History theme. Happy researching!

7 Taking a Stand in History U.S. History SAMPLE TOPICS

• Taking a Stand Against the British: The • Standing Against Federal Authority: The Plight Reorganization of the Continental Army at of the Farmers During the Whiskey Rebellion Valley Forge • Standing Against the British: The Boston Tea • Roger Williams’ Stand Against Exile: The Party and Its Consequences Establishment of Rhode Island • Rosa Parks: Sitting Down to Take a Stand • Thurgood Marshall: Taking a Stand in Court • The Fight for Social Equality: Jane Addams Against Segregation and Hull House • The Power of Words: Thomas Paine’s Fight • William Lloyd Garrison: Taking a Stand Against Tyranny with Words • The War on Poverty: Johnson Stands for “The • Fighting Unemployment: The Journey of Other America” Coxey’s Army • Taking a Stand in Art: Copley’s Artistic Fight • Taking a Stand Against Kingship: George Against the British Washington’s Denial of Power • Horace Mann and the Fight for Quality • Standing Against the President: Congress’ Education Victory in Radical Reconstruction Against • Protecting the Environment: The Establishment Johnson of the National Park Service • Taking a Stand Against the Trusts: Teddy • Protestants and the Fight for Temperance: The Roosevelt as a Trust Buster Founding of the American Temperance Society • Standing Against Big Business: The Sherman • William Jennings Bryan: Standing Against Antitrust Act Evolution • • Nat Turner: Taking a Stand Against Slavery and the 1936 Berlin Olympics Defiance in Leaps and Bounds: Jesse Owens • Standing for Separation of Church and School: • Claudette Colvin and the Montgomery Engel vs. Vitale Bus Boycott • Muhammad Ali: Taking a Stand Against the • The Astor Place Riots: Taking a Stand for Vietnam War Theater • Andrew Jackson’s Stand Against the Bank • Standing Against Conquest: Chief Osceola • Betty Friedan: Taking a Stand For and the Seminole Indians Women’s Rights • The Pullman Strike of 1894: Taking a Stand for the Workers

National History Day 2017 8 European History SAMPLE TOPICS

• Taking a Stand at Bosworth Field: Henry • Standing Against the Monarchy: Oliver Tudor’s Triumph Cromwell’s Parliament Versus King Charles • The French Impressionist Movement: Taking • Standing Up to the King: The Peasant’s Revolt to a Stand Against the Salons End Serfdom in England • Galileo’s Stand Against the Church • Sophie Scholl and Her Stand Against Hitler • Standing Up to the Little Corporal: The Duke • Taking a Stand Against the Monarchy: The Birth of Wellington’s Win at Waterloo of the Magna Carta • The Establishment of Cubism: Picasso and • Standing Against Capitalism: The Soviets’ Braque’s Stand Against Realism Refusal of the Marshall Plan • Kilmainham Gaol and Ireland’s Fight for • Standing for the Right of Free Health Care: Home Rule Aneurin Bevan and the National Health Service • Standing Against the Enemy: Sir Francis Drake • Sir Thomas More: The Scholar Who Stood Up to at Cadiz a King • Standing Against the War: Siegfried Sassoon’s • Storming the Bastille: Standing Against the Excesses of the Monarchy

• UseMartin of Pacifist Luther: Poetry The Stand That Started the • The Velvet Revolution: Standing Against Reformation Communist Rule in Czechoslovakia • The Easter Uprising: Taking a Stand for Freedom • Emmeline Pankhurst: Militancy for Women’s • A King Stands for Unity: King Henry IV and Suffrage the Edict of Nantes • Standing Together • The Italian Unification Movement— The Establishment of the Gdansk Agreement • Germany’s Atlantic Wall: A Military Stand Lech Wałęsa’s Stand for Workers’ Rights: • The Pope Versus a King: Henry VIII’s Stand • The Yalta Agreement: Taking a Stand on a Against the Catholic Church Post-War World • What Happens When No One Takes a Stand? • Neville Chamberlain’s Appeasement of Adolf of England Standing Against Slavery: Lord Mansfield Hitler • Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Standing Against Hitler • Taking a Stand for Artistic Freedom: The Defection of Soviet Ballet Dancers to the United States

9 Taking a Stand in History World History SAMPLE TOPICS

• Diocletianic Persecution: The Plight of the • Toussaint L’Ouverture and the Haitian Christians in Ancient Rome Revolution • The Boxer Rebellion: Standing Against • Asserting Afghan Women’s Right to Work: Westernization Anahita Ratebzad • The Buddhist Crisis: The People Versus the • Standing for Women in Government: Government Indira Gandhi • Taking a Stand Against the British: Gandhi’s • Simón Bolívar and Venezuela’s Stand Against Salt March to the Sea Spanish Rule • Taking a Stand Against the Emperor: • War Crimes Tribunals: Taking a Stand Brutus vs. Caesar Against Genocide • Chinese, American, and European Resistance • Deng Xiaoping: Opening the Chinese Economy to the Japanese Occupation of Nanking • The Romanov Family: Standing for • The Opium Wars Between China and Imperial Russia Great Britain • Emperor Meiji: Opening Japan to Keep • The Rise of Communism in China: Mao Zedong Japan Standing • Inca and Aztec Resistance to Spanish • Standing at an Impasse: The Korean War Colonization • The Iranian Revolution • Taking a Stand at Dien Bien Phu • Standing Against Saddam Hussein: • Pancho Villa: Taking a Stand at the Mexican The Persian Gulf War Border • OPEC: Standing for Economic Rights • Nelson Mandela’s Stand for Equality in • Sir Henry Parkes: Taking a Stand for Australian South Africa Self Rule • Fray Cancer and Missions in the Sixteenth • Genghis Khan: Standing to Unite the Mongols Century Caribbean • Standing for the Independence of Ghana: • The Sri Lankan Independence Movement Kwame Nkrumah • Bishop Juan Gerardi: Standing for the Truth

National History Day 2017 10 Project Category INFOGRAPHICS

Ella Baker A Legacy of Grassroots Leadership “Them Damned Pictures”: The Legendary Cartoons of Thomas Nast Siena Leone-Getten & Paying Lor, Senior Group Documentary, 2015 Brian Johnson, Sam Katz & Watson Moore, Senior Group Exhibit, 2015 http://tinyurl.com/NHD-Documentary-Senior http://tinyurl.com/NHD-Exhibit-Senior

A Legacy of Love and Laughter: Robert Porterfield’s Barter Theatre Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Mia Lazar, Junior Individual Documentary, 2015 Morgan Kopecky, Junior Individual Exhibit, 2015 http://tinyurl.com/NHD-Documentary-Junior http://tinyurl.com/NHD-Exhibit-Junior

11 Taking a Stand in History Project Category INFOGRAPHICS

Socialism with a Human Face: The Leadership and Legacy of the Prague Spring The Grimké Sisters The Two Sisters Whose Legacy Turned the World Upside Down Anna Stoneman, Senior Paper, 2015 Hannah Hakim, Senior Individual Performance, 2015 http://tinyurl.com/NHD-Paper-Senior http://tinyurl.com/NHD-Performance-Senior

The Brothers Grimm: How Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Led the Movement to Preserve Culture Through Stories and Created a Legacy of Literature The Life and Legacy of Andrew “Rube” Foster: Baseball’s Forgotten Legend Samantha Penny, Clancy Penny, Grace Bowen, Lillian Ward & McCollough Jordan French, Junior Paper, 2015 Perry, Junior Group Performance, 2015 http://tinyurl.com/NHD-Paper-Junior http://tinyurl.com/NHD-Performance-Junior

National History Day 2017 12 Project Category INFOGRAPHICS

Nellie Bly’s Multifaceted Legacy: Leading a Progressive Generation of Journalists and Social Reforms Rachel Arnold, Nili Ezekiel, Jaqui Hale & Sarah Nosal, Senior Group Website, 2015 http://tinyurl.com/NHD-Website-Senior

John Muir: Leadership and Legacy in Establishing and Preserving National Parks Adriana Ballinger, Junior Individual Website, 2015 To download these and other http://tinyurl.com/NHD-Website-Junior material to make an NHD bulletin board for your classroom, go to www.nhd.org/themebook

13 Taking a Stand in History WOMEN TAKE A STAND AT THE WHITE HOUSE Courtney Speckmann, Director of Education, White House Historical Association For more than 215 years, the White House has been intrinsically tied to American history, serving the as a symbol, representing the nation and our democracy. Article II of the U.S. Constitution grants the roles of home, office, museum, and stage for each president and first lady who lived there. It also serves country, and many momentous decisions and events have taken place within the walls of the President’s House.president While many it ispowers undeniable and responsibilities that each president that carryhas left large a lasting and sometimes legacy and difficult impact implicationson the United for States, the the role of women in supporting national causes and instituting change also deserves recognition.

famousThe Constitution Lincoln bed assigns at the no White official House, responsibilities intending it to to the be aspouse “token of which the president, shall go down so it has through been theleft agesup to to each woman to define her role. In 1927, First Lady Grace Coolidge created a crocheted coverlet for the ladiesserve aswould a definite not leave and visiblepersonal link artifacts connecting for the the White present House and collection, the past.” Sheas Mrs. hoped Coolidge the coverlet intended, would they begin did a tradition for each first family of leaving a memento of family life for the White House.1 While future first makeStarting a point in the of 1960s, advocating Lady Birdspecific Johnson causes to improve the welfare of the United States. spearheaded reforms to protect the environment, encouraging Americans to clean up and care for their neighborhoods, and made Washington, D.C. a more attractive city. In 1965, Congress passed

changes she advocated, including the removal of the Highway Beautification Act to achieve the

andunsightly natural billboards vegetation along along highways, major roadways. flower and In tree-planting programs, and placing wildflowers up a tangled skein of wool. All the threads are interwoven—recreationher diary, she compared beautificationand pollution andto “picking mental health, and the crime rate, and rapid transit, and

Lady Bird Johnson plants a fern leaf beech tree on the North Lawn of the and parks—national, state and local. It is hard White House, April 26, 1968. Photograph courtesy of the Lyndon Baines tohighway hitch the beautification, conversation and into the one war straight on poverty, line, Johnson Presidential Library and Museum/NARA. because everything leads to something else.”2

causes. Pat Nixon focused on volunteerism; Betty Ford supported equal rights for women and spoke openly aboutEvery firsther own lady experience after Mrs. Johnson with alcoholism has followed and breasther example cancer; and Rosalynn led a project Carter that promoted championed mental specific health

1 “First Lady Makes a Coverlet,” Washington Evening Star (February 12, 1928), 33. 2 Lady Bird Johnson, A White House Diary, (University of Texas Press, 2007), 234. National History Day 2017 14 care; Nancy Reagan urged Americans to “Just Say Mary Livermore, a prominent abolitionist and No” to illegal drugs; Barbara Bush championed women’s rights activist, championed many causes, literacy and campaigns to alleviate homelessness including the United States Sanitary Commission, and AIDS; Hillary Rodham Clinton worked on which ran hospitals and collected supplies for health care reform; Laura Bush returned to the soldiers during the Civil War. Livermore, who had cause of literacy; and Michelle Obama has led the worked for Lincoln’s election in 1860, met with the president after he announced he would sign additional aid for military families. the Emancipation Proclamation and pressed for fight against childhood obesity and encouraged his support at the November 1863 Sanitary Fair Petitioning the President fundraiser in Chicago. Lincoln later donated an In a television and radio interview on December original signed manuscript of the Proclamation 17, 1962, President John F. Kennedy discussed to raise money for the Commission, and it was a conversation he had with President Dwight auctioned at the Sanitary Fair for $3,000. Eisenhower the day before his inauguration. Eisenhower said, “There are no easy matters that will ever come to you as President. If they are easy, they will be settled at a lower level.” In his farewell address to the American people given in January 1953, President Truman asserted that “The President—whoever he is—has to decide. He can’t pass the buck to anybody. No one else can do the deciding for him. That’s his job.” It is only natural,

to gain the president’s support and advocate for social,then, that economic, activists and would political flock change. to the White3 House

besiegedVirtually fromthe White President House Abraham stairways Lincoln’s and corridors first day in office, a crush of visitors and office seekers This 2006 painting by artist Peter Waddell, The Visit. A War Worker Calls for a Favor, late 1862, depicts a meeting between Mary insisted, “For myself, I feel—though the tax on my Livermore and Abraham Lincoln in his White House office. Peter Waddell for the White House Historical Association. timeand camped is heavy—that outside no Lincoln’s hours of office my day door. are Lincoln better employed than those which thus bring me again Protesters have long exercised their First within the direct contact and atmosphere of the Amendment right in Lafayette Park, on the north average of our whole people.” He informed one side of the White House, to get the president’s visitor, “I tell you that I call these receptions my attention and speak out on many issues. In 1916, the ‘public opinion baths;’ for I have but little time to National Woman’s Party moved its headquarters to read the papers and gather public opinion that way; Lafayette Square. Suffragists, wanting to confront and though they may not be pleasant in all their President Woodrow Wilson about women’s voting particulars, the effect, as a whole, is renovating and rights, gave speeches, marched with banners invigorating to my perceptions of responsibility demanding the right to vote, and stood with picket and duty.”4 signs in front of the White House gates. Supportive

3 John F. Kennedy, “After Two Years: A Conversation With the President,” December 17, 1962, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index. php?pid=9060&st=easy&st1=, accessed December 7, 2015; Harry S. Truman, “President’s Farewell Address to the American People,” January 15, 1953, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=14392&st=deciding&st1=, accessed December 7, 2015. 4 Francis Bicknell Carpenter, Six Months at the White House with President Lincoln: The Story of a Picture (Hurd and Houghton, 1866), 281-282.

15 Taking a Stand in History onlookers cheered; others hissed and accused the protesters of having “bad manners and mad banners.” Hundreds of women were arrested, workersroles as home, have been office, witnesses and stage. to In history their day-to-as well as charged with inciting unlawful assemblage and activeday interactions participants with in the nation’sfirst family, story. White Frances House obstructing the sidewalk. In August 1917, an Benjamin Johnston, an early photojournalist unruly crowd, perturbed by a banner calling the and noted freelance photographer, documented president “Kaiser Wilson,” threw eggs and tomatoes at the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage photographer,” with access to the White House duringlife in the the White Harrison, House Cleveland, as the unofficial McKinley, “court and Theodore Roosevelt administrations. In 1897, the headquarters, and a bullet was fired through a in the park in 1918, one woman declared, “I stand Ladies Home Journal published her article “What atsecond-floor the foot of window.the monument While todelivering the great a Lafayettespeech a Woman Can Do with a Camera,” urging women to consider photography as a career and offering today for the freedom of American women.”5 The advice: “[You] must have good common sense, whoprotests fought continued for American until suffragists freedom. We received fight the unlimited patience. . .good taste, a quick eye, a support of the president and Congress, and the 19th talent for detail, and a genius for hard work.”6 In Amendment, which granted women the right to perseverance opened the door for her to work witha field the dominated nation’s leaders by men, and Johnston’s contribute talent early and vote, was ratified in 1920. photojournalistic evidence of the White House.

Workers at the White House have at times been involved in contributing to the main social issues of the day. Elizabeth Keckley, a talented seamstress who worked as Mary Lincoln’s dressmaker, founded the Contraband Relief Association during the Civil War to provide aid and relief to formerly enslaved people who had come to Washington, D.C. Born into

was for newly freed men and women to establish slavery, Mrs. Keckley understood how difficult it themselves in a new city. In her memoir, Behind the Scenes or Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House, she describes how a festival given for

city suggested the idea: “If the white people can give festivalsthe benefit to raiseof the funds sick and for thewounded relief ofsoldiers the suffering in the Suffragette Alison Trumbull Hopkins holds a banner in front of the White soldiers, why should not the well-to-do colored House which reads, “Mr. President how long must we wait for liberty,” January 30, 1917. Photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress. of the suffering blacks?”7 She took a stand locally, people go to work to do something for the benefit White House Workers Take Charge to Take collected clothes and raised money to provide food a Stand and shelter, and even received a donation for the cause from Mrs. Lincoln. Thousands have worked behind the scenes to

help5 Katie the Munn, White “Protest House in the Park,”operate Cobblestone and fulfill (January its many2013), 31. 6 Frances Benjamin Johnston, “What a Woman Can Do with a Camera,” Ladies Home Journal (September 1897), 6-7. 7 Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes. 1868, reprint. (R.R. Donnelley and Sons Co., 1998), 94-97.

National History Day 2017 16 Throughout the Great Depression and World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt publicly adopted the popular phrase “Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do without.” Naturally, this would affect life at the White House, as it is important for the nation’s leader to set the example for citizens across the country. When White House cooks were faced with rationing during the war, housekeeper Henrietta Nesbitt stepped in to enact new policies that

doing. In her White House Diary she explained: “It wasreflected a puzzle what to households make the cooks across understand the country there were was a war on. They just had to have more chocolate, more sugar, more butter, they said, or they couldn’t cook. Well, they learned. We had meatless days, as I thought that was the best way to stretch. Butter for breakfast only. Dry rolls in the White House for dinner. No more whipped cream on the clam bouillon. Food sautéed in bacon fat instead of butter. One cup of coffee a day, except for foreign visitors, with a pitcher of hot milk alongside, so the drinker Mrs. Henrietta Nesbitt, White House (housekeeper), February 1939.

could ‘stretch’ his own.”Knowing that the White Photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress. House is often in the national spotlight, she also stated that she “wouldn’t go whining to the ration board for extra stamps and get us in all the papers.”8 testimonials to her belief in equality.”9 whose life included numerous small but significant Promoting Civil Rights No African American had been formally entertained at the White House since Booker T. Washington In 1929, as Lou Hoover was settling into her new dined with President Theodore Roosevelt in role as First Lady, she faced a dilemma over a tea for congressional wives at the White House. For endorsed and enforced in the William Howard Taft White1901. RacialHouse segregation, and remained as anan acceptedofficial policy, household was American, Oscar DePriest, had been elected a U.S. management practice for many decades. In May the first time since Reconstruction, an African Congressman. DePriest began his term in March 1929, Mrs. Hoover’s secretary wrote the President’s 1929, at the same time President Hoover began aide, Walter Newton: “. . . the question arises as his term as president. While President and Mrs. to what can be done about the family of our new Hoover tried to minimize political fallout, there did colored representative. Mrs. Hoover wishes me to not seem to be much doubt that they would include ask for your suggestion, and to remind you that we must think not only of this occasion, but of House traditions, so canceling the event was not what is to be done during the entire term of Mrs. DePriest. It would be difficult to ignore White really an option. Excluding Mrs. DePriest would have the Representative.”10 been “rude and out of character for Mrs. Hoover,

8 Henrietta Nesbitt, White House Diary (Doubleday and Co., Inc., 1948), 286. 9 Nancy Beck Young, Lou Hoover: Activist First Lady (University of Kansas Press, 2004), 66-67. 10 Secretary to Walter P. Newton, 21 May 1929, in “Social Events at the White House, 1929 January-October and undated,” White House General Files, Lou Henry Hoover Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library.

17 Taking a Stand in History In the end, Mrs. Hoover decided to host the Congressional wives in waves instead of following standard protocol to give one tea. To prevent any protest of the teas, which would have embarrassed the administration and the DePriests, it was arranged for Mrs. DePriest to attend the last tea party. Racist-minded congressional spouses would have looked foolish had they boycotted the earlier teas to protest an event that had not yet occurred,

lady’s orders, Jessie DePriest’s invitation was not issuedso they until had noJune choice 5, the but date to ofattend. the next On tothe last first tea party, and the messenger was instructed to keep

itsBecause contents of Lou confidential. Hoover’s careful planning, the event took place without incident. Ike Hoover, the White House chief usher, noted in his memoirs that “Mrs. DePriest conducted herself with perfect propriety. She really seemed the most composed one in the group.” When she departed, there was “an admiration at the way she conducted

This portrait of Jessie DePriest was taken by renowned black photographer Addison Scurlock on the day of the “Tea Incident,” was less complimentary, however. Some southern June 12, 1929. Photograph courtesy of Barbara DePriest. newspaperherself” in a editors difficult accused situation. Mrs. Public Hoover reaction of

resolutions of condemnation and went so far as“defiling” to formally the White censure House. her. President Some states Hoover, passed in his memoirs, said that the speeches of southern senators and congressmen wounded Mrs. Hoover deeply. But Mrs. Hoover’s secretary, Ruth Fesler,

she had done the right thing and she knew it.”11 later recalled that the first lady “stood her ground;

lady to help raise awareness of important social Eleanor Roosevelt transformed the role of first hostess duties, she broke precedent by holding pressissues. conferences, In addition totraveling fulfilling to the all partstraditional of the country, giving lectures and radio broadcasts, President Herbert Hoover and First Lady Lou Hoover, 1929. and expressing her opinions openly in a daily Photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress. syndicated newspaper column, “My Day.” She advanced opportunities for women and held press

11 William Seale, The President’s House: A History. Vol. 2. (White House Historical Association, 2008), 144.

National History Day 2017 18 conferences where only women of the press were invited. She also openly supported African- American organizations and institutions.

On February 26, 1939, Mrs. Roosevelt publicly resigned her membership in the Daughters of the American Revolution in protest of their refusal to allow African-American opera singer Marian Anderson to perform at Constitution Hall. In her “My Day” article on February 27, she wrote:

I have been debating in my mind for some time, a question which I have had to debate with myself once or twice before in my life. Usually I have decided differently from the way in which I am deciding now. The question is, if you belong to an organization and disapprove Eleanor Roosevelt and Marian Anderson meet in Japan fourteen years of an action which is typical of a policy, should after then-First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt’s resignation letter in support you resign or is it better to work for a changed of Anderson, May 22, 1953. Photograph courtesy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum/NARA. point of view within the organization? In the past, when I was able to work actively in any organization to which I belonged, I have usually stayed in until I had at least made a fight and had been defeated. Even then, I have, as a rule, accepted my defeat and decided I was wrong or, perhaps, a little too far ahead of the thinking of the majority at that time. I have often found that the thing in which I was interested was done some years later. But, in this case, I belong to an organization in which I can do no active work. They have taken an action which has been widely talked of in the press. To remain as a member implies approval of that action, and therefore I am resigning.12

In writing about her resignation, Mrs. Roosevelt brought national attention to the issue of civil rights. Marian Anderson did not sing at Constitution Hall in 1939, but thanks to the support of the Roosevelt administration, Ms. Anderson gave a concert on April 9, 1939, at the base of the Lincoln Memorial, which was broadcast across the country.

Preserving History

few historic furnishings. Before the Kennedys came to the White House, Presidents and First Ladies were freeWhen to First get rid Lady of anyJacqueline decorations Kennedy and arrivedfurniture at they the White did not House like and in 1961, replace she it waswith discouraged whatever they to find wanted. so Determined to conserve the evolving history of the White House and make it a living museum, she initiated a three-part program to restore the historical integrity of the mansion’s public rooms, acquire a collection

educational materials interpreting the White House and its history. The White House Historical Association wasof fine chartered and decorative on November arts, and 3, 1961,establish for thea private purpose nonprofit of enhancing organization the understanding, to research and appreciation, publish books and and

The White House: An Historic Guide, which was edited by Mrs. Kennedy herself and enjoyment of the Executive Mansion. Lorraine Waxman Pearce, hired as the first White House curator, wrote the first edition of would became the flagship publication for the White House Historical Association. 12 Eleanor Roosevelt, “My Day,” United Feature Syndicate, Inc., (February 27, 1939).

19 Taking a Stand in History Jacqueline Kennedy formed a Fine Arts Committee the White House and its newly restored rooms, and to advise her on the acquisition of authentic period it was so well received that she was awarded an furnishings and brought in Henry Francis du honorary Emmy Award. The White House, she said, Pont of the Winterthur Museum in Delaware, an was not only a place for the president to work and authority on American antiques and period room live, but also as a destination for every American decoration, as the committee’s chair. Mrs. Kennedy’s who visited Washington, D.C., a showcase for art and culture, and a place of national pride. furnishings. In September 1961, Congress passed Mrs. Kennedy’s preservation efforts extended legislationcall for donations providing resulted that furniture in an influx of “historic of authentic or outside the White House and into the neighborhood artistic” interest become permanent property of the on Lafayette Square. Looking to create additional

mansion. The public rooms were first recognized onexecutive either sideoffice of space, the square Congress that approvedwould have the resulted aofficially museum—largely for their museum thanks character—andto Mrs. Kennedy’s inconstruction the demolition of two of massivea number modern of existing office structures buildings preservationindeed the White efforts. House can be classified as and historic homes. Mrs. Kennedy intervened to In 1965 Jacqueline Kennedy recalled the philosophy preserve the houses and historic integrity of the behind the restoration: “Everything in the White neighborhood and worked with architect John House must have a reason for being there. It would Carl Warnecke to create a new plan for the federal be sacrilege merely to ‘redecorate it’—a word I hate. It must be restored, and that has nothing contributed to the growing national preservation to do with decoration.”13 Mrs. Kennedy agreed to movementoffices. Her and efforts served to preserve as a model Lafayette to conserve Square conduct a televised tour of the White House for CBS on February 14, 1962, to show the history of the history and culture. White House and highlight her preservation efforts. places by recognizing their significance to American Robert Breeden, former editor at A record audience of 56 million viewers tuned in National Geographic and longtime chairman of the White House Historical Association, observed: “Though to hear the first lady as she guided them through a symbol of continuity and national stability, the White House is a place of nearly constant change as it adapts in small ways to suit the succession of presidents, and in larger ways to accommodate the requirements of the times.”14 While the president is responsible for leading the nation, the contributions

House have been important in affecting change and takingwomen a andstand first in ladieshistory. have made in the White

For more information, resources, and ideas for NHD 2017, visit www.nhd.org/themebook

President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy admire the first edition of The White House: An Historic Guide, June 28, 1962. Photograph by Winfield I. Parks, courtesy of the White House Historical Association.

13 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., “A Stiff Regimen Leavened by Gaiety and Wit,” Life 59 (November 5, 1965), 90. 14 Robert L. Breeden, “Foreword,” White House History, Number 8, (Fall 2000), 2. National History Day 2017 20 What did Americans know about the Holocaust? Students can help the Museum answer this question by conducting research in local newspaper archives. As news of events in Nazi Germany emerged, did anyone in your community take a stand? Join the project, see lesson plans, and add your findings to our growing database of primary sources on Americans and the Holocaust at ushmm.org/history-day.

ushmm.org/history-day 21 Taking a Stand in History “BRAVO, WINSTON!” Justin Quinn Olmstead, Assistant Professor of History, Director of History Education at the University of Central Oklahoma

month after the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated in A June 1914, Europe’s initially tepid response was transforming into furious diplomatic activity. Austria- Hungary’s harsh ultimatum to Serbia after the assassination had come as a shock, and seemed to signal that

Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill began making risky choices that would win him plaudits in the press.a continental One such war decision was on would the horizon secure for Britain’s the first dominance time in more on thethan oceans—but 40 years. In would response, ultimately England’s hurt First the British on land.

Much has been written about Churchill, but today most people remember him for his outstanding leadership as Britain’s prime minister during the Second World War. This article attempts to shed some light on one of his earlier actions. In that instance, Churchill’s decisive actions had a double effect: Britain would manage to retain its long-established role as a sea power while providing the impetus for an anti- British alliance that prolonged what became the First World War. His move to withhold two dreadnought- class battleships from delivery to the Ottoman Empire (present-day Turkey) offers an opportunity to examine how decisions can have unintended outcomes while at the same time meeting their original objectives. It also provides students a chance to examine the events that led up to, and came about as a result of, Churchill’s actions. Additionally, students will be introduced to some prominent people in the British and Ottoman governments in the early 1900s.

Preparing for War

During July 1914, Britain’s Royal Navy had completed a test mobilization in the English Channel. Despite the ongoing crisis in Europe, that exercise had been planned for some time and was not a response to the possibility of war. Still, the news from the continent worried Churchill about the growing possibility for The HMS Neptune with the British Royal Fleet mobilizing for war in 1914. Courtesy of the Imperial War Museum. disperse back to normal stations after the test ended,conflict. and He thatordered navy that reservists the full remain fleet not at their posts. On August 1, 1914, Churchill requested mobilization of the full navy—only to have it denied by the Cabinet, which feared the action would be considered hostile. By that evening, news that Germany had declared war on Russia reached Churchill. Despite having been denied permission earlier that day, he took the initiative and issued the order for the Royal Navy to mobilize.

It had been decided as far back as 1902 that in case of war with Germany, the Royal Navy would be used primarily to starve Germany of the materials needed to make war.1 If the Imperial German Navy were to

1914, Britain had 22 active dreadnoughts compared to Germany’s 15, and another 11 under construction seek out the Royal Navy, the British expected to win due in part to the size of their fleet. At the end of July

1 Nicholas A Lambert, Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012), 43-44. National History Day 2017 22 Because Brazil’s economy was in even worse shape than Turkey’s, an agreement was quickly reached through which the Brazilian government agreed to sell the two ships for just over 130 million Lira. The deal required Turkey to take over Brazil’s current payments plus pay an additional three million Lira to the two British shipbuilding companies, Armstrong, Whitworth, and Company and Vickers Limited.4 The Reshadieh the Ottomans lacked a port with modern facilities large enough to accommodate was finished a ship ofin its1913, size. but The Sultan Osman I was not only a large and modern dreadnought, but it was considered to be of such The Sultan Osman I being “fitted out” and prepared for delivery. class that “by her possession by any Nation would Courtesy of the Imperial War Museum. be a serious factor in the balance of naval strength.”5 The British government negotiated to have British 2 Leaving out those under construction, Churchill did not consider compared to Germany’s five. agreed to maintain the ships in Britain until the upgradefirms upgrade was completed, docking facilities which was in Turkey estimated and to be ensure Britain’s security. As he began to search for a in the late summer of 1914. meansthe difference of ensuring of seven the Royaldreadnoughts Navy’s preponderance sufficient to

Ottoman ships, in England, that were being prepared how to hold onto both dreadnoughts.6 As First Sea forof power, delivery. Churchill3 was notified of two powerful Lord,On July his 28, reasoning 1914, Churchill was sound: began If wartrying with to figureGermany out came—and by July 28 it was looking all the more The two vessels, renamed the and Reshadieh likely—then Britain would need to guarantee its , were expected to be completed Sultan Osman I naval supremacy. The Ottoman dreadnoughts that and delivered to the Ottoman Empire in August were about ready to be delivered would provide 1914. Having lost multiple wars between 1908 added strength in the case of a Trafalgar-like battle. and 1914 due to the Ottoman army’s poor showing and to its navy being outclassed by a single Greek The next day, July 29, Third Sea Lord Sir Archibald ship, Turkish leaders saw the modernization of Moore responded to Churchill’s call for action by their military as a necessary step to limit their delivering a plan that required purchasing the two vulnerability. With this strategy in place, the Porte vessels.7 Turkey still owed money on the ships, (the term used to refer to the Ottoman government, taken from the name of the gate to the Grand Vizier’s of them, meaning that technically the ships had notand yetthe been Turkish delivered. flag had They yet towere be raisednevertheless, on either according to Cecil Hurst, one of many legal advisers Braziloffices) about contracted purchasing with athe French two dreadnoughts company to build 8 ten gunboats. Turkish officials also approached Hurst pointed out that there was no precedent for under construction in Britain. seizingto the Foreign foreign Office, warships by law during still peacetime,Turkish property. but he (larger, faster battleships with more firepower) then

2 Michael Epkenhans, “The Global War at Sea, 1914-1918,” in World War I Companion, ed. Matthias Strohn (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2013), 78. 3 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill: Companion Volume III, Part 1, July 1914-April 1915 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973), 5. 4 Taner Ozmen, British Policy towards the Ottoman Empire on the Eve of the First World War (1910-1914), (Taner Ozmen, Amazon Digital Services, 2014), 3304, 3311. 5 Sir Archibald Moore to Churchill, 30 July 1914, ADM 137/880, The National Archives of the UK (Hereafter referred to as TNA). 6 Churchill to Third Sea Lord, Sir Archibald Moore, 28 July 1914, ADM 137/880, (TNA). 7 Ibid. 8 Sir Archibald Moore to Churchill, 29 July 1914, ADM 137/880, (TNA). 23 Taking a Stand in History added that if Churchill thought it was immediately necessary, they should begin negotiations with tactic, and with the idea that it would defend these Turkey’s government to purchase the vessels.9 Churchill contacted the Foreign Office about this Hurst made two additional comments that proved to allow the Ottoman ships to be seized without to be of importance to the situation: In order to gain prioractions communications after the fact, the with Foreign the Porte. Office15 Churchillagreed immediately issued a “Quartering Bill” for the a way for the builders to prevent the ships being commissioned;time to negotiate, and the once Admiralty the ships would had beenhave totaken find battleships.16 Unaware of Churchill’s plans, Turkish into possession, Britain needed to compensate the confiscation and manning of the two Turkish Ottomans for each ship acquired.10 payment of approximately £800,000 to Armstrong, Whitworth,leaders were and then Company, finalizing and plans had for already the final sent a crew of 600 sailors and 1,000 troops to sail the and the legal hurdles, Sir Eyre Crowe, the assistant Even as Moore notified Churchill about his plan Osman I home to Constantinople. The presence of such a large number of Ottoman under-secretary of state at the foreign office, sent an Sultan Osman I’s impending departure. That led to troops at the Newcastle shipyards was a cause of urgent note to the Admiralty alerting officials about concern for Churchill. To prevent the Turkish troops characteristic audacity. from attempting to board the Osman I by force, a flurry of action, in which Churchill displayed his Churchill ordered British troops dispatched to the A Regretful Necessity dockyards.17 The decision to simply “detain” the Osman I is of critical importance at this point, since Whitworth, and Company that they were to it gave Britain’s government the time needed to “preventChurchill &immediately delay . . . and notified in no cause Armstrong, . . . allow [the Osman I] to leave without express permission deflectHaving anyreceived negative his orders,response the from superintendent the Ottomans. of [from the Admiralty].”11 Notes also went out to the contract-built ships, Newcastle, along with a Mr. superintendent of contract-built ships at Newcastle- Vere, a member of Armstrong’s board of directors, on-Tyne, explaining the situation and authorizing intercepted the intended captain of the ship, Raouf him to use force if necessary to prevent the Osman Bey, on August 1, 1914, and informed him that from being handed over to the Ottomans.12 I the ship was being detained. The captain calmly

According to Attorney General Sir John Simon, the 18 Once again, however, there was a flaw in the plan. the Turkish ambassador in London. law allowing the British government to withhold requested to use Mr. Vere’s office telephone to call ships did not apply unless there was “reasonable On hearing that the Osman I was being detained, case to believe [that it was going to be] employed by a foreign state at war.”13 But Simon went further, stating that it might be possible to seize the ships Nicolson,Ambassador the Ahmedpermanent Tewfik under-secretary Pasha contacted for the Foreign Office for an explanation. Sir Arthur under the idea of “salus republicae suprema lex,” or foreign affairs, explained that the present situation the “welfare of the state is supreme law.”14 in Europe did not allow for the battleship to be delivered, and that it was a temporary situation.19 9 Sir Archibald Moore to Churchill, 29 July 1914, ADM 137/880, (TNA). 10 Ibid. 11 Churchill to Moore, 29 July 1914, ADM 137/880, (TNA). Significantly, one of the directors at Armstrong Whitworth was Charles Ottley, a former director of naval intelligence and secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence under Churchill. 12 Sir Graham Greene to Captain Power, 29 July 1914, ADM 137/880, (TNA). 13 Sir John Simon to Churchill, 30 July 1914, ADM 137/880, (TNA). 14 Ibid. 15 Crowe: minute, 30 July 1914, FO 371/2137, (TNA). 16 Quartering Bill Submitted, First Sea Lord, 1 August 1914, CAB 1/34, TNA. 17 Power to Admiralty, 1 August 1914, CAB 1/34, (TNA). 18 Superintendent of Contract-built ships to Secretary of the Admiralty, 1 August 1914, CAB 1/34, TNA. 19 Sir Arthur Nicolson to Sir Edward Grey, 1 August 1914, FO 371/2137, TNA. National History Day 2017 24 He added that the Turkish government would Key to understanding why there was such a public not lose any money.20 By August 3, however, the Sultan Osman I was paid for in the normal fashion: simple intent to “take over” both battleships.21 borrowing,outcry is how then the paying ships werethe manufacturers financed. The in Admiralty had notified the Foreign Office of their installments. The Reshadieh, on the other hand, had The initial reaction in Constantinople was to call been the subject of a public subscription, meaning British Counsellor Henry Beaumont to meet with that the Ottoman public—men, women, and Grand Vizier Said Halim and Minister of the Interior children—had donated from their meagre wages Talaat Pasha. At the meeting, the two Ottoman to have the ship built.27 Whether or not building leaders made it clear that they considered this an the dreadnought was actually popular or not is unfriendly action and reminded the counsellor immaterial. It had been paid for out of the Turkish that Turkey was not at war.22 Sir Edward Grey’s people’s pockets, and that made for propaganda. response was to have Beaumont inform the Porte of his “sincere regret” and that the British government Conclusion

hardships their actions were placing on Turkey.23 would take into consideration the financial The Porte’s response was as might be expected: they threatened to cancel all other contracts for ships with British companies, as well as the current project of upgrading their docking facilities. Additionally, they demanded to be repaid, in full plus

Ottomansa fine, for thefor twotheir battleships. current expenses Beaumont would notified help to alleviateGrey that anti-British paying the finesentiment along with in Constantinople. reimbursing the The Sultan Osman I was recommissioned as the HMS Erin and is Churchill, ever fearful that the Ottomans would use shown floating in dry dock during World War I. Photograph courtesy of this as an excuse to join the Germans, countered the Imperial War Museum (SP 2106). that they should delay any payments until they had assurance the Ottomans would remain Churchill’s actions were applauded in the Tatler on strictly neutral.24 According to reports sent from August 12, 1914, when the magazine celebrated his Constantinople to London, there was a “violent “work and wisdom.”28 His decisive moves regarding press campaign” being waged against the British for the Royal Navy in 1914, however, would have a far seizing the two dreadnoughts.25 This was reiterated greater impact on the First World War than initially more than a week later, when members of the Royal realized. Opting to take a stand by mobilizing the Royal Navy prior to the actual war with Germany, there was “considerable feeling against England for as well as holding onto the Turkish dreadnoughts, seizingNavy in the Constantinople two ships.”26 notified the Admiralty Churchill put Britain in a position to dictate how

20 Ibid. 21 Admiralty to the Foreign Office, 3 August 1914, FO 371/2138, TNA. 22 Beaumont to Foreign Office, 3 August 1914, FO 371/2138, TNA. 23 Grey to Beaumount, 4 August 1914, FO 371/2138, TNA. 24 Notes attached to Beaumont’s letter to Grey, 8 August 1914, FO 371/2138, TNA. 25 Beaumont to Grey, 9 August 1914, FO 371/2138, TNA. 26 HMS Indomitable to Admiralty, 19 August 1914, ADM 137/800, TNA. 27 Beaumont to Sir Edward Grey, 10 August 1914, FO 371/2138, TNA. 28 Tatler, 12 August 1914.

25 Taking a Stand in History the war at sea would be fought. At the same time, his brash decision to keep the Turkish vessels pushed the Ottomans one step closer to joining Germany and the other Triple Alliance powers and expanding the war on land, as well as at sea.

It is important to recognize that Churchill understood the impact his actions could have. He was doing what he believed would help protect his country, but he also knew that Turkey would have to respond in some manner. There could be no doubt that the British refusal to allow the Ottomans to acquire the ships they

fromhad purchased a great power. gave Withthem Germany’s the final push defeat they in needed 1918, the to formallyOttomans ally found with themselves Germany. From worse the off Ottoman than prior point to 1914.of view, Having Britain’s tied decisions the future weakened of the empire Turkey’s to that ability of Germany’s, to defend itself,the Porte’s adding greatest to the needfears tocame find true protection as the British and French proceeded to break up the once sprawling empire.

For more information, resources, and ideas for NHD 2017, visit www.nhd.org/themebook

National History Day 2017 26 Empower Your Students to Take a Stand in History with ABC-CLIO at Their Side

“ABC-CLIO’s digital resources push students to recognize that there is never one story.” –Mary Janzen, Social Studies Teacher, Polytechnical High School, CA

ABC-CLIO’s award- 90,000+ primary sources winning digital database suite puts everything Critical essays from students need to expert scholars construct a compelling National History Day Interactive tools that scaffold the project—and engage in research and writing process meaningful learning and research all year long— right at their fingertips. Video modules that connect with and motivate a range of learners

Sign up for a free trial of all 15 databases—including the best-selling American History and World History—at www.abc-clio.com/previews.

Nat_History_Day_Ad_ABC-CLIO_1p4c_Version2.indd 1 3/24/2016 3:35:59 PM Empower Your FIND PRIMARY SOURCES FOR YOUR NEXT NHD PROJECT ON NEWSEUMED.ORG

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“ABC-CLIO’s digital resources push students to recognize that there is never one story.” Women’s Suffrage Movement: Delve into one of the largest –Mary Janzen, Social Studies Teacher, Polytechnical High School, CA online collections of primary sources and historical periodicals about the women’s suffrage movement.

Civil Rights Movement: View hundreds of historical 90,000+ primary sources ABC-CLIO’s award- newspapers, videos and photographs that reveal how the five winning digital database freedoms empowered the people fighting for change – and those fighting against it. suite puts everything Critical essays from students need to expert scholars Freedom in the Balance: Primary sources explore the debate construct a compelling between protecting our cornerstone rights of religious liberty, free expression and political action. National History Day Interactive tools that scaffold the project—and engage in research and writing process And more! meaningful learning and research all year long— right at their fingertips. Video modules that connect with BRING THE NEWSEUM COLLECTION TO YOUR CLASSROOM! and motivate a range of learners NewseumED gives you free and direct access to the Newseum collection, including: • Hundreds of historic front pages, videos and lesson plans • Easy to search resources by topic, state, century, and historical figures Sign up for a free trial of all 15 databases—including the • Interactive timelines and maps best-selling American History and World History—at www.abc-clio.com/previews. REGISTER FOR FREE AT FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT 202/292-6650 OR [email protected] newseumED.org

Nat_History_Day_Ad_ABC-CLIO_1p4c_Version2.indd 1 3/24/2016 3:35:59 PM ROSA PARKS: TAKING A STAND BY KEEPING HER SEAT Cheryl Lederle, Kathleen McGuigan, and Stephen Wesson The Library of Congress

Athey believed. The acts of many of these brave individuals are written into the world’s history books, and theirt nearly names every are great etched turning into monuments,point in history, recited you atcan memorial find people services, who took and aremembered stand for causes by generations in which of people.

But no major social transformation occurs in a single moment, and it is a rare hero who truly stands

years of activism that it inspired. A prominent leader might be surrounded by lesser-known activists in a nationwidealone. A closer movement. look at any dramatic act of protest might reveal the years of conflict that informed it, or the

By looking closely at one iconic individual, students can enter into a deeper exploration of the historical dynamics and personal circumstances that shaped that person and led him or her to that history-making moment. They can also discover the stories of the many other advocates for change who inspired, worked alongside, and followed that person in the struggle.

American civil rights movement. Her refusal to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus to a white passengerRosa Parks in is 1955one of brought the most about renowned the Montgomery figures of the Bus twentieth Boycott. Thiscentury citywide and a protest legend campaignof the African- lasted more than a year and led to a Supreme Court ruling against segregation, changing the course of civil rights in the United States.

The Rosa Parks Collection at the Library of Congress (https://www.loc.gov/collections/rosa-parks-papers)

letters, diaries, notes, photographs, and other documents in this collection, which is on loan for ten yearscontains from thousands the Howard of unique G. Buffett artifacts Foundation, that shed provide light on invaluable this courageous insights fighterinto her for life social and thoughts.justice. The Analyzing documents from the Rosa Parks Collection, along with other primary sources from the Library’s collections, offers students an opportunity to look more deeply into the Jim Crow policies and segregationist culture that the civil rights movement opposed. It also provides a chance to become more familiar with Parks’ own activist work, as well as to explore the experiences and perspectives of her contemporaries in the movement.

The Power of Primary Sources

The documents featured here, like the millions of other artifacts in the Library’s online collections, are primary sources—that is, they are objects created by participants in or witnesses to historical events. They are the raw materials of history and can engage students and help them create new knowledge in ways that secondary sources cannot.

29 Taking a Stand in History By analyzing primary sources related to the segregation era and the civil rights movement, students can build their understanding of the people and events of this complex period, as well as identify questions for further research. The Library of Congress provides a number of tools and strategies to support teachers and students as they work with these important historical objects.

Analyzing a Primary Source

One primary source that can provide insights into the conditions that led Rosa Parks to take her stand against segregation is this 1940 photograph taken in the Durham, North Carolina, bus station. The work of Farm Security Administration photographer Jack Delano, this photograph captures an everyday scene in a segregated state more than a decade before Parks’ act of civil disobedience aboard an Alabama bus, and contains many rich details for students undertaking a primary source analysis.

Primary source analysis is a process that can help students closely examine and analyze any source in a way that helps them build understanding. Primary source analysis supports students as they make observations,

reflect upon or make inferences based on what they see, and generate new questions. Students new to the coloranalysis code process their notes.might benefit from working in a group, adding their thoughts to the primary source using sticky notes. To help them distinguish between observations, reflections, and questions, they might opt to

Observation: I notice that the man is wearing a hat, tie, and suspenders.

Reflection: He looks dressed up— maybe bus travel was a special occasion.

Observation: Nobody is wearing a coat.

Reflection: I think it is summer. Observation: Reflection: Question: The sign says “Colored We don’t use the word When was this taken? Waiting Room.” “colored” now. Question: Question: Were these waiting rooms What signs are created to satisfy “separate outside the white but equal?” waiting room? : Observation BINGO and Hitler are on the same Reflection: Hitler reminds me of wall together! global oppression & Investigate: struggle for freedom. How did people resist such an institutionalized system?

Figure 1: At the bus station in Durham, North Carolina, 1940. Photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress (LC-USF33-020522-M2). National History Day 2017 30 Questions to guide their analysis could include:

•

• What dosurprises you notice you? first? • Why do you think this image was made? • What can you learn from examining this image? Select additional questions from the Teacher’s Guide: Analyzing Photographs or from the online Primary Source Analysis tool (Figure 2), or provide it to students as another means for them to record their thinking. (The Analysis Tool and Teacher’s Guide are available online at (http://www.loc.gov/teachers/usingprimarysources/guides.html)

Finally, support students as they identify a question or two to focus further investigation and research.

Figure 2: Sample primary source analysis tool, Library of Congress

31 Taking a Stand in History Considering Perspectives

A teaching strategy called “Circle of Viewpoints,” from the Visible Thinking project at Harvard University’s Project Zero, can help students identify multiple perspectives and enrich their understanding of a primary source.

After students conduct a preliminary analysis of a primary source, such as the photograph of the bus station, display the item in front of the class with a circle drawn around it. Encourage students to take a moment to think about the document, and to speculate about the many different perspectives that are either represented by the source’s content, or may be represented in the source’s interpretation.

Ask students to brainstorm a list of the different perspectives associated with the primary source. To help students think of a variety of viewpoints, you might ask guiding questions such as:

• Who is involved? • Who is affected by it? • Who might care?

A student or facilitator can record each viewpoint on spokes extending from the circle. Provide plenty of time for this brainstorming session, so that students can generate ideas inspired by each other’s responses. After the brainstorming session, invite student volunteers to choose one of the viewpoints and speak about the primary source from that perspective.

Figure 3: A circle of viewpoints for At the bus station in Durham, North Carolina.

National History Day 2017 32 Next, direct students to take turns standing up and speaking from their chosen viewpoint. A skeleton script could look like:

“I’m thinking of this issue from the point of view of ______.”

“I think ______.”

“A question I have from this viewpoint is ______.”

One example of viewpoint role playing in response to the photo of the Durham bus station could be:

“I’m thinking of this issue from the point of view of an observer from another country. I think it is very strange that this country is supposed to be about equal opportunity for all but they have separate waiting rooms for bus passengers. A question I have from this viewpoint is ‘What else besides transportation waiting rooms is segregated by race?’”

After everyone has spoken from a chosen viewpoint, begin a discussion by asking, “What new ideas do you have that you didn’t have before?” and “What new questions do you have?”

Finally, emphasize to students that people most likely existed who really did represent the perspectives they have suggested. Remind them that many of those individuals took a stand in history and might be excellent subjects for a National History Day project.

There are many ways to extend this activity. For example,

• Students can describe the feelings of chosen characters. • Questions can be recorded and revisited later in a unit. • Additional primary sources can be analyzed to discover new perspectives on the same topic and added

to the first Circle of Viewpoints. http://www.visiblethinkingpz.org/. You can find out more about the Circle of Viewpoints activity and other Visible Thinking strategies at The Power of One Person

After developing an understanding of the setting and context of segregated public buses by analyzing the featured photograph, then generating a circle of viewpoints to consider a wide variety of

One way to do that is to consider an individual who took action to try toperspectives, bring about it’s change. time for students to focus on a more specific topic.

Ask students to examine this portrait and brainstorm a list of what they know and what they wonder about the person. Then introduce the caption and add any new ideas prompted by the caption, “Rosa Parks, November 1956.”

Ask students to review their lists and star or otherwise mark items that contribute to understanding why Parks refused to surrender her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Based on student comments, jot down a brief list of questions to investigate further, to learn more Figure 4: Rosa Parks, November 1956. Photograph courtesy of the Rosa Parks Papers, Library of Congress (201564570)

33 Taking a Stand in History about the stand she took. Encourage students to study additional primary sources to find the answers to Providethose and individuals other questions or groups that of they students might with have. a Onecopy such and sourceencourage might them be Parks’to note own their reflections observations, on her arrest for refusing to surrender her bus seat. Featured in this article is a handout specifically for students.

Tryreflections, It Yourself: and questions. Analyze This Primary Source

What can you learn from this note about why Rosa Parks took her stand? Use the prompts from the Library of Congress Primary Source Analysis Tool and Teacher’s Guide to Analyzing Manuscripts to make available online at http://www.loc.gov/teachers/usingprimarysources/guides.html) What questions for furtherobservations, investigation reflections, emerge and during questions the aboutanalysis this process? document. (The Analysis Tool and Teacher’s Guide are

Figure 5: Rosa Parks, Reflections on her arrest for refusing to surrender her bus seat to a white passenger, December 1, 1955. Rosa Parks Papers, Library of Congress (MSS85943, Box 18).

support students as they consider multiple perspectives on the document and the events it describes. Following student analysis of the Parks’ reflection, you might also conduct a circle of viewpoints activity to

National History Day 2017 34 Other Perspectives From the Struggle

Though only a handful of civil rights heroes are known by name to most Americans, the twentieth century civil rights struggle was the work of thousands of organizers and participants. The Civil Rights History Project, an initiative undertaken by the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture, records, preserves, and provides online access to the stories of a wide variety of activists who participated in the work to obtain equal rights for African Americans. By

on this era of tumult and triumph. exploring firsthand accounts from the movement, students can gain a richer and more varied perspective One individual whose oral history is included on the Project’s website is Gwendolyn Patton. She became involved with civil rights organizations as a student at the Tuskegee Institute, but her family had a history of participating long before that. Invite your students to listen to a portion of an interview http://www.loc.gov/item/afc2010039_crhp0020/ integrating public buses. (47:05-48:56) to hear her insights and reflections on A transcription of this segment is available from the Library’s Jim Crow and Segregation Primary Source Set. After viewing the video segment, assign students to read and analyze the transcript, or both the video and the transcript, to deepen their analysis and engagement. Ask them to consider in particular what Patton says about her own, and her grandmother’s, motivation to take a stand against segregation. What questions do they still have?

Conclusion

The history of the United States is rich with examples of individuals who took a stand for what they believed in and, in so doing, began or inspired large-scale movements for social change. Researching the life, philosophy, or tactics of any of these individuals could lead to an outstanding National History Day project. However, by analyzing primary sources associated with an iconic individual, students can also use a well-

on less well-known individuals, or to otherwise deepen current understanding of movements for change andknown their figure impact as a on jumping-off U.S. society. point to explore the historical context of an activist movement, to shed light

Related Resources • The Rosa Parks Collection at the Library of Congress https://www.loc.gov/collections/rosa-parks-papers • Jim Crow and Segregation Primary Source Set http://loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/primarysourcesets/civil-rights/ • Civil Rights History Project http://www.loc.gov/collection/civil-rights-history-project/about-this-collection/ • Idea Book for Educators—The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom http://www.loc.gov/teachers/newsevents/idea-book/ • The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/

For more information, resources, and ideas for NHD 2017, visit www.nhd.org/themebook

35 Taking a Stand in History Special membership offer for K-12 Teachers

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historians.org/k-12-membership National History Day 2017 36

TEACHING THE TRUTH ABOUT NATIVE AMERICA Mattea Victoria Sanders, NPS Intern, Ph.D. Candidate, University of North Carolina Carol McBryant, Relevancy, Diversity and Inclusion Strategist, National Park Service Carolyn Fiscus, Instructor, Native American Studies, University of Nebraska Omaha

n July 2015, a group of Sigangu youth from the critical that we include these stories as a part of our IRosebud Reservation stood at the edge of a collective history. ignoring the heat. Their attention was fully focused onbattlefield their elders, overlooking who were the telling Little Bighornthem a story River, they National Park Service had heard many times before. But this time they The National Park Service (NPS) is a federal were standing on sacred ground. As their elders agency that is charged with protecting and spoke of the Battle of Little Bighorn, the students preserving land of ecological and cultural were able to sense the bloodshed of their ancestors. importance to our American heritage. These young people were standing in the place In doing so, the NPS must be inclusive of of Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull and hundreds of other great warriors of the Lakota and Arapaho nation. As the NPS celebrates its Centennial Anniversarylandscapes significant in 2016, it to continues the entire to American carry place at that moment was not the defeat of George out its mission to collect, maintain, and share Armstrongand Northern Custer Cheyenne. and his The Army significance but rather of the this the stories of our collective American history. understanding that they were able to live today Being the only federal agency charged with because of a stand taken by their ancestors so many this important task, it is important that all years ago. stories be considered, recorded, and shared. There are many stories embodied within our The battle was fought along the ridges, steep bluffs, nation, and, as we go into our second century and ravines of the Little Bighorn River from June of stewardship, it is critical that we express the stories from multiple perspectives, National Monument is a protected site, entrusted to 25 to 26, 1876. Today, the Little Bighorn Battlefield through the lenses of all people: the the National Park Service (NPS). The location of a oppressor and the oppressed, the owner and the owned, the colonizer and the colonized. consequence between the U.S. government and America’sgreat conflict, native the people. site also honors a battle of great Who Americans are as a nation is dependent The NPS is charged with considering, recording, upon how we remember our past. Both the NPS and sharing all of America’s stories. The Battle of and teachers are positioned to help broaden our Little Bighorn is just one example of how the NPS understanding of history and take steps toward can provide an opportunity to learn how Native inclusive storytelling. This is not always easy, Americans have had to take a stand for their people, culture, and lifeways over time. There are many about painful episodes in our past. Just as the native stories embodied within our nation, and it is Siganguespecially youth when heard it comes about to their telling own difficult history truths that

National History Day 2017 38 hot summer day in Montana, so must all of America Americans continued to battle for their sovereign rights in their relationship with the federal but also about the deeds of the native warriors who government. Products of those struggles include the hear not only about the U.S. Army’s role in that fight Indian Civil Rights Act, establishing the legitimacy of Tribal Courts through adopting rules of evidence, wereThe challenge fighting for for their the NPS, people. as well as teachers pleading, and other requirements similar to those across America, is to incorporate all of our stories, in state and federal courts. The creation of this law including those of Native Americans’ past and allowed Native Americans to have a fair and just present. To understand the layers of history in America, it is important to realize that the United of sovereign nations. The Indian Self-Determination States was built on the backs of the First Nations. andsystem Education in which Assistance to fight for Act their of 1975 rights and as citizensthe Indian The fact that Native American populations are Child Welfare Act of 1978 came about through still here today is testimony to the strength and a grassroots effort to combat the indiscriminate resilience of a people who have taken a stand removal of native children from their homes in throughout history to defend their rights, way of order to place them in boarding schools and for life, and cultural identities. adoption for non-native families. As a result of the European settlement of North The 1978 American Indian Religious Freedom Act America, Native Americans have been forced to ended the laws restricting American Indians’ ability adapt to the shifting landscape of a new nation, bent to practice their ceremonial and traditional rights. In on building a country of immigrants on an already 1994, through an executive order, an amendment to occupied continent. During the Colonial era, Native this act gave Native Americans access to their sacred Americans made treaties with Europeans to cement sites and the use and possession of sacred objects. alliances, establish trade, and concede land. Once The tribal entities had argued that rules abolishing the United States became a nation, President George their ability to practice their traditions and rituals Washington established a relationship between violated their civil rights as U.S. citizens, as well as the new country and the Indian Tribes. In the the rights of sovereign governments.

Congress recognized the “inherent sovereignty” in In interpreting and teaching the history of Native newly ratified U.S. Constitution’s commerce clause, tribal governments by naming them as equals in Americans, America has concentrated on the use of treaty and trade agreements. archaeology and ethnography to tell their stories. In 1916, the NPS was founded, based on romanticized The United States continued to sign treaties with perceptions of the West and Native Americans American Indians—including agreements placing as depicted by artists such as George Catlin, Tribal Nations on reservations—until 1871, when James Fenimore Cooper, and Thomas Cole. Early the House of Representatives ceased to recognize archaeologists and anthropologists from the Bureau individual tribes within the country as independent of American Ethnology went out West seeking to nations. Since then, the government-to-government document the ruins of what they believed were dying American Indian cultures. The anthropologists Supreme Court decisions, and executive orders. In sent sacred objects, human remains, and cultural spiterelationship of the scope has been and definedsequence by of Congressional federal Indian acts, items back to the Smithsonian Institution, drawing Law, many treaties and laws were abrogated or conclusions about Native Americans—without ever violated to the advantage of a growing United States. consulting those whose history they were “creating.” Just as the warriors at Little Bighorn fought for In the 1990 Native American Graves and their people and their rights as U.S. citizens, the Repatriation Act, Native Americans took a stand against appropriating cultural materials, as fight continued into the twentieth century, as Native 39 Taking a Stand in History well as allowing them to recover sacred items, The NPS and teachers are in a unique position human remains, and cultural objects taken by to embrace native history by listening to native anthropologists and archaeologists. This act people and by giving voice to them in the course of requires that all institutions receiving federal classroom teaching. Educators are encouraged to funding must make an inventory of their collections use Native American educational materials and to and publish it, so that Tribal Nations can determine visit www.nps.gov whether they should claim repatriation. understand how Native Americans have taken a stand to keep their to stories find resources and cultures to help alive. students Throughout modern history, Native Americans have often been forgotten or misrepresented by American Indians are an integral part of the history American culture. American culture still correlates of the NPS, and each and every park has a story Native American identity with stereotypes, and to tell about the native culture that exists inside its boundaries—a great resource for teachers. For America is even today. Hollywood has utilized example, Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Hollywood movies continue to define what Native typecasts such as the “vanishing Indian” or the eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina sits “noble savage.” The “vanishing Indian” stereotype is on the ancestral homeland of the Cherokee Indians. at the core of America’s frontier myth, which posits When Great Smoky was established, the neighboring that Native Americans are noble and brave but they Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians proved vital to the park’s success. the making of America. are destined to sacrifice both freedom and land for In the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps-Indian In reality, Native Americans are living, working, Division, made up of men from the Eastern Band of and practicing their culture in all parts of American Cherokee Indians, helped to build many of the roads, society, not just some long-forgotten warrior epics. trails, and buildings, some of which continue to be used today. Today, the Tribal Historic Preservation available to educators have been produced by Native Many films, movies, books, and classroom activities Americans, and these give an accurate portrayal NPS to tell the stories of sacred spaces within the of Native American history and contemporary life. parkOffice boundaries, (THPO) at the such Eastern as Clingman’s Band works Dome, with known the The NPS also provides a variety of resources to as Kuwahi to the Cherokee. help teachers bring Native American stories into Everglades National Park exists alongside its the classroom. Together, the NPS and educators neighbor, the Miccosukee branch of Seminole can bring the true history of Native Americans Indians. Everglades National Park employed a and their contributions to the United States to life Civilian Conservation Corps - Indian Division, made for students. up of Seminoles who helped to clear the land for American Indians have never ceased to believe that someday their voices would be heard. They during times of drought. have invested in maintaining their history through the town of Everglades and worked as firefighters Recently, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park storytelling, oral traditions, and documentation. joined a group of national parks whose enabling Native Nations run their own museums, in which legislation tasks them with telling the stories of they tell their creation stories and tribal histories, North American indigenous peoples both past and and also highlight how their people have survived present. Hopewell Culture educates the public about and how they live today. Traditional activities, the day-to-day lives, contributions, perceived values, some public and some private and sacred, are still and interactions of the Hopewell peoples. Other maintained as part of the rich heritage of American parks with similar missions include Mesa Verde Indians because of the stand they have taken National Park, which interprets the Ancestral Pueblo throughout American history.

National History Day 2017 40 People; Canyon De Chelly National Monument; Casa Grande Ruins National Monument; Montezuma Castle National Monument; Navajo National Monument; and many more.

It is incumbent upon the NPS and all educators, both formal and informal, to reach out and seek insights and histories that will help America understand the struggles of our native people and the stands they have taken to maintain their culture, lifeways, and human rights thoughout history.

Teaching About Native Americans • The Hopi Tribe’s living traditions and early American archeology on Hopi land are the subjects of the National Park Service lesson plan, Enduring Awatovi: Uncovering Hopi Life and Work on the Mesa: http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/156awatovi/156awatovi.htm. • that pitted residents of the area, including the nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, against each other. TeachDuring this the story American with theRevolution, National New Park York’s Service Mohawk lesson plan,Valley The became Battle the of Oriskany:setting for Blood a fierce Shed battle a Stream Running Down: http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/79oriskany/79oriskany.htm. • Teach the complexity of American Indian politics and resistance with the lesson The Battle of Horseshoe Bend: Collision of Cultures, about a faction of Creek Indians who fought Americans, Creek, and Cherokee along the Tallapoosa River, Alabama, in 1814: http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/54horseshoe/54horseshoe.htm. • The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation lesson plan from the National Park Service guides students to explore the causes and consequences of the violent migration West: http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/118trail/118trail.htm. The Trail of Tears National Historic Trail is part of the National Park Service. More lesson plans on the Trail of Tears can be found at: http://www.nps.gov/teachers/classrooms/the-cherokee-people-ms-lesson.htm and http://www.nps.gov/teachers/classrooms/the-trail-of-tears-photo-and-interview-analysis.htm. • Civil War history units can integrate American Indian history with the National Park Service lesson plan, Battle of Honey Springs: The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory: http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/68honey/68honey.htm. • Have your students compare and contrast the Homestead Act of 1862, which provided free land to U.S. settlers who developed public lands in the west for agricultural use, with the Dawes Act of 1887, which provided small parcels of reservation land to American Indians: http://www.nps.gov/teachers/classrooms/dawact.htm. • The National Park Service has partnered with the University of Oregon to create a more culturally

http://honoringtriballegacies.com/. sensitive curriculum that reflects the mission to allow Native Peoples to tell their own stories at: • The Places Reflecting America’s Diverse Cultures Travel Itinerary from the National Park Service offers information about American Indian cultural sites throughout the United States: http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/cultural_diversity/index.htmlPlanning a field trip? .

For more information, resources, and ideas for NHD 2017, visit www.nhd.org/themebook

41 Taking a Stand in History National History Day 2017 42 MAKE WAY FOR DEMOCRACY: TAKING A STAND AS AMERICAN CITIZENS Lora Vogt, Curator of Education, National World War I Museum and Memorial

wo score and ten years after one president used his power to expand liberty and opportunity for Tmillions of Americans, President Woodrow Wilson cemented new racial barriers.1 This 1913 policy

African-American leaders in civil service, and restricted the lives and livelihoods of many families. Just monthsof “post later,Civil Waranother reconciliation” war led by thewas world’s a significant imperial shift, powers which createdsegregated the necessityfederal institutions, for an integrated dismissed response and effort by all American citizens. Fifty years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans took a stand to make democracy safe for all Americans.

As a continent marched toward global war, President Wilson’s brief August 4, 1914, Declaration of Neutrality to Congress addressed an American population of which one-third were foreign-born or with a parent still overseas:

The people of the United States are drawn from many nations, and chiefly from the nations now at war. . . Those responsible for exciting [division] will assume a heavy responsibility, responsibility for no less a thing than that the people of the United States, whose love of their country and whose loyalty to its government should unite them as Americans all, bound in honor and affection to think first of her and her interests. . . 2

3 Both prosperity and But what did “Americans all,” mean in 1914? One in five Americans declared German heritage, while wealth.growing4 Women,numbers who fleeing made the up Mexican nearly halfRevolution the population, claimed Hispanichad voting ancestry. rights in only ten of the 48 states.5 disparityAnd despite defined the abolition American of life,slavery, as 0.1 and percent the granting of the population of citizenship owned and votingover 20 rights percent in the of the 13th nation’s, 14th, and 15th Constitutional Amendments, African Americans faced direct and indirect attacks on their citizenship throughout the country, from lynching to new institutional barriers against housing, employment, and voting rights.6

1 Andrew Scott Berg, Wilson (New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2014), 409. 2 Woodrow Wilson, “Declaration of Neutrality, August 19, 1914,” Teaching American History, accessed January 18, 2016, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/president-wilsons-declaration-of-neutrality/. 3 Jens Manuel Krogstag and Michael Keegan, “From Germany to Mexico: How America’s Source of Immigrants Has Changed over a Century,” Pew Research Center, last modified October 7, 2015, accessed January 18, 2016, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/10/07/a-shift-from-germany- to-mexico-for-americas-immigrants/. 4 Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, “Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from capitalized income tax data,”NBER Working Paper, last modified October 2014, accessed January 18, 2016, http://equitablegrowth.org/exploding-wealth-inequality-united-states/. 5 “20th Century Statistics, Resident Population of the United States: Estimates, by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, with Median Age,” U.S. Census Bureau, last modified December 28, 1998, accessed January 18, 2016, https://www.census.gov/prod/99pubs/99statab/sec31.pdf. 6 To learn more, visit the Tuskegee University Archive Repository at http://192.203.127.197/archive/handle/123456789/507. A recent study by the Equal Justice Initiative, Lynching in America: Confronting a Legacy of Racial Terror proposes previous studies and statistics are low. Learn more at http://www.eji.org/files/EJI%20Lynching%20in%20America%20SUMMARY.pdf.

43 Taking a Stand in History America was far from safe for African Americans during this united “neutrality.” All Southern states had laws creating “separate but equal” realities, white and black. Yet this “neutrality” caused American industry

Americans, many under increasing political and economicto flourish oppression and encouraged of Jim a Crow migration laws, ofto Africanmove from the agricultural South to industrial Northern cities, in one of America’s greatest internal demographic shifts and artistic booms.

From 1914 to 1916, the vast majority of Americans opposed military engagement. Yet in the truest sense of “Americans all,” African Americans joined millions of their fellow citizens across gender, religious, and ethnic lines in reacting to the devastating casualties mounting overseas. Whether due to cultural ties or other motivations, Volunteers loading a stretcher into an American Field Service ambulance. Photograph courtesy of the National World War I Museum and Memorial. organizationsindividuals like like famed the Frenchflier Eugene Foreign Bullard, Legion the and first theAfrican-American Canadian Army. fighter7 Volunteers pilot, enlisted both abroad to fight and with stateside worked in a variety of organizations from the American Field Service to the Belgian and Near East Relief Committees.8 In humanitarian efforts, individuals also challenged new barriers. Frances the American Red Cross, was barred from joining theElliott U.S. Davis, Army the Nursing first African-American Corps. nurse to join

When the nation turned to war, many volunteer organizations like the YMCA would provide essential services to meet soldiers’ physical, religious, recreational, and educational needs. Since over 20 percent of World War I inductees were illiterate,9 the YMCA also focused on literacy. The work of teaching literacy and civic education would affect nearly a generation of men Educational classes at the Post School in Commerey, France. Photograph courtesy of the National World War I Museum and Memorial. To learn more about the history of volunteerism from 1914–1916, view The Volunteers, http://exhibitions.theworldwar.org/volunteers/.

7 For more information on Eugene Bullard, visit the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum http://blog.nasm.si.edu/aviation/eugene-j-bullard/. 8 To learn more about the history of volunteerism from 1914-1916, view The Volunteers, http://exhibitions.theworldwar.org/volunteers/#/. 9 Jennifer Keene, “A Comparative Study of White and Black Soldiers in the First World War,” Annales De Demographie Historique 36 (2002): 71-90.

National History Day 2017 44 Volunteer organizations were not without their own struggles. Though the YMCA experienced tremendous growth in serving the African- American community under leadership of men like Jesse Moorland, the organization had its own segregation policies, and did not provide equal services during the wartime, as noted in a multitude of letters held by the National WWI Museum archive.10 Some, however, became the front lines of resistance to segregation: a YMCA at Camp Merritt in New Jersey had a common “Y-hut” for both white and black enlisted men, where a struggle to segregate led to the death of Private Edward Frye.11 After the war, the YMCA reassessed its segregation policies and began work that Salvation Army workers giving fresh doughnuts to the soldiers just in from the line at Varrenes-en-Argonne, October 12, 1918. Photograph reached fruition in World War II and beyond.12 courtesy of the National World War I Museum and Memorial.

Despite President Wilson’s reelection under the slogan “He Kept Us Out of War,” American military involvement seemed imminent at the beginning of 1917. Russia was crumbling under political upheaval and over a million combatant casualties. Nearly two years after the sinking of the Lusitania, the German government reintroduced unrestricted submarine warfare in hopes of starving out the Allies. The loss of nine American ships to the Germans between January and April 1917 resulted in a breakdown in American- German diplomatic relations and was considered by many, including Wilson, an overt act of war.13 The breaking point came in March, when German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann secretly offered to 14

financeOn April Mexico 2, 1917, in President a war against Woodrow the United Wilson States went and before urged Congress Mexicans and to askedpersuade for a Japan declaration to join ofthe war fight. against Germany:

The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied when those rights have been made as secure as the faith and the freedom of nations can make them.15

On April 6, 1917, the United States entered the war.

To see related images visit the National World War I Museum’s digital exhibition, Make Way for Democracy on Google Cultural Institute, at https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/exhibit/ make-way-for-democracy/TQISY1wF_VQzJQ.

10 Jennifer D. Keene, Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 94. 11 Keene, Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America, 96. 12 Nina Mjagkij, Light in the Darkness: African Americans and the YMCA, 1852-1946 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994), 127. 13 American Ship Casualties of the World War, Including Naval Vessels, Merchant Ships, Sailing Vessels, and Fishing Craft, Corrected to April 1, 1923. Compiled by Historical Section Navy Department, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1923. 14 Horizons Theater Film Script, Donna Lawrence Productions. National World War I Museum and Memorial. Museum movie script. February 2006. 15 Woodrow Wilson, “Declaration of War Message to Congress, April 2, 1917,” Records of the United States Senate, Record Group 46, National Archives and Records Administration, http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=61. 45 Taking a Stand in History Entry into the war transformed the United States. In 1914, the U.S. had a standing army of 120,000— and urgently needed to mobilize.16 The Selective Service Act of May 1917 included any male of

The War Department recognized that it could notfighting exclude age anywithout individual bias of and color that or all foreign workers, birth. regardless of color, were of great importance to the war effort. The irony of such blatant hypocrisy was clear to both black and white communities, however, as illustrated in a letter by Louis S. Epes to his Virginia Congressman: “If this is a white man’s country then this war is a white man’s burden and not the negroes’. . .the use of the negro [in war] is an admission. . .that this is no longer a white man’s country but equally a black and white African-American Men at Induction Center, World War I. Photograph man’s country.”17 courtesy of the National World War I Museum and Memorial.

For many within the African-American community, Countless African-American women stepped forward in strong support of the war effort. They of the rights of mankind” rang hollow.18 Others found varied and successful ways to serve stateside the call to fight beneath the claim of “champions as nurses, ambulance drivers, Navy Yeomen, canteen approached the conflict as an opportunity to political, and economic conditions within the railroad workers, munitions workers, and extremely redefine their citizenship and improve social, United States. Prevalently, African Americans took successfulworkers, club fundraisers administrators, with a variety office workers, of government up the burden of war for the same reasons as organizations and departments, relief organizations, their white and foreign-born counterparts: honor, and war industries. African-American poet and civil patriotism, and the American draft board. rights advocate Alice Dunbar-Nelson, recognized for her mobilization for the Council of National Although African Americans made up only 10 Defense, said: “[African-American women] went percent of the U.S. population, African-American into every kind of factory devoted to the production servicemen made up 13 percent of the total U.S. of war materials, from the most dangerous posts in Armed Services during the war. Historian Jennifer munitions plants to the delicate sewing in aeroplane Keene suggests several reasons contributed to these [ ] factories. Colored girls and colored women numbers: a desire for honorable wartime service, sic drove motor trucks, unloaded freight cars, dug unsympathetic draft boards, and improved salaried ditches, packed boxes. The colored woman running wages. A total of 367,710 African Americans were the elevator or speeding a railroad on its way by drafted into the U.S. Army. Religious conscientious signals was a common sight.”20 objection, illiteracy, landowners withholding draft notices, and lack of support for the war also led to There was a great deal of pride in military service a greater portion of black men failing to register or among the black community. When the U.S. entered neglecting to report for the draft.19 the war, there were four segregated African-

16 America Mobilizes, Main Gallery Label. National World War I Museum and Memorial. 17 Christopher Joseph Nicodemus Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 35. 18 Woodrow Wilson, War Messages, 65th Congress (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1917), 3-8. 19 Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, 65. 20 Emmett J. Scott, Scott’s Official History of the American Negro in the World War (New York: Arno Press, 1919), http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/ comment/scott/ScottTC.htm#contents. National History Day 2017 46 African-American Women’s Corps driver. Photograph courtesy of the The American advance northwest of Verdun, World War I. Photograph National World War I Museum and Memorial. courtesy of the National World War I Museum and Memorial.

American units serving in the regular Army. These to any successful war effort, comprised over half units (the 24th and 25th Infantry and 9th and 10th of the total mobilization effort. Many government Cavalry regiments) were the “Buffalo Soldiers,” who had gained their nickname and fame serving African-American troops could be relied upon to on the Western frontier during the Indian Wars. performofficials andwell Army in combat. commanders Approximately doubted 80 that percent of African-American soldiers were organized into supply, construction, or other support units like andInstead specialists of being for sent the to new fight African-American in Europe, however, units Company A of the 4th Battalion, 161st Depot Brigade. createdthese men from provided volunteer non-commissioned and drafted troops. officers A black Though many African-American soldiers hoped the uniform of the United States military would be accorded proper respect, black troops were still Lobbyingofficer candidate efforts, schoolparticularly was created those led in Iowa,by Emmett with the victims of racial discrimination by civilians and J.over Scott, 1,000 helped candidates to ensure in itsthat first skilled class positions in May 1917. in Army commanders. Both stateside and overseas, every technical branch of military service were African-Americans—primarily segregated from opened to African Americans, something never white troops—also found their equipment needs previously achieved.21 took lower priority.22

Despite the doubts and reluctance of American of the population, black servicemen were not treatedThough equally.the American Non-combatant military reflected troops, essentialthe diversity African-American combat divisions were formed. officers in World War I, two predominantly 21 Keene, Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America, 275. 22 Jennifer D. Keene, World War I: The American Soldier Experience (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 95.

47 Taking a Stand in History The 92nd Infantry Division, under U.S. command, and 93rd Infantry Division (comprised of four Infantry Regiments: the 369th, 370th, 371st, and 372nd), initially led by the French, saw combat

92nd Division insignia. Photograph in Europe. Even while under French command, courtesy of the National World War I Museum and Memorial. racial discrimination against the African-American troops.many white While American General Johnofficers J. Pershing, sought to commander maintain of the American Expeditionary Forces, publicly commended the capability and commitment of African-American troops, he told French commanders that they were not to treat these troops as equals, saying, “We must not eat with them, must not shake hands with them, seek to talk to them or to meet with them outside the requirements of military service. We must not commend too highly these troops, especially in front of white Americans.”23

Yet in some camps across the country, the uniform was a powerful unifying force. When Sergeant Noble Sissle did not take off his hat to white civilians, ignoring Southern tradition and following military protocol, his fellow soldiers—white and black— African American soldiers serving as stevedores in Bassens, France. 24 Photograph courtesy of the National World War I Museum and rallied to his defense after he was attacked. The Memorial. December 1918 arrest of a black soldier by a white

over 100 soldiers and sailors across color lines peacefullypolice officer protesting in South outside Carolina the led police to a crowd station of for his release. In the next world war, a U.S. Military

alongResearch “very Branch well” studywith the would opposite find that race 93 and percent that theof officers majority and had 60 more percent favorable of enlisted feelings men thanks got to serving in the same unit.25

The 369th Infantry Regiment, part of the 93rd Infantry Division, proved the capabilities of African-American troops, serving the longest of any American combat troops in the trenches. It

the French, earning the unit nicknames such as General John J. Pershing reviewing troops in France. Photograph established an excellent reputation fighting under courtesy of the National World War I Museum and Memorial.

23 Originally written in General Pershing’s “Secret Information Concerning theBlack Harlem American Hellfighters. Troops.” Quoted Amongin Isaac Hampton, its members The Black was Officer Corps: A History of Black Military Advancement from Integration through Vietnam (New York: Routledge, 2013), 12-13. 24 Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You, 33. 25 Keene, Doughboys, the Great War, and the Remaking of America, 206.

National History Day 2017 48 recipient of the French Croix de Guerre for bravery. PrivateSergeant Needham Henry Johnson, Roberts, who 369 wasth Infantry the first Regiment, American was the second recipient. A total of 68 Croix de Guerre and 24 Distinguished Service Crosses were awarded to men of the 93rd Infantry Division along with several unit commendations, making it one of the war’s most decorated American units.26 The performance of the 369th Infantry Regiment and other African-American combat units forced the American military to reconsider its segregation practices in later years.

Corporal Freddie Stowers of the 371st Infantry Regiment led his men during an assault to take

been killed, saving the lives of his comrades and dyingtwo German in the process.trenches For after his senior remarkable officers courage had Allied Victory Parade in Paris, France on July 14, 1919. Photograph recommended him for the Medal of Honor. While courtesy of the National World War I Museum and Memorial manyand determination, black soldiers his acted commanding honorably officerin combat, values. In the process, however, he made choices “misplaced paperwork”—as the case for Corporal of global leadership and affirmed its democratic prejudicial descriptions of battlefield action and that failed to honor those values for all Americans, Stowers, who did not receive his award until ensuring that our nation would face some of its 27 1991—downplayed African-American service. greatest problems in the decades following the First In the Allied Victory parade in Paris, France, in World War. General Pershing proudly led American soldiers to victory, at the same time actively by high command. As a result, history has been 1919, African Americans were specifically excluded undermining the rights of black soldiers who risked distorted through whitewashed photographic their lives to follow him and serve their country. evidence. Past institutional racism still presents a The success of African Americans in the “war to making it all the more important to engage and end all wars” challenged the doctrine of white supportsignificant students challenge and for historians today’s interpretations,who endeavour to supremacy, bringing new battles to the home front. properly inform future public memory. There were 36 lynchings in the United States in 1917; in 1919, there were more than double that Americans took a stand for democracy in 1917, most turbulent days of the Civil Rights movement. participation created a geopolitical shift around number, a figure not reached since, even during the both in the battlefield and on the home front. Their Of the 76 lynchings that took place during what the world that is still felt today, and which buoyed became known as the “Red Summer” of 1919, 11 of the United States’ economic, political, and military those killed were soldiers wearing uniforms.28 In an power on the global stage. Many World War I article for the NAACP’s magazine, The Crisis, in May leaders left behind an ambiguous legacy. President 1919, W.E.B DuBois sounded a call to patriotism as Wilson’s vision propelled the U.S. to a century the war for equal rights continued: 26 Main Gallery label, National World War I Museum and Memorial. 27 Chester Heywood, Negro Combat Troops in the World War: The Story of the 371st Infantry (Worcester: Commonwealth Press, 1928). 28 For more information on the events of 1919, read Jennifer Keene, “The Memory of the Great War in the African American Community” http://www.chapman.edu/our-faculty/files/publications/Memory%20of%20War%20in%20the%20African%20American%20Community.pdf or Ann Hagedorn, Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008).

49 Taking a Stand in History For the America that represents and gloats in lynching, disenfranchisement, caste, brutality and devilish insult—for this, in the hateful upturning and mixing of things, we were forced by vindictive fate to fight. We return. We return from fighting. We return fighting. Make way for Democracy! We saved it in France, and by the Great Jehovah, we will save it in the United States of America, or know the reason why.29

World War I was, in fact, the beginning of countless other wars. African-American involvement in this war did not end racial subjugation or segregation. For some, however, putting on a uniform was an act

of defiance, while for others, it was an act of unity and equality. Participation in that conflict marked the beginning of a modern civil rights movement, a fight to define the true meaning of democracy.

29 W. E. B. Du Bois, editor, The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races, Vol. 18 (1) (New York: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1919), 13-14. http://library.brown.edu/pdfs/1295987016703125.pdf.

For additional resources for teachers and students, visit www.nhd.org/themebook. Looking for resources to teach World War I? Check out NHD’s Teaching World War I Resource at: http://nhd.org/classroom-connection/world-war-i/.

W ORLD H ISTORY A SSOCIATION

Benefits of Membership ANNUAL CONFERENCE • The award-winning quarterly June 2017 | WHA Headquarters | Boston, MA Journal of World History and the semi-annual Bulletin of The WHA conferences consistently feature K-12 teacher World History. sessions in pedagogy, including roundtables and • Opportunities to share and luncheons, and countless other relevant topics in history. develop curricula for all levels. • Diverse membership: university, collegiate, community college and K-12 faculty, as well as independent scholars and students. • Deeply discounted registration fees at the annual conferences and symposia. • Eligibility to stand for office and to help guide the leading organization in the field. • Active regional affiliates. • Unparalleled regional and global networking and collaboration.

www.thewha.org [email protected] 617-373-6818

National History Day 2017 50

Learning about yesterday’s world That’s today’s social studies

Students relate to history better when they understand how events of the past have affected their lives today. National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) publications feature a wide range of ideas for the history classroom, including: · Lesson plans with reproducible primary documents, especially in the Sources and Strategies and Teaching with Documents columns of Social Education · Advice on how to bring history alive through the use of oral histories, diaries, graphics, literature, and art; · Insights that enhance history teaching from geography, economics, civics, and the behavioral sciences; and · Resources to help your students look at history in a new way. National History Day teachers will find the teaching tips and historical information in NCSS publications to be invaluable as they guide their students to the accomplishment of successful history projects. As part of our mission of educating students for civic life, NCSS supports history teaching that providesis sensitive students to issues with of rights the knowledge and responsibilities and critical thinking. Our resources skills that and prepare interdisciplinary them for effectiveexpertise participationhelp educators in linkthe thedemocratic lives of their process. students Our resources to the world and of interdisciplinary yesterday—and expertise to create help the worldeducators of linktomorrow. the lives of their students to the world of yesterday—and to create the world of tomorrow.

PLUS: Art and the Kennedy Assassination • Looking at the Law • Bullying and Cyberbullying Find out how NCSS can help you. Plus: Special Section on Technology • Teaching with Documents • Looking at the Law Visit us online at www.socialstudies.org or write for a membership kit today. A Historic Voyage: Link to the recently published C3 Framework at

Teaching Diffi cult www.socialstudies.org/C3 Teaching the Economics Topics with of World History Primary Sources Guest Editors: Guest Editor Mark C. Schug Lee Ann Potter and William C. Wood

The official journal of The official journal of National Council for National Council for the Social Studies the Social Studies Volume 75, Number 6 Volume 77, Number 2 November⁄December 2011 March/April 2013 www.socialstudies.org www.socialstudies.org

National Council for the Social Studies

8555 Sixteenth Street • Suite 500 • Silver Spring, MD 20910 • 301-588-1800 • Fax 301-588-2049 • www.socialstudies.org TAKING THE STAND TO TAKE A STAND Christopher Zarr, Education Specialist, National Archives at New York City

hroughout American history, activists of every stripe have taken the stand in court to give voice to their Tbeliefs. Sometimes by force and other times by design, advocates stood up in court, standing by their positions despite controversy surrounding their actions. Regardless of the circumstances, federal court records held by the National Archives (including such original primary sources as testimony, depositions, exhibits, complaints, and opinions) can help researchers document the context and consequences of Taking a Stand in History.

National History Day’s Taking a Stand in History theme is particularly well suited to the National Archives’ celebration of the 225th anniversary of the Bill of Rights. While these ten amendments were crafted to protect certain unalienable rights, throughout our history these rights sometimes have been violated. Over time, many Americans have taken a stand to ensure these rights. While their views were often unpopular at the time, these cases have secured many of the freedoms we enjoy today.

During times of national stress, when issues of national security and safety have trumped personal

liberty and individual rights, federal courts have A view of the United States Supreme Court in Washington, D.C. served as the forum for debating these weighty (1990). Photograph courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration (6446848). issues. The federal court records of the National Archives can provide NHD researchers insights into the world of the past.

A few case studies involving the First Amendment during tense times in our history—the Quasi War with France and World War I—illustrate the stories of individuals who took a stand in the public sphere and dealt with the consequences in federal court.

France.Less than The a decadeFrench afterwanted the the Bill U.S. of Rights to continue was ratified paying on its December revolutionary 15, 1791,debt, andindividual when itrights did not, were they tested beganby the seizingpassage American of the Alien ships. and To Sedition clamp downActs. The on domesticU.S. was then dissent, fighting the Federalist an undeclared government naval war passed with the

publish. . . any false scandalous, and malicious writing” against any part of the federal government.1 Over actstwo dozenin July people1789, making (all spouting it a crime anti-Federalist punishable opinions)by two years were in arrestedjail and a for $2,000 violating fine theseto “print, acts. utter, or

1 An Act Which Tightened Restrictions on Foreign Born Americans and Limited Speech Critical of the Government, 7/6/1789; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789–2011; General Records of the United States Government, Record Group 11; National Archives at Washington, DC [online version available through the National Archives Catalog (National Archives Identifier 5641586). at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/5641586].

53 Taking a Stand in History William Durrell, publisher of the Mount Pleasant disposed.” The charges were dropped against Register in Mount Pleasant, New York, was the Greenleaf after she sold her newspaper and left the publishing business. Peck’s case was also dropped, reprinted a paragraph previously published in the as the U.S. Attorney decided against pursuing the first arrested under the Sedition Act. Durrell had New Windsor Gazette that compared John Adams case (after reaching out to John Adams himself). to Benedict Arnold, the American general who After waiting nearly two years for the trial—and infamously defected to the British Army. with his family destitute—Durrell was found guilty

Ann Greenleaf, publisher of Greenleaf’s New Daily (and a $2,000 bond guaranteeing good behavior). , was indicted for publishing an article that Advertiser Johnand sentenced Adams eventually to four months partially in pardoned jail and a $50Durrell fine questioned the “Tyrannical and Unconstitutional Alien and Sedition Bills” and reported that residents While he was imprisoned, Matthew Lyon ran for re- of the town of Flatbush (now a neighborhood in electionand commuted for his seathis sentence in Congress as well and as won the by fine. Brooklyn) were erecting “liberty poles” to show a landslide. their disapproval of the U.S. Congress’s policies.2 The court records themselves (including Jedidiah (sometimes listed in records as Jedediah) indictments, depositions, and other legal Peck, a former New York state judge and member of documents) really bring these stories and the the state legislature, was arrested for distributing stands these activists were talking to life for the a petition that protested the recent “series of Evils” NHD reasearcher. For example, Peck’s indictment Congress had passed. The result of the Alien and describes his crime of distributing a petition Sedition Acts, in Peck’s petition, would be a “foreign against the Alien and Sedition Act as “wickedly and war, a violated Constitution and a divided People.”3 maliciously intending and contriving to defame the Even Matthew Lyon, a sitting member of the House Government. . .stir up sedition. . .and to excite the of Representatives from Vermont, was found Hatred of the good People.” Eyewitness accounts guilty and sentenced to four months and jail and bundle of papers at least six inches thick” and filed as depositions describe Peck as carrying “a reelection, he wrote a letter to Spooner’s Vermont describe him in converations saying that the a $1,060.96 fine. His crime: while running for Journal that criticized President John Adams for his “Alien and Sedition Bills. . .were contrary to the “continual grasp for power [and] unbounded thirst Constitution” and that the “rights of the people for ridiculous pomp, foolish adulations, and which were endangered of being destroyed by the 4 Congress of the Unted States.”5 selfishFor taking avarice.” a stand and speaking their minds in More than a hundred years after the original print, these four citizens were arrested and charged Sedition Act expired, the government reacted with being “wicked, malicious, seditious, and ill- to another period of national stress brought on

2 United States v. Ann Greenleaf; Criminal Case Files; U.S. Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York; Records of District Courts of the United States, Record Group 21; National Archives at New York City [online version available through the National Archives Catalog (National Archives Identifier 18538768) at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/18538768]. 3 United States vs. Jedidiah Peck; Criminal Case Files; U.S. Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York; Records of District Courts of the United States, Record Group 21; National Archives at New York City [online version available through the National Archives Catalog (National Archives Identifier 18559138) at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/18559138]. 4 Indictment in the Case of United States v. Matthew Lyon; Case Files; U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Vermont; Records of District Courts of the United States, Record Group 21; National Archives at Boston [online version available through the National Archives Catalog (National Archives Identifier 24337395) at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/24337395]. 5 United States vs. Jedidiah Peck; Criminal Case Files; U.S. Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York; Records of District Courts of the United States, Record Group 21; National Archives at New York City [online version available through the National Archives Catalog (National Archives Identifier 18559138) at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/18559138].

National History Day 2017 54 by World War I by passing the Espionage Act in 1917 and a later amendment commonly called the Sedition Act in 1918. The Espionage Act made it a crime to make any statements that would interfere with military operations, promote the success of the enemy, result in insubordination by soldiers, or obstruct the draft.

The Sedition Act took it a step further—it was now illegal to obstruct bond sales, write negatively about the U.S. government, the U.S. Constitution,

of the Army or Navy. It also made it a crime to the American flag, the military, or even the uniform “advocate any curtailment of production. . . of any Eugene V. Debs giving an anti-war speech in Canton, Ohio, June 16, 1918. Photograph courtesy of the National Archives and Records thing or things. . . essential to the prosecution of the Administration (2641496). war.” 6 The maximum penalty for both laws was a big business in leading to the war and the draft’s destructive effects on freedom. When The Masses More than 2,000 arrests and 1,000 convictions $10,000 fine and twenty years in jail. was dropped off at the local postmaster, it was resulted from the passage of these acts. Despite the seized as “nonmailable,” and the editors, writers, potential consequences, thousands of people took a and artists involved were eventually charged with stand to voice their opinion against what they saw violating the Espionage Act.7 as an unjust war. Socialist Eugene Debs, whose rise to notoriety had When , a socialist magazine dedicated The Masses begun during the Pullman Strike of 1894, violated to progressive artwork and free thinking, planned the Sedition Act by giving a speech on June 16, 1918, its August 1917 issue, contributors created essays, in Canton, Ohio. In that speech he praised recently poems, and artworks to show their disapproval incarcerated comrades for having the moral courage of U.S. actions in the war. Their main target was to go to jail for their beliefs. Debs framed their the recently passed Selective Service Act, which arrests as results of “exercis[ing] the constitutional required all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft. democracy safe in the world.”8 right of free speech in a country fighting to make Conscientious objectors were praised in articles After Russian immigrant Jacob Abrams and his small and printed letters. Anarchists Alexander Berkman cadre of seven socialists printed and distributed and Emma Goldman were lauded in a poem called “Tribute” and an article titled “Friends of American were indicted for violating the Sedition Act. The Freedom.” In addition, four political cartoons thousands of leaflets around New York City, they covered topics such as the role of capitalism and Her Allies,” called Woodrow Wilson a hypocrite, a first leaflet, “The Hypocrisy of the United States and

6 “The Sedition Act of 1918,” PBS, last modified December 2006, accessed January 18, 2016,http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/ sources_document1.html. 7 Indictment from United States of America v. The Masses Publishing Company, Max Eastman, Floyd Dell, C. Merril Rogers Jr., Henry J. Glintenkamp, Arthur Young, John Reed, and Josephine Bell, Case C10-327; Criminal Case Files; U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York; Records of District Courts of the United States, Record Group 21; National Archives at New York City [online version available through the Catalog (National Archives Identifier 7595374) at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7595374]. 8 Speech Given by Eugene V. Debs in Canton, Ohio, United States of America v. Eugene V. Debs, Criminal Case #4057; Criminal Case Files; U.S. District Court for the Eastern (Cleveland) Division of the Northern District of Ohio; Records of District Courts of the United States, Record Group 21; National Archives at Chicago [online version available through the Catalog (National Archives Identifier 2641497) at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/2641497].

55 Taking a Stand in History coward, and a tyrant for intervening in the Russian and company brought their case to the U.S. Supreme Revolution at the end of World War I. It also implied Court, where the majority found that their speech that Allied capitalism was working with German was not protected by the First Amendment because militarism (ostensibly its enemy) to destroy the they advocated violent acts. As with an earlier case (Schenck v. United States Yiddish and titled “Workers—Wake Up,” called for a language that created a “clear and present danger,” generalRussian strikeRevolution. by munitions Another workers. leaflet, written9 in so Congress could restrict), theirit.12 leaflet contained

Each of the activists involved with those These are just a handful of notable court cases publications knew that taking a stand against where people took a stand on a First Amendment World War I was perilous, given the potential issue. Throughout our history, artists, activists, and consequences. Before mailing their publication, The everyday citizens have also taken a stand in federal Masses publishers reached out to the government court to further the cause of personal liberty. Some to make sure it was not violating the act. When examples include: the publication was held up by the postmaster, Birth control activist Margaret Sanger was the publishers brought a civil suit against the • indicted for violating obscenity laws when she sent her publication, through being denied entry to the mail. During Debs’s The Woman Rebel, the mail. The indictment refers to the offensive incriminatingpostmaster to speech,find out he why talked specifically about having it was to content—articles titled “The Marriage Bed,” be “exceedingly careful, prudent, as to what I say, “The Birth Control League,” and “Are Preventive and even more careful and prudent as to how I say it.” 10 his colleagues, a postscript notes that calling them Means Injurious”—as so “vile, obscene, filthy, pro-German And on thewas flyer “absurd,” distributed as they by “hate Abrams and anddespise and indecent”13 that it does not specifically quote 11 the court.” German militarism.” Clearly they were referring from them, so as not to “defile the records of to clauses in the Sedition Act that made it illegal to • Publisher Bennett Cerf, from Random House, promote the cause or success of its enemies. took a stand on free expression by importing James Joyce’s controversial book Ulysses, The writers, artists, and editors of The Masses were knowing that it would be seized by the Customs tried twice over a few years, resulting in hung juries. The U.S. Attorney decided to forego a third trial, within the United States, Cerf even informed the as the war was already over at that point. Debs CustomsService. Wanting agents when to publish it would a definitive arrive. copy himself was not so fortunate—he was sentenced to Instead of safely pleading the Fifth (and not ten years in jail. He ran for president in 1920 while • incriminating himself), singer and activist Pete incarcerated and was later released by the winner of that election, Warren G. Harding, in 1921. Abrams Seeger asserted his first amendment rights

9 United States v. Jacob Abrams, et al, Cases C14-457-459; Criminal Case Files; U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York; Re- cords of District Courts of the United States, Record Group 21; National Archives at New York City. 10 Speech Given by Eugene V. Debs in Canton, Ohio, United States of America v. Eugene V. Debs, Criminal Case #4057; Criminal Case Files; U.S. District Court for the Eastern (Cleveland) Division of the Northern District of Ohio; Records of District Courts of the United States, Record Group 21; National Archives at Chicago [online version available through the Catalog (National Archives Identifier 2641497) at https://catalog.archives.gov/id/2641497]. 11 United States v. Jacob Abrams, et al, Cases C14-457-459; Criminal Case Files; U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York; Records of District Courts of the United States, Record Group 21; National Archives at New York City. 12 “Landmark Cases: Schenck v. U.S. (1919),” PBS, last modified December 2016, accessed January 18, 2016, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/landmark_ schenck.html. 12 “Landmark Cases: Schenck v. U.S. (1919),” PBS, last modified December 2016, accessed January 18, 2016, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/su- premecourt/capitalism/landmark_schenck.html. 13 Indictment from United States v. Margaret Sanger, Cases C7-152-154; Criminal Case Files; U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York; Records of District Courts of the United States, Record Group 21; National Archives at New York City.

National History Day 2017 56 of speech and association to the House Un- clippings, among other records. The catalog entry American Activities Committee (or HUAC). He for this case also includes helpful information for was found guilty of contempt of Congress. the case number (7-1810-C1), and the contact • When siblings John and Mary Beth Tinker further research—the name of the specific court, (and others) wore black armbands to protest information for the National Archives at Kansas the Vietnam War, they were punished by their City (the location that has custody of the district local school district in Des Moines, Iowa. court case). They took their case all the way to the U.S. If an initial search of the catalog reveals no helpful Supreme Court. results, NHD students should not assume there are • Beyond the First Amendment (and beyond no records. If they have done their research properly the Bill of Rights itself), inventors, innovators, and know that there is a federal court case involving artists, and activists have taken a stand on a their topic, the National Archives should have a whole slew of issues, ranging from copyright record. While archivists are always describing and and patent infringement to school segregation digitizing primary sources, not all individual court and immigrant rights. cases have been entered into the catalog. In these Using Court Records at the National Archives for cases, students may have to do some additional NHD Research research to track down more information (including such details as defendants, plaintiffs, location of the

National Archives, begin by searching the National Archives’To find these Catalog cases (www.archives.gov/research/ and more in the holdings of the court, type of case, case file number, etc.) before catalog). The catalog currently contains archival contactingWhile performing a specific secondary National and Archives primary location. source descriptions for 85 percent of the holdings of mentioned or the locations where events took place. the National Archives and more than two million research, students should note specific courts digitized copies of records. But with billions of This is particularly important because District records in dozens of facilities across the country, Court, Circuit Court, and Court of Appeals records in many cases only small selections of some court cases have been digitized. National Archives near the court’s jurisdiction. For example,are typically the locatedNational in Archives a field office at New location York Cityof the Researchers simply need to enter some keywords has court records for the Districts of New York (name of case, defendant, plaintiff, issues, etc.) into (Southern, Eastern, Northern, and Western), the the search box and hit Search. After completing District of New Jersey, the District of Puerto Rico and the District of the U.S. Virgin Islands as well material, location of record, and even descriptions as the court records of the Second Circuit Court an initial search, researchers can filter by type of that include digital objects. of Appeals. For a full listing of federal courts and appropriate National Archives locations, visit Searching for Tinker v. Des Moines, for example, http://www.archives.gov/research/court-records/. brings up a short selection from the Supreme Court case, including some testimony from John Tinker himself (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/5641613). case, they should look for evidence of the lower In addition, the results include a nearly 250-page courtIf students case location.find materials Before on arriving a U.S. Supreme at the U.S. Court digitized selection of the lower-court case from the Supreme Court, cases could have been heard at a Central Division of the Southern District of Iowa District Court and at a Court of Appeals—both of (https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7788707). This which potentially contain different unique primary selection includes the initial complaint, memos sent sources. Sometimes the case title itself has helpful from the Des Moines school district, and newspaper hints (like with Tinker v. Des Moines); other times it

57 Taking a Stand in History may take a bit of digging to see what court originally heard the case. For example, though Pete Seeger was found guilty of contempt of Congress, the Southern District of New York heard his case because the HUAC hearing was held in New York City. Depending on how a case reached the Supreme Court, there could be related resources in a District Court and a Court of Appeals.

Knowledge of the type of court case can also be extremely helpful. Court records are typically separated into distinct series based on the type of proceeding—civil, admiralty, equity, law, criminal, bankruptcy, etc. The National Archives’ Federal Court records are extremely voluminous (most likely well over a billion potential areas to search. pages), so narrowing down to specific courts, specific proceedings, and dates allows the staff to narrow the If the records are found, staff can send copies or scans of select materials (for a fee). Or if a student has chosen a local topic and is close to a National Archives location, he or she can make plans to visit and work with the original primary sources—which can be an unforgettable experience. See http://archives.gov/locations/ for locations around the country.

DocsTeach

A great place for students to brainstorm their potential topics is our educational resource, DocsTeach.org. This website can be used as students prepare to conduct research in court records, helping them to become familiar with the type of records they will encounter. With thousands of documents available, DocsTeach of the variety of documents available about many individuals who took a stand in history. could serve as a great first step in an NHD research project. Students can enter keywords and get a sampling great exhibit from a federal court case, the DocsTeach page is linked to its entry in the catalog, which may includeIn addition, additional every document pages or other in DocsTeach related documents. links directly The to catalog our catalog. will also So if provide a student the finds contact an exampleinformation, of a inTeachers case a studentcan also wants use DocsTeach to find out to more get their about students the entire to startcase. thinking about analyzing and using primary sources. Educators across the country have created activities that focus attention on reading and analyzing primary sources. And now DocsTeach also works great with iPads, tablets, and other mobile devices! Visit www.docsteach.org today!

For more information, resources, and ideas for NHD 2017, visit www.nhd.org/themebook

National History Day 2017 58 Founded in 1907, the Organization of American Historians is the largest professional society dedicated to the teaching and study of American history.

NEW „ Engaging Essays for the U.S. History Classroom

Past Forward is a two-volume anthology of essays from the relatively recent archives of the Journal of American History. The thirty-plus essays featured were selected and excerpted by the editors, James Sabathne, Hononegah High articles from the School and Co-Chair of the College Board’s AP U.S. History Development Committee, and Jason Stacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, to meet Journal of the needs of students in U.S. history survey courses. Past Forward will find American History use in Advanced Placement United States History courses as well as in diverse volume 1 volume 2 classrooms in universities and community colleges. The two volumes engage Pre -1861 Post -1861 students in a historical conversation; students will be reading, thinking about, Forthcoming Available and discussing great history. The essays span the survey curriculum and offer a diversity of topics and approaches. At the beginning of each volume the editors $29.95 June 1, 2016 $29.95 offer a brief guide for students on active reading, thinking historically, and long-term learning. Additionally, each essay includes both a set of guided questions that highlight key historical thinking skills, and a brief autobiography of the article’s author.

AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE THROUGH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AT jah.oxfordjournals.org

Memberships for History Educators

Take Advantage of All the Resources That the Organization of American Historians Offers! Memberships for History Educators are only $60 a year and provide great benefits such as: „ Four issues of the Journal of American History „ Four issues of The American Historian „ Access to the complete archive of the OAH Magazine of History „ Discounts on products such as The History Teacher, Colonial Williamsburg admission, and registration at the OAH Annual Meeting held each spring, which features sessions and workshops on teaching. visit oah.org/benefits TO JOIN AND FOR MORE INFORMATION email [email protected]

112 N BRYAN AVE, BLOOMINGTON IN 47408–4141 n 812.855.7311 OAH.org Naaonal History Day congratulates the Naaonal Endowment for the Humaniies on 50 years of supporrng the humaniies.

Check out these NEH sponsored teaching and learning resources: Edsitement Lesson Plans EDSITEment.neh.gov Chronicling America chroniclingamerica.loc.gov

The Naaonal Endowment for the Humaniies (NEH) is an independent federal agency that supports research and learning in history, literature, philosophy, and other areas of the humaniies by funding selected, peer-reviewed proposals from around the naaon. More informaaon about NEH and its grant programs is available at neh.gov

Naaonal Endowment for the Humaniies 400 7th Street SW | Washington, DC 20506 | [email protected] TEN STRATEGIES FOR USING CHRONICLING AMERICA IN YOUR CLASSROOM Lynne O’Hara, Director of Programs, National History Day There are thousands of educational materials available to teachers. Sometimes teachers see a resource setting. This article focuses on ten strategies to help bring the Chronicling America resource into the classroom.and realize A classroom-ready its “cool” factor, worksheet but struggle for to each figure of these out how strategies to integrate can be this found content at into a classroom www.nhd.org/themebook.

What is Chronicling America?

Chronicling America (http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/) is a database of locally-based U.S. newspapers from 1836 through 1922. This project, funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and created by the Library of Congress, digitizes newspapers and then makes them key-word searchable. This is a source of literally millions of primary source documents, and includes everything from major city to small rural newspapers. Included in the collection are African-American newspapers and papers printed in languages other than English with an immigrant readership. In all, these sources provide a unique perspective on events in American and world history.

For this case study, we chose newspaper articles that deal with the issue of Imperialism from 1880-1920. One of the best ways for teachers to help students understand this year’s Taking a Stand in History theme is to integrate that theme into daily classroom activities. Imperialism provides a great opportunity for U.S., European, or world history teachers to consider the perspectives of those who took a stand. This can take many forms—some pushed imperialist policies, others resisted. Imperialism also needs to be looked at from the perspective of the people who were colonized—many took stands to preserve their political, cultural, and social autonomy, with varying degrees of success.

Imperialism is just one example of hundreds of topics that can be explored. If you want an idea of some others to consider using with your students, go to the recommended topics list in Chronicling America (http://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/topics.html) to grab some really excellent, ready-to-use collections ranging from Carrie Nation and Booker T. Washington to the construction of the Panama Canal, the 1918

and early twentieth centuries, there is content available for you. Influenza Pandemic, and the Mexican Revolution. In short, if your history class includes the late nineteenth The goal of this case study is to add to your teacher toolbox. You can choose to use the articles when you teach imperialism or you can choose to take the strategies and plug in different articles. Also note that the Chronicling America using laptops, tablets, or a projector in the front of the classroom. This will allow you to zoom in to make the text more readable. website You can provides also download maximum high-resolution flexibility. You imagescan view that the you articles can use with on your a smartboard students or

61 Taking a Stand in History full page, print on 11 x 17 paper if possible) or take snapshots of a particular article, cartoon, or graphic. share with students as PDF files. Finally, you have the option to print the files as full pages (when printing a Strategy One: Analyze a Front Page

Goal: Students compare and contrast front pages of two newspapers that cover the same event.

Looking at major world events (in this case, major events in the Spanish-American War) helps us to not only learn about history, but to also comprehend the reaction of the public to contemporary events. These front pages can be used together or separately during a study of the war.

With these samples, students can break down the newspaper. Encourage them to highlight interesting phrases, circle key works that they may (or may not) understand, and comment on the text. Based on class needs, the teacher can choose to give all the students the same page or split the class and then allow students to compare and contrast.

Option 1—The San Francisco Call, San Francisco, California, Option 2—The Herald, Los Angeles, California, August 4, 1898 March 26, 1898 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042461/1898-08-04/ http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1898-03-26/ ed-1/seq-1/ ed-1/seq-1/ Discussion prompts might include:

• How is this newspaper attracting readers on this particular day? • How is this newspaper using visual elements to grab the reader’s attention? • How is this newspaper using textual elements to grab the reader’s attention? • How does this newspaper demonstrate its opinions about what is happening? • Connect this day in history to three previous events in world history and explain the connections. • Connect this day in history to three future events in world history and explain the connections.

National History Day 2017 62 AUSTIN'S HAWAIIAN WEEKLY.

A of Warning. United States Word Army and Navy Commissary with- lights, arranged in various dainty and artistic in the past year, have increased the trade of the ways. Less pretentions houses usually have a intention to discourage our fcl- - Islands fold, K ,s not our many and of necessity they have handsome hanging lamp, in wrought iron, for mainland from coining Strategy. MiRMicms on the Two: Political causedCartoonan increase inBell-Ringertrade in many lines of busi- decorative and illuminative purposes. permanently in busi- - Honolulu to locate here ness which otherwise would in reality have re- The foreign custom of breakfasting upon the but on tlie contrary u is um cinilm iiraiiu mained almost inactive. Thus, our advice to veranda, is one which we would do well to imi- - Goal:stimulate the Studentsgrowtn aim wcnaic analyzeui uiu .'viner- amany politicalon the mainland cartoonwho are ready to tobeginleave tate. discussionIt is a common sighton inhistoricalmany cities, es- content or concept. Ian coloin in Hawaii. iui i.irougiiom uie behind them an established business, intending pecially in Germany, to see the family having its . i .. fiiirfil1c !l tllM I .. .!....iiiv.i- - -. fll1itnrf, rminmr-- ..,, to journey to lawaii on would coffee 'iiitcdPoliticalMaic cartoons are great sources that"prospects" allowonlv, studentsand rollsto engageupon a tiny balcony, in contentbut partly in a visual format. Often there a ot y. lvtc, ()cs that Hawaii is Uiul I'ronuse: be: "Don't." hidden from the gaze of passers-b- Frequently, ut the field for professional men, lawyers and in the largewpartment houses, balcrny above bal- is'"..nrs muchis a lucrative lessone, that toHawaii read,is not butyet thereThe areLand symbolsof the Lanai. and imagerycony will hold thatits breakfast needparty, toat beany ordeciphered.all At the end, political 1 eloped; that all is needed to make it the most hours of the forenoon. People who have never o.ncious of Uncle Nun's new possessions, is a Honolulu in common with all tropical and breakfasted is, on a summer morning, semi-tropic- al cat influx of Americanism. In fact, it is looked cities is the home of the Veranda. have, assuredly, missed one of the joys of life. , .. . .,,-.- . ., ,t... ui.I :i:. ,..;.,,,.) .1 ,..,,,!., .,,.,1 theirallllOSl aS responselilt IIHIIMIIV..-- .in., usingI.IUUV. evidencecuiu Every house fromhas its lanai, theits loungingcartoon.place ex- StudentsThe porch plays willan importantneed partsomein enter- scaffolding and explanations to imitive nation, lacking the wheels of industry tended and embellished according to the taste taining, and on occasion of social functions is fre- I fairy-lan- mlcartoonsthe powers of civilization. expresshe facta specificis, that and pocketpointof the ofowners. view,It is andan indispensa- the studentsquently turned into needa d to ofbedim challengedlight and to figure out and justify helpawaii generally, themand Honolulu understand111 particular, isa blecartoon,adjunct and in butmodern whenarchitecture theymuch at- “getfragrance. it,” the lightbulb moment is priceless. busi-- bout as well developed in every branch of ! tention has been bestowed upon it's possibilities. At all times, when the weather permits, there and profession as a country can he. Salaries The question of the decoration of the lfinai is is no place so delightful as the wide, cool mos- "1 quito proof veranda for the family gathering, for the receiving of informal calls or the serving of HAWAII NEI a cup of afternoon tea. r - jw " a Activity Options: --vA j A REPORT. Zz TROMTHE seems say of FILIPINES It almost superfluous to the City . Columbia is back. It's the joke of the week. The 1. LSfS 1 Serial next joke will• he Labelon us, when asshe manyfinally gets objects as you can in the cartoon. msmwr ! J&&& and stays if she docs. away away, Lookfe' & Jg for factual information, symbols, and clues. Deputy Marshal Chillingworth is to be com- mended on the prompt and effective manner in which he carries• outListhis variedthreeduties. questionsHis dis that you have about the guising himself as a Chinese hackman the other evening and breakingcartoon.up the gang of hoodlums by strategic force was worthy of Sherlock Holmes and a cleverly executed maneuver. • HowSf SH does this cartoon connect to what we have Apropos of the changed condition this excerpt from a late issue alreadyof a scientific paper learnedis interest- about imperialism? ing. Dr. H. B. Guppy has spent three weeks in the crater of Mokuaweowco, Hawaii. He lived in a tent under• conditionsWhat notis unlikethethose opinionbe- of the cartoonist? Support lieved to exist on the moon, viz., absolute sterility of the ground, rarefiedwithatmosphere, evidenceintensely dryfrom the cartoon. air, no clouds, by day at least, and intense cold at night. During the first day the atmosphere wa-high- ly electric. Dr. Guppy could trace luminous " - , -- - - figures on his cloak, which crackled under his same disposition. 1'NCI.fc SAAl: Italm in Ciileadl Well, tliank heavens both my new daujshteis haven't Riit the fingers. He suffered from headache, palpitation, lassitude, and loss of appetite. as 5ss iml with our glossy is wages are, of course higher, for living ex- easily answered in Honolulu the privacy of A little story of Sir Henry Irving is told Austin’scises aie higher, Hawaiianbut the demand Weeklyfor labor, Julyhas 22,leafed 1899vines to shade and protect funny be by Mr. Alfred Darbyshire, the Manchester the- Mil met, Law-K- ri porch, but there arc a few hints that may http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047152/1899-07-22/and even now is overflowing. the architect, in his book just published, "An for the general treatment. atrical and doctors are plentiful, almost too plen- - well borne in mind Architect's Experiences." When Henry Irving in masses of ed-1/seq-7/. and our advice, without being pessimistic, Plants are most effective grouped was plaving Hamlet, a member of the stock com- :o be selected with a Royal, Mr. Dar- piofossional men and workers of small means. color. The furniture should pany at' the Manchester Theatre ft actor himself, was oulcl 1 The ordinary byshire, an excellent amateur lL. "Don't come to lonolulu to practice view to the occasional showers. if dyed in various cob l'olonius. unless von :i ivi.11 bamboo line of goods have fnirlv Imi'd nni'ket. and split "1 remember," says Mr. Darbyshire, 'the Strategy" Three: Reading for Detail Challengeand most attractive afford to put out vour shingle with the pros ors are very serviceable weather was vcrv hot, and after being consigned bronze are in good 1 of waiting weeks and possiblv months he- - Restful greens shading to to oblivion, was sitting on a table behind the loreit been extensively to my astonish- the lucrative in." taste though brilliant scarlet has tapestry fanning myself, when returns' come a'side the tapestry, and repeat- 'lonolulu Students read an articleused in the andStates participateof late. in a questionment Hamlet drew challenge to check for understanding. Goal:itself only some well-know- numbers 35.o ing the n words, 'Thou rash, intruding I,l'0Plc, lanai is large enough there should be a the bulk of whom are Orientals, a cos- If the fool, I took thee for thy betters,' he gave an ag- with substantial cushions, a mopolitan city, well advanced in trade with the comfortable divan onized look, and, sotto voce, exclaimed, 'For table and as many ejiUw n StOUt ! I 'ill BS dry wiance of the world, hm it as an is- - hammock or two, the tea l.mcc rrnt mo nillt of Reading for detail is a challengefoot-res- thatts asallthe studentsspace will permit. face,a limekiln.' so whyThis fromnotthe havePrince of aDenmark little fun with it? Give students '1 cit, is necessarily limited. The advent of chairs and as "le of wealthier class startled me, and for some little time I failed to Unitid trans-Por- ts many modern houses the States troops by thousands, In situation." thoroughly equipped with electric take in the anby articledozens, and withthe establishment an appropriateof the the veranda levelis of challenge, then have them respond to a series of detail-oriented

if5MnwsSTWPD5Sr?T3CSI3J3T """" " Jvm'W-v- WfflWWmw? " questionsAsk students to see to read how themany article,,9 specifics and thenthey challengecan pull from them the to piece. earn as many points as they can. Scaffold the activity as appropriate to your students’ needs. Variations could include:

• Allow students to preview the questions in advance (or not). • Have students take notes on the article that they can use to help answer questions. • Allow students to use the article for part or all of the time to answer the questions. • Create a question and answer period in which students can clarify their understanding before jumping into the game. • Double the point value for questions answered correctly without the use of the article, then let students work with the article to receive more points. •

ThisVary challenge the point can valuebe conducted based on individually the level of ordifficulty in small of cooperative the questions. groups.

63 Taking a Stand in History “The Death of King Kalakaua,” The Sun, January 21, 1891 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1891-01-21/ed-1/seq-1/

Instructions: Based on what you read, answer as many questions as you can:

Level One. Value: One point for each correct answer. No partial credit on this section.

1. King Kalakaua ruled the Hawaiian Islands for ______years. 2. Kalakaua was ______years old when he took the throne of Hawaii. 3. Kalakaua died because he had _____ disease. 4. King Kalakaua visited England because ______. 5. What was the Queen’s name in the article? Queen ______6. King Kalakaua was the king of ______.

Level Two: Value: Two points for each correct answer. Partial credit may be given.

7. Why was Hawaii important to countries such as the United States, China, Japan, and Australia? 8. Which country was most connected with Hawaii? Why are these two countries so closely linked at this time? 9. What was the cause of the reform movement and revolution in Hawaii in 1887? 10. Who was primarily involved in the reform movement?

National History Day 2017 64 Level Three. Value: Three points for each correct answer. Partial credit may be given.

11. Why might some members of the royal family or administration be disliked by the general public? What is an example of this? 12. What were government funds largely used for by the royal Hawaiian family? How did this upset the people of Hawaii as well as Americans and investors? 13. What were the consequences of the king’s journey to the United States? Give three examples. 14. In what ways can you detect bias in the newspaper article’s author? Use three examples from the text to support your point of view. 15. Do you think the author of this article would support the annexation of Hawaii? Give three pieces of textual evidence to support your point of view.

Strategy Four: Setup for a Simulation

Goal: Students analyze a primary source article to establish a point of view for a simulation.

Understanding point of view is a key skill in thinking historically. In this article, eight Americans answer the question “What shall we do with Cuba?” in 1899.

For this simulation, individual students (or groups of students) will be given one of eight roles. The date is Sunday, April 16, 1899. Students will be asked to read their primary source and answer the following questions to establish their point of view:

• What is the alleged purpose of continuing the military occupation of Cuba until Cubans, in despair, ask for annexation? • Is annexation desired by the American people? The Cuban people? • Should Cubans be permitted to enjoy recognized independence before the question of annexation is agitated? • When and how should Cuba be evacuated?

“What Shall We Do With Cuba?,” San Francisco Call, April 16, 1899 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1899-04-16/ed-1/seq-18/

65 Taking a Stand in History Once students establish their point of view, the debate can begin. Some prompts for discussion, activity, or further exploration:

• There are two men who “Speak for Congress” within this article. Split up and look at the similarities and differences of the two. Who do you agree with more? Why? • The two men who are in Cuba also have differing views. Compare and contrast the views of the president of Cuba Junte, T. Estrada Palma, and General M.C. Butler of the Cuban Evacuation Committee. • Let’s get creative: Take a look at Booker T. Washington’s views on Cuban annexation and think about what a white southerner might say. Would it be the same or different? • How would an ordinary Cuban citizen react? Write his or her response. • Imagine you are a citizen reading this newspaper. Write to your member of Congress and express your opinion on U.S. actions in Cuba. • Compare and contrast the opinion of an American farmer in Iowa versus an immigrant factory worker in New York City. How would they feel about the annexation of Cuba?

Strategy Five: Generating Buzz

Goal: Students create “buzz-worthy” questions based on a page of a newspaper.

Sometimes in studying history we forget that people were, well, people. It can be fun and educational to take a look at a society page, to get an idea about how people lived during a period and what they would have been talking about on their way to work and in their homes. This buzz is historical context. tsawmW ',:. ' --;r- CTOjft, itlflil'V w5?55ssHf-- I ?'s"!?BPSs?r' m THE ST. LOUIS REPUBLIC:' TUESDAY. M35T 10. H'SOl-V- . Pavilion at World's Fair Dedicated Queen "Lil's" Secretary Displeased Because He Had to Pay to Enter Grounds--: Newspapers do a great job of helping students SWEDISH; Evades General Public as Much as Possible Germans Coming to Exposition To Day's Concert Programmes. SWEDISH PAVILION DEDICATED HELEN GOULD "PARIS ON THE PIKE" TO PRODUCE PARISIAN AMUSEMENTS. OBJECTS TO ' Fl WITH CEREMONIES AT WORLD'S FAIR understand historical context. In this activity, students are CLOSELY GUARDED, ADMISSION FEE, . . . . . - lHEBBHBanaaanaaaaanaaaaaaaanaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaalanaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaal QuceiLilinokalani. Former Ruler Humblest AVoikinjr CJirl IIsis aaaaaaauaaaHaHaPmSK ?S8P 'aSaW 'cflESKtiaanlaBaaaaaaaaaBaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaal Move Liberties Than the Own- flflHflHHHPT jTatSHa? vMy'AMlaaaTiM 4aaE? f3waaMCafc3MaiaaaMaaaaaaaaaaaaal of Hawaii, Arrives at tbe - I BvsBksBSRjSjnBaLTk? VISaviSw atiljBmBBBBBBBBBEva go H :MyHKrl?Tvfc35MMMiM er of Millions. v'2fliv4SlaB1aEiSaHOflwfvK? Inside Inn. wlisH sKl a BaBBT Xbbb9S A9CBKtinl3&CMtKifMlHfi3f BHnflf f3j3aB tnjMuQHBP wfKfeBHa4a3BK- - JB given one page of a newspaper and asked buzz-worthy Jatf.ytMJianaajyMaaaaag 9B2EF V5 BBBflBBBBBBv. tfS aaBBBaBBnajwanin37 '"Vaflr?23a9Mr.9flEl3sS9tv

aaaaaas Ta.s.iaaf-waaa- t jp- - TagMyna aaar GBBSBk 'aaBpaBjBwj J&? aHrrVHaVaaaaV FEW CALLERS EVER SEE HER. FORCED TO PAY IN ADVANCE. I Hen '&h vMiaT 4 Wi&mjSmlBiB l President Francis Calls on Royal questions to get them discussing the context of an event, ooes to World's Fair in Closed - jRBBTafaHaBH Visitor, Automobile and (i resit Effort i3EAKBSSBBR..lP9KKzljXS- Who Will l?e Joined by "Prinre Cupid'' Is 3Iade to Conceal Her aKlaMMBBJpilHBlir'yBK'ii Identity From Public. Tol)av.

BjBEj "HElfir?-''rjl- t "' Former Queen Uliuokalanl of Hawaii r BA: JJ"rijfl'i';JaH The humblest working girl In St. Louis reached more the Inside Inn yeWrday after- in this case the 1904 World’s Fair in St. Louis. probably has more liberties and noon and will par- remain 21 Gould, there with her freedom tlum Is Helen Miller ty for probably two weeks. Her son. the richest unmarried woman In the Prince "Cupid." now as ! city known David United States, who now In this a Delegate In Congress from, of atendins the meetings of the Board Hawaii, will reach the city y and lady Managers of the World's Fair. Join much-soug- her at the Inn. A woman. Miss Gould The dethroned Queen In was accompanied must exercise the greatest precautions Lea I'apillioiis, the eight Huiterily Dancers, in their Roederer Chainpagno Dance, In Paris, on the l'ike. by Myra Heleluke. Princess Kalanlanole dealing with tho?e who would visit her. and gayety. color, cos- comediennes, singers, the Armeln's Trip Quartet whirlwind her confidential secretary. Joseph K. FJvery day curious persons endeavor to see Iar!s. with all Its The best French of clo-- represent- en- dancers: Delpllnio. the electric music gro- Aca. She remained to her rooms all Washington tumes, dance and song, will be dancers and grotesques been Ver-and- e. this rich young woman at the liae tesque, assisted by Mmc. Delmora: afternoon, as she was very tired from Some of them gain an audience ed in the concession. "Paris on the Pike." gaged and are now awaiting the opening the comlque chanteur; Mery. Hotel. a e. trip real- JmV-y- the One chief manaser. Mark I Mllle Beya, chansonette; Pompon-ett- her from Washington, and she i Miss Gould's secretary. Few of at World's ralr. of the of the concession. The e with will gi-- the hi Inimitable sriecialtles: Samayoa. In izes that during her stay in St. Louis she 85rHaBflHflaWmi?;:&???.ti'"lF. VH features will be group eight dancing Stone, declarer that ho y them ever see MUs Gould. a of best novel aerial In will be very girls, correctly named "Les Papllllons" to the Exposition one of the a act: "The Show." busy. - Ever" mail brings, to Miss Gould letters vaudCAillti thows ever Been In St. Louis. which twenty pretty women, costumed lo Several "The Butterflies" In the celebrated The price of cdmlssion to the entire con- fashionable gowns. wUI be seen. All are social functions are proposed for K'fsHalBMHaE&fiV lH from persons who have all manner of . “Helen Gould Closely Guarded” cession consisting of tha theater, garden, raid to be artists of merit, and the man- the and her party, and she also ' iiS' "Roederer Champagne Dance." Pretty '13 H schemes, In which they seek her as- cafes and roof gardens will be 23 cents. ager assures visitors that they will find a desires to see the World's thoroughly. BHHHIHisBaaEb3 women, elegantly costumed, the etsicrable In enter- amusement Fair sistance. Incladed the comuanv that will deal of in the concession. When the confidential secretary was In- women do not like enhanced by modern stage lighting and tain the visitors are: M. Gauthler, the ExCerlenced chefs will havo charge of There are few who at- Metropolitan Opera the cafes, where dishes and wines formed that the rule of Inside Inn electric effects, will make the exhibit loariine tenor of the - choice the to have their protograph taken at some tractive. Companv; Forcat of the Folles Bcrgere: will be- served nt moderate prices. could not be broken, and that pay muat time. Miss Gould's portraits are few in bo In advance, ho smiled, but he was a number, and. for obvious reasons, she Is bit nettled when he found out that H cents never photographed with those associated down to a summer of enjoyment at the present with his assistant. Max A. a day was tacked on to the bill for ad- with her. Schaaf. mission to the grounds. was explained -- World's Fair. They will have the Alnus re- It Many group pictures of the Hoard of PARK STATION Doctor Lewald will bo assisted In to him that this 60 cents goes to the Lidr Managers have been taken at the for their neighbors, but the latter are still ceiving by Assistant Commissioner H. Al- World's Fair, and that It Is charged to "U orid's Fair, but the figure of Miss Gould houred In the Indian building, as the bert nnd the members of his staff. The every guest. Still, he did not think It " Is conspicuous by Its absence. Cranks weather is a. trifle cold" Tor them to be HOSPITAL Invited guests are the Exposition officials, wa right. -- - " looking Gould, and It would AS the members of tho Board of Lady Mana- are for Helen out. Hohcnlohe-Schillingsfuer- The former Queen of Hawaii was also never do. she says, for her features to The Sioux are settled and have their gers. Prince Pu l.un, Princo st, much displeased this seeming Ait TYPICAL GIRLS FROM STOCKHOLM. J at lack of become too well known. camp running Just the same at If they the members of the St. respect to her former royal- - power, and Who attended tho dedication of Sweden's building at the World's Fair yesterday. Visitors to the Woman's building at the were at home on the Rosebud Agency Louis Club, tho University Club and the Is said to have stated with nome em- World's Fair may see Miss Gould In the In South Dakota. Chief Yellow Hair yes- Police Hoard Considering Advis- Woman's Club. phasis that she and her party should be Sweden's" contribution to the Louisiana of the Swedish colony to Mr. Boberg for I eceptlon-room- s or the hallways, but so terday entertained a half dozen brakes The German section In the Palace of permitted to pass In and out of the pavilion th. work that he and his assistants had Describe some of the ways Gould stays anonymous little concerning appearance is known Congress, ability of Tendering Use of Education, which needs only few finish- groundj Purchase Exposition, a beautiful accomplished. her from the Indian and later the a they desire. • off- ai old architec- by the average person that the heiress to braves called on Chief Tall Crane. The ing touches for completion, will be It is probable that some concession will made after plans of Swedish Charles Kohlsaat. the Exposition the Gould estate generally escapes the pipe was kept working overtime during Substation to Fair. icially opened by the Imperial Commis- be made to the Queen and her party, ture, s dedicated jestcrday afternoon to Sweden, was among ttu..--o scrutinizing gaze of the curious. these powows. but there were not a hun- sioner General, Doctor Theodor Lewald. guest of the Inside Inn Is charged Informal ceremony, which was at- who attended the cercmonlca Mr. Kohl- Miss Gould goes to the World's Fair dred words spoken in all. Friday morning at 11 o'clock. W cents a day for admission to the at an saat appeared as the representative of tho grounds In a closed automobile. The The Pawnees have finished their village grounds. If the guest goes downtown or tended by about 1C0 persons, several of Expcsitlon Company. Among others who curtains are always partly drawn and buildings, or the frame work, but Health Commissioner Simon will for- makes a caU. or steps outside grounds, Stockholm. attended were: rather MAY ADJUST BOND MATTER the whom are residents of al while Exposition employes have become It will not take them more than three ward an ordinance to tho Municipal As- there is a charge of CO cents made to Doctor Langer3let. Commissioner Cen-er- days cover grass. The come in again. Ferdinand Boberg of Stockholm, archi- familiar with the Gould automobile, few to them with sembly to-d- asking for tho appropria- WHEN THE FAIR CLOSES. back- It la the Idea of of Sweden: A. Walln, J. Schultsber. ever have seen Its occupant. Wichita grans house It also umong the putting- up fifty large cents two or three tect of the building, hoisted the Swedish C Llndman. Joseph Noren, Karl Stein. After the meetings of the Board of Lady finished structures on the reservation. tion of $11,000 for tho establishment and times a day that displeases the royal vis- flag, in brief speech presented the Victor Wickstrom and Miss WIdcrgren of are working on itors. and a Consul; Managers Miss Gould Is generally the last Several other tribe their maintenance of a World's Fair hospital Then, again, the former Queen pavilion to the Swedish represen'atlvcs at StocHiolm. F. L. Wtsge. Vice person to leave the Woman's building. structures and the Sioux visitors are still dispensary near the 'World's Fair thinks she's entitled to a pass. the Reverend C J. Relnhard. Mr. and Precautions are taken to escape the Idle disgusted to see men at work. Old Yel- and Feirlan Hxpects so Appear Hefore PRESIDENT the World's Fair. Mrs. Ernst Lundblad. Mr. and Mrs. D. C. door- Pawnee men carry- grounds. FRANCIS CAUA Roger. Mr. and and curious perwns who loiter la the low Hair saw some Committee of City Council IteBard- - President Francis Exposition The Reverend C J. Relnhard of St. Nugcnt. N. Grant, Joseph ways or the hallways to get a glimpse of ing heavy sticks of wood and grunted: is probable now that the oldjForest Ing-- ot the Leul responded l behalf of the local Mrs. C B. ETkstromer. V. H. Wlckstrom. much-talked-- It Parle Restoration Security. Company the Helen Gould. Once "Braves doing woman's work!" Park, substation will be utilized jor the called on the former Queen late Sv.tdlsh representaBves. He spoke In the Professor and Mrs. Kurtz, Major and Mrs. she is safely seated In the automobile she In the afternoon to pay his respects and Swedish tongue nnd expressed the thanks H. Hammond and H. Rosenberg. - taken hurledlr to her apartments at the Aslf Court tn Release Autos. purposo originally planned for Forest 'to Tange-xna- n. pe- offer her a welcome to the World's Washington during Exposition to-da- Hotel. Elmer P. Hollander and C H Park Cottage the De&plte the fact that Mayor Wells has Fair. She will return tho call ), Miss Gould frequently meets Intimate New-- dealers, riod. having been excused from found on and sear tbe World's Fair friends in the parlors of the Washington, York automouile sent the last bend offered the city by the that social -- brought Court At a meeting of the Board of Health Coun- function yesterday afternoon. grounds. hut the stares of guests unknown to her suit in the United Slates World's Fair Directors to the City It 19 probable that a social gathering Up to date, with the World's Fair only MANY GERMANS have often been the cause of Miss Gould's yesterday to replevin two automobiles yesterday 'WUHam G. Frye. President of 'open-face- In cil with his disapproval. Judge Franklin will be arranged this week so that the two weeks old. the police have two d retiring to her apartments much earlier made in Turin. Italy, and now the the" & open-face- d Italian exhibit the Fair. The is Police Board, who Is also member Ferriss, General Counsel for the World's former Queen may meet Prince Pu Lun sliver watches and an than she wished to. at suit Health, brought up the of China. gold watch" found on the World's Fair TO " brought against the Exposition Company, of the Board of Fair; is hopeful the Council's Ways double-breast- COMING FAIR ESCORTED BY MAX SERVANT. Survey- tem- .that Queen "IjI" Is well known to the Ameri- grounds, a Jacket, picked the Italian Commissioner and the matter of using the substation as a Means Committee will can people. up Do avenue on Olive When she takes her morning watte she or of the Port. The detention of the auto- and grant him a She succeeded her husband. near Ballviere the Do you think those tactics can work in today’s world, mobiles in bond by the Italian Commis- porary dispensary. Ho raid that the f hearing before Ccal decision on tbe offer King Kalaknn to the Hawaiian throne loop, and a blue Jacket, which the owner • Is always accompanied by a hired male loaning tho station to tho Health and as Queen visited the United States. had lost near the head of the lagoon in sioner, and the refusal of the Collector to of duty Is protect "seven-mont- is reached. '" She Des- escort, whose chief to her accept duty and release them, is the h period loat her 3ob In aTWotutlon nearly the Exposition grounds. Endles.- Stream of Visitors.. own the ) Commissioner speci- from the advances,. of persons who plaintiff-- for a Judge Ferriss is confident that an am- ten years ago. when her throne was taken The police will hold all articles a snap-sh- ot camera.-- cause of the action. The ask meeting the J2.CW had been talked of at a of adjustment from her and a Republic established. fied length of time and. under the law, tined for St. Louis Passing even in such a high-profile place as a World’s Fair. modesty Gould Is looked damage. . icable of the bond question can Since will The of Helen Board of Police Commissioners, but had the annexation of Hawaii to tha then dispose of them to the h!ghet upon as her most admirable quality by be made. United States as territory, she has lived bidder. Willi this many articles already Tlirou"!! Washington. persons MORE PORTUGUESE WINE not bein definitely decided upon. In finders; Chief Kiel. her Intimate acquaintances. Most conn-de- nt Mayor Wells yesterday said that Judge in waaaington most of tne time, trying turned by honest like the sort of notoriety that comes with Health Commissioner Simon feels Ferriss had said the World's Fair could to coax 00.000 out of Congress In pay- wonders how many have been lost of fame. Miss Gould does not. Miss Gould MISSING FROM FAIR. gat the station, how- not give a bond as exacted by the ordi- ment to her for her country. She has which the police have heard nothing. The idolized worshiped, that he will has no desire to be or ever, planning the erection nance, which was explained in the corre- been prominent in Washington society. articles have teen sent to the Four REPCEUC SPECIAL. and she has a horror of being conspicuous and is cf a spondence of Mayor Wells and World's The. former Queen spent some time Courts. Washington. May 9. In station, tc be at Never before have a large assembly. pavilion in the rear of the Fclr oScials during the bond controversy. the World's Fair in Chicago and was the so many visiting especially considering the Internet? Her action on the opening day of the Sixty Bo- treatment victims. In tho correspondence wan recipient of much attention, but she was Germans been teen at grounds Tbl Time Thieves Secure u.td for the if heat it stated that nxuiniToits mcst iiastex. capital Fair In going to the Exposition llii-- ! admirably the bond required by the ordinance would a ruler then. the national as are found here fivo girl companions, were ttle, WhleJi exhibitors Tho station, it is said. May Xot th-- j with who c. require the personal surety of Directors. Forfeit Space If They Are at present. All are on their way to dressed identically as she was. Indicates Value at $l,iH. adsptcd for tho purpose, ns It Is tut This was Impossible, since tho latter re- ODD Ready Next Thursday. extreme methods Miss Gould will poUM and fused to assume personal responsibility. INCIDENTS ABOUT St. Louis Exposition. It is an almost the that short distance from the stables Dilatorlness tn the installation of exhib- seem, resort to In order to escape the glances Is properly sewered. Mayor Well it is Mayor Wells also said that he wan not THE SAVAGE endless stream, and It would that ol th public. will grant permission to use th? disposed to proceed against the Fair, as PEOPLES. its at tho World's .Fair is not to be the Fatherland Is sending more visitors The Portuguese representatives the saM. or- at btation without asKlng the Municipal he believed any attempt to interrupt the tolerated any longer, according to an to the than all the other great na- - HAVE World's have reported sixty bot- is he could have granted Exposition would meet with popular dis- Several women were wandering around Fair , IG0RR0TES ARE TO Fair that It said approval. der Issued by the Division of Exhibits tlcns of Europe. England second, tles of rare Portuguese wine are missing tin same concession for tin Cottage, cut the Igorrote village yesterday afternoon notified .ranks - ' DOG fetUng that there would be no objection it U believed now that the bond matter savages yesterday. Exhibitors have been France third, and Austria fourth. FEAST SATURDAY. shipment, which was recelted the j and they stopped to watch the in- in a at tb-- use to which It was to be put lor will properly adjust Itself at the end of aU who have not completed the ht to nitt-t- e- building house. They that The latest arrivals are a crowd Palace of Agriculture a few days ago. a temporary period, he submitted the the Fair, as tho ordinance stipulates, that a smiled at the stallation of their exhibits by next Thurs- f machinery of German tourists. is personally The original shipment contained 1 bottles to the Awombly, and the House and properties of tlie Fair shall chant of tho women at work. laughed inspection, ex- It a vrlth the not bo until restoration is day, when an official of the tour the Hamburg-America- n "Village wine, the cases were opened Delegates refused to concur removed park outrfght at the baro legs and seemed Expo- conducted of Canines Admitted Free to the of and when ComicIL amply provided for. hibit palaces' is to be made by the Line and Includes fourteen represent- Do you think the same precautions would have been And Governor Hunt Promises the yesterday It was found that there were It is reported that In casj the Fores. much interested in everything they saw. sition officials, or who cannot furnish ac- Teutons Many accom- • KM Cottage not leased soon It may SOX OF CHIEF PlVtYS DETECTIVE. They followed the Igorrotes from place ceptable excuse for tno delay, will fonelt ative ot thern are is Savece a Holiday. only bottles. I'iik police de- In the palaces missing bot- bo utilized as a barracks fcr to place around the building and finally tho space allotted to them panied by their wives. The packages in which the World's work, a privilege Acts as Principal Wltneaa Acnlnat where the Incompleted state exists. party tles were contained remain In the ship- tailed to Fair grant. one of the savages turned and exclaimed: exhibitors are warned The will spend two days In Wash which Mayor Wells may also Ttto Men Convicted of Theft. Further than tnls. sight-seein- g go- ping cases, and It is supposed that the In cases where the exhibits have ington and then win depart Towser had known what he was was In shipment. Tod Tlellatcha, son of the Chief of "Rubber!" that If wine stolen the was only English sav- not been completely installed, the booths direct for tho World's Fair city. The ing against ho wouldn't have entered the As the Portuguese value their World s BA"ND programmes Alaskan Indians the World's Fair, quit It the word the or construction already erected win Fair wine at $30 a quart. It Is probable that at age knew, but tbe women didn't know other only two countries contingent, whfeh includes three noble- Igorrote Vlllase gate at the World's Fair companies will be asked to FAIR. building totem poles long enough yester- be torn down. The men. Is as follows: Mr. and Mrs. Dlttler, the railroad AT THE WORLD'S participating In Exposition which havo -- yesterday afternoon. Towser Is a big, make good the losses. At S3) a auart the day afternoon to play detective, with the that. the and Mr. and Mrs. WIchman. Mr. and Mrs. J1.SW Been granted an extension of time Outman. Messrs. Reutllnger. black, mongrel dog that strayed Into the railroads would hive to pay for the result that two"mcn were arrested on Tbe Filipino ucouts know only the man- which not affected by this order are Hornschuch, missing sixty bottles. EOUSX'S BAND. a are Von Islng. Schroter, Mullers. H. Sutor. was promptly confiscated Argentine and Russia. Bess-l- er Inclosure" and About a week ago some wine in the of charge of petit larceny. ual In English, and one or two English who was Salomon, A. von Scbroeder. Hahn, taken if Gould had been a man? head-hunter- s. jao p. 'sr. na staea. run. st. James AUlson of Cincinnati, Ber- i: Agri- and Baron von Hammers by the Portuguese section of the Palace of Overture Poet and Peasant ; ..Supp The prisoners gavo the names of Itobert words that they have picked up from the Chief of the Departments of Manufac- tela of every culture was stolen, and the commission Kxcerpts from D!e Ooettenlaemmenin iu: Chicago lin. Governor Hunt believes tliat Incensed Expoxltion ? Relninger and William T. Oliver. soldiers in the Philippines. They know tures and Liberal Arts at the finished became so that the - World's Fair, was a caller on Director of building will be practically in management was asked to provide a CoroeV"Yoriieri;a""NoUiU!t- New to For some time J. G. Davis, the Alaskan the meaning of the words they have come to Francis Wilson Admire Fair. village Friday night, If so the Portuguese wlno ex- Kay Room Exhibits Skiff yesterday. He had the by and special guan? for the - Commissioner, had been missing articles gained from tho soldiers and they know St-- Louis to ses the Fair and to make "Grand, magnificent, beautiful beyond Igorrotcs will have a big dog feast Satur- hibit. Mr. Herbert !. Clarke. of clothing and bcddlnjr from hUs heod- - how to uso them, but these words mys- for party or forty trom Cin- the descriptive powers of man," Is thu Momlnir Journal! - disappeared from a day, the dogs being put on the fire at U Valse f- ;f.,r?" Suarters. A bLinket tify the average American. A man look- cinnati who will visit the Fair later. OFFICE DECORATED WITH Scenu from Mirltani .r.....V.aIlac of a sick man Sunday. Mr. Allison said that tho condlUon of a. m. and the feast continuing all after- INTERMISSION. Tod saw the two men walking near the ing for Major Johnston yesterday asked tho exhibits at St. Louis was far in od-an- ce .RnbenaUln Alaskan building yesterday with a pack- for him. days noon. IN STAGE MONEY. Nocturne Karomenol Orow "Chow-chow!- ;' of that In Chicago eight after $100,000 Suite-T- ne nose or Shlraa.. ...EHtnBerg age. Ho halted them, and inquired as to said the scout. opening. He pronounces the Fair mar- In anticipation of this feast Towser Solo Beauty..Zlmnwrman package. Tod was man asked three or four other the Trombone Amellcan the contents of the The camp velous In its showing and extent and the was captured. There are now six dogs in Mr. Zimmerman. not satisfied with their reply, and Insisted scouts for the commandant ot the work upon It to have teen splendidly per- the village, and every one of them is Berlin in Smiles andlo Tears ...Conradl on an examination. He discovered the and tho same answer was returned. Major every particular. World's Coin De- March semper Fidelia faousa explained "chow-cho- formed In carefully watched .to see that It does not Chief Zerbe of Fair JSU P. M- missing blanket, and held the men while Johnston later that Tho exhibits embraced In Mr. Allison's gate - -- Filipinos and escape. The guard at the main partment Veen Bill From Defunct Overture-Phe- dre he called Davis, who turned them over to tbe meant meals departments Chicago are greatly ex- Looking at the page as a whole: only entrance to tho grounds has to Guaid. by returning answer the scouts at neenes llohemlans .....I'uocini a Jefferson that In • the Banks for Unique Display. from the be- lun- ceeded number by those at St. Louis, strict orders to see that all dogs that Cornet Solo Cirnlval of Verlce. Martmon"i took Relninger and Oliver meant that Major Johnston was at distributed In the four departments SCO) beirc care to do so may come In, 'but that none Mr. Herman Ilellstedt. fore Justice Campbell at No. Olive cheon. ot Liberal Varied Manu- aa. go out. Scenes from the Belle of New rork...... iverker Street road, where a warrant cliargimr If you want to buy anything from the Arts. Industries. B In to the strays. Governor llrldal Music from Lohtnsrln .Vajner petit was sworn out against them Filipinos when they begin doing business factures and Education and Social. M addition One of the saddest sights to the World's INTERMISSION. larcenv Hunt out few searchers so that the by Davis. Their trials were held at once, don say "jawbone to them. '1 hat word, MOOHE has a visitor is in the office of the Prelude Die MeUteralnrer ...Watner 10 im- t MRS. ELECTED OX JURY. Igorrotes are assured of a bountiful sup- Fair that Alra from A Runawar Olrl and a fine of J and costs each wan picked up from the soldiers, means "give Coin Department Admin- Koxers principal witness. or "charge It." 31an-age- rs ply of canines for their holiday. Souvenir in the Cornet Solo War nous Variation! . S posed. Tod was the me credit," To Represent Hoard of Lady "The Igorrote Is not at all particular istration building, where Zerbe, Mr. Walter I Itocen-- The prisoners declared the blanket had about the breed of dogs, but he is about Farran a) Narclwua from Water Scene.... Nevln been given to them. The Fire Inspector visited the Igorrote in Selecting Awards. the color," said Governor Hunt. "For In- Chief of the Department, has used for lb) Marea Hall to the Spirit ef Uberty..Soua. village yesterday and was excited over Mrs. rhlllp N. Moore Louis, presi- JIOO.OOO Tho Cavalry Charge ..Luilera oft. stance, a white dog is not desired. White the decoration of his office, in IGOIWOTE3 LOSBTHCIR SALARY. the presence of a half dozen open fires. dent of the Federation omVornen's Clubs, Is the color of the Americans, and the bank WEIL'S BAM). "What those fires for?' he asked head-hunte- rs notes. ao was yesterday by have a .wholesome respect 11 a. m.. eait band stand. Plaza of St. laula. Savages Fined for Selling; Carlos Governor Hunt. selected the Board of for the Americans, and, therefore, con- The tragic feature or the display is that Marcli--Co!o- Stuart .. i Weldon Tliey Hate Camera Fiends. "The savages have them so that they Lady Managers to represent it on the ele- -, every In Overture De Faux Perle Taran striking sider white sacred. What the white note the collection is worthless, Thomaa can light their pipes without" a Superior Jury of Awards ot the World's phant Is to Slam so tho white dog Is to represents currency Japanese Dance GuUelcsa Igorrotes of the Philippine match every time." MmBm Consider what these articles are about in general. and some of the of Fittoreeoue Maasenet • igorrotes. ana ycuow nogs Scenes - are learning to regret 'cm out," cried the Inspector. Fair. are ine ismaa - banks have failed. March Arselu Feta Boherae. reservation their "Put Ax alternate member Mrs. EUza Bads their favorites. This color of black corre- that AeoIIac- - Ecboea Phelps gov- "Who, the savages?" an ponds own There arc 4.000 Terrace, Administrationv bulMlng. that it is not wise to meddle with the How, also St. Louis, was selected. more closely to their and about banknotes in the 439. buzz-sa- w "No, sir." theWrcs." of ngain a yellow dog Is suggestive of a collection, with an average value each March Our Columbia FcreTer. Cbambers ernmental and that rules and "I can't. You tell the savages." There was quite a keen competition Chinaman, and the Igorrotes do not like m enure Raymond Tnomaa regulations must be obeyed at all hazards. They wouldn't understand me." among prominent women for the honor, of C5. They range all the way from C Traumerel i Schumann Moore was fa- the Chinese. Thus, you see. the black Scenes from the Storks...... Cnopln Incidentally they have learned to avoid "Then do It yourself." but the selection ot Mrs. and yellow dogs are their natural meat, to :ioo. Idyl The Forge In the Forert MIcbaells "I'd rather take a chance on the Are vored by most of the members of the fiend plague, ." and that is no joke, while the white dog The bills are strung In festoons from the 1a Plaza of Orleans. the camera as the as he is than the returned the In- board, and her election. It is said, was central chandelier of the office to the four March Unci Sammy Itolzmann the cause of all woe. spector. unanimous. is immune." their Su- Many women denied comers and Mr. zerbe intends to draw tin overture Oberon Weber fifty-ce- nres were burning. The officers and members of the are tfe Dance of the Waller The sale of a hat by one of The left his supply others to decorate the walls -- fun Frut perior Jury are made up of the President ot PRINCE HOHENLOHE PAYS for election! from Ijucla ill lAmmermoor.Donltettl the g chiefs to stranger cost happiness of children throagn and corners of the room. Jungle Kchoes a The Negritos suffer severely from the tbe Exposition, the Director of Exhibits, a Are they hard-hitting news stories? How does this They are all from Mr. Zerbe's nrlvate Illldreta tlie chief J15. his month's salary, and now citizen of tbe United States, to be name.1 Intermission. were VISIT TO THE INDIANS. stock, collected through a period of twen-- cold, and three of them sent to the by the Exposition Company, the three be- derangement of tbe generative 1 years, Introduction to Third Act of Lohernrrln.Woxner he Is a sadder but wiser man. All of the City Hospital yesterday. The weather is president auring wnicn lie nas been Waltz M3ement Amoureue llerxer Filipino now on ing resoecllvcly and first and organs. 'Mrs. Beyer a coin expert and numismatist. ltemlnlsrenre of ..., Sullivan tribesmen the reservation far colder than they are used to and they second vice presidents of the Jury. The advises The Souvenir Coin Department will con- Serenade Aubada Prlatannlerc... Oaeombe are paid salaries and all tlie articles they are not hardy by any means. Those that members of the' Jury further consists of women Royal Sightseer la Introduced duct several boothR In the various exhibit Scene The Cuban War Dalbey make are to be sold for the benefit of are in the village now go wrapped 'up in the Commissioners Genetal ot the nine to use Lydia E Pink to Hrd palaces for the sale gold dol- IXXES'S BAXD. occupying the largest Clond, X- -' of souvenir the Philippine Government when the show every old blanket or coat that they can countries exhibit ham's Vegetable Sachem of the Sioux lars of the Exposition and these are to be 4 p. m. Tint band stand. Plaza St. Iruls. find and men. and women have donned spaces at tbe Fair, the chairmen and first Coapwd. tlon and Other Chieftains. decorated on the walls and ceilings with Overture Fen .Uuuien opens. stray pairs of trousers In on effort to vice chairmen of the department Juries, solid masses of the notes of defunct Invitation to the Dance. ... er In the meantime the natives are not al- keep warm. Meanwhile, tbe hardy Igor- the chiefs of the exhibit departments and "Dear Mm. Pdtxhax: suffered banks. Others aro to be drcoratcd with Scenen from lhencrln, introducing the go one member appointed by the Board of I appropriate designs In postage stamps. Wedding March and concluding with lowed to sell any of their handiwork and rotes around with the breach clout, Lady Managers. vrlth stomach complaint for years. the famous King's Prayer. the price of disobedience of this rule is happy and contented and disdain clothes. could, I Royalty visited the Pike yesterday.. Ear- Mr. Zerbe is anxious to have these dec- a Henrta Flowers fact, "Negs" wearing cast-o-ff got bo bad that sot carry my compare to what is published today? stamps by and Tobaal the forfeiture of a month's salary to tbe In the are the TO I ly In th'e morning a carriage conveyed orative contributed boys and b A Whispered Tboueht Johnson offender. clothing of the ADVERTISE THE PHILIPPINES. children but fire months, then would girls, the stamps to be mounted on Interml!cn. The first unpleasantness between Ex- havo a miscarriage. The time Prince Hohenlohe to tho entrance of tho squares. AnV kind of stamps pasted on Overture Merry Wlrea Nlcolal d Commission (o last I Du-D- u position visitors and tbe I.NSUrtA.NCE ME! AT FAIR. Establish Bnrean of Show, thla paper In any design that the con- (air varlo) Levy. became pregnant, my husband pot mo Hagenbeck Animal where his de- Cornet solo bv KryL Igorrotes arose over the wild desire of a Publicity Here. tributor selects Is desired. The best Second Hungarian possess to take Lydia Vege- Highness paid an Informal. call on his fa- sign de- Rhapsody Ltsxt squad of camera fiends to some Representatives of Phoenix Matnal The Philippine Commission will estab- E. Piukhnm's thRt the contributor selects Airs from tfce Serenade Herbert Filipino token. Some of the savages were Sleet in Hall Conjrreaaes. table Compound. After taUin? tho mous countryman. Carl Hagenbeck. sired. The be3t design submitted will be ft p. m. of lish Bureau Publicity, slc!:-ae- ss East band stand. Plaza St. Lmla. willing to make dicker and did so. Forty-fiv- a of with Alfred Inspection of tho animal show awarded two souvenir dollars mounted for Overture Orpheus and Durydlce Offenbach a unending enmity e representatives of tbo Phoe- flr3t bottle 1 was relieved of the After an Jewelry Durposes. .One mounted ouvenir Coeoanut Dance , Tobanl They have sworn to C Newell of New York as Chief of the bet- (tvrp-at- man camera, nix Mutual Life Insurance Company met of stomach, and began to feel the Prince, accompanied by Mr. Hagen- coin will b awarded the second best de- ITlnce Charming march). .?..,. .Innes the or woman with the whom Department of Exploitation, and Herbert Kemmenol Ostrow Rubinstein they regard as the author uf their pecun- In the Hall of Congresses tbe World's ter in every way. continued lt3 uco beck. bis son, Lorenz Hagenbeck. and Lee sign. To the next ten best design will every at S. Stone of Chicago, Chief ot the Depart- I J be awarded souvenir gold dollar puzzle Follow the Flag (march)!..: .Thiels iary misery, and regard one who yesterday and another meeting will and was enabled to carry my baby Williams, the Hagenbeck representative, a Intermission. carries a little black box with a deep and Fair ment of Publicity. The idea is to make went to Indian Congress, the imperial each. The puzzle Is unique and promises Overture Mljrnon ...... Thoraaa dark suspicion. be held In the same place at 10 o'clock maturity. now have a nice baby the "pigs In . known the products of the Philippines, I visitor having requested the privilege of to take rank with the clover" Russia (air rarlo) Iery this morning-- the (flrl, and can work better than I crcr Feeing and talking to the North American and other classics in the nuzzle line. The Cornet solo by KryL CULTURED FIL1PIXOS COMIXG. character of the people and also to ex- senders of the first ten designs will also a rtoade d'Amour ..Weaterhoct The insurance men will bfl the guests of ploit could before. Iamlilcoanewwcraan. Indians on the Wild West reservation. rcctlve puzzles. b Pursuit of Poer Umt.... i.Orleg Mrs. J. M. Holcome, of the Board of Lady the Exposition at the World's Fair. Mas. FBAjncEsTEE, 23 S. Second St, What was your favorite story on this page? Fred T. Cummins presented the Prince Scenes from Carmen... P .Bizet Party of Fifty Includes Ulgkeat H. N. Swartout, editor and one • the Managers, in the Connecticut building of the Conn. Hol-com- Herlden, erlginaitf to Chief Red Cloud, sachem of the Sioux Types of Xatlvea. reception In be proprietors of the Manila Times, will lsitto ssooofvftHif nation, vari- World' Fair Xolrt. TO A which Mrs. on Philippine Day. August 13. ess IstUr pmltg jmtlntauM comet protects. and other chieftains of the It pay Jar yertenlsy on the ranipplnt DEDICATE ART EXHIBIT. Doctor W. F. Wilson, Commissioner will be assisted by several members a special t ous tribes. revenatlon.tm Tbe Government lMbl out about of tha Board of Lady Managers, will be rtltlonof his paper at the World's Fair General to Philippines, was m saXOO copies. Prince Hohenlohe said lie was delighted J19.W0 for labor an4 a total cf about Jv0.O for "Gcrraany'a Commlasloner. General the notlfcd followed by a dinner In the banquet-roo- of In which will be a com- FBEE MEDICAIi ADVICE TO with the visit. was his first meeting w>s for the month of April. Give yesterday party of fifty prominent plete story of the Philippines from a com- It Will Reception. that a cf the Connecticut building. mercial and Industrial WOMAN. with a real North American Indian. Germany's section In the Palace of natives of the Philippines would arrive viewpoint, as well R. Perry reached th Antbrop Imltan building Fine POLICE CARE FOR as historical articles on tlie Islands. TATAGOXIANS BECOMISG IIAPPT. yeclerday with nineteen Narajo blanket wear- Arts will be-- dedicated this afternoon, on In San Francisco May IS and would came LOSTRTlCLRs. Don't hesitate to write to Sirs. ers fnxu New Mexico. J. 1C Alla brovsnt In reception German Visitor His Money. Pintnam. She will understand a dozen Publo pottery workers from tbo came which occasion a will be held by The party includes the highest types of Three Watches and Two Jacketa. Finds Tribe 5ott Finishing Houses en territory. s. Fred von Kupper. the busi- yourcaseperfectly,andtriU Commissioner General Ixwald. Admis- iiiproo ana aro many tioc-tor- Fonnd Grounds. New York treat "World's r natives, ucrc nt Fair ness man who reported to the police Sun- yon Fnlr Reservation. were sion to tho wni be by invitation lawyers and men of other profes- they fall to And owner the prop- day with kindness. Her advice' Two Indian rhlldren nt to the rityt affair It for that hi room at the Jefferson had , I The Patagonlans have about finished Tlonplta) yeaterday Buffering with meulex. Tlis only. Professor Maximilian Scatter of sion! among them. erty now In their possession, police, is free, and tne address is Iiyan, Board ef Health haa decided to promptly the The Insular Government made an the a-- . on Antropologlcal rem- raso-r- has cunrtar. who with ti?R Mass. wemaa erer renieTtteu thelrboure th Try t eomaKlous Slseaa from any RoyaL Academy of Berlin,, jtho has been appropriation to defray ex- after the World's Fair, win to. .ma ,.. fAni I 3o , - otlttiftn the beablo nwin.v .MiUnla.iviv ,.. sqo.. atlon and they axe nearly ready to settle part of la WorlJ'a Fnlr srcunOj. In charge of the- arrangements, .will bo penses ot tho tr;p. opes department store with Mwuii$5 ill tdd haYine written her, and alia kUr What does this page tell us about life in 1904? a the article drawer""w ofJ"";.Jthe bureau In his room. H - "-- • BWWUIU r

The St. Louis Republic, May 10, 1904 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020274/1904-05-10/ ed-1/seq-4/ National History Day 2017 66 Strategy Six: Using an Advertisement as a Primary Source

Goal: Students analyze an advertisement to gain historical perceptive.

Advertisements provide fascinating insights into economic issues. This 1919 ad for Cuba promotes economic investment potential and refers to Cuba as “the Land of Opportunity” and the “Richest Country in the World.”

Analysis activities:

• Before students read the advertisement, ask what they think is different from and what is the same as advertisements today. • What is this advertisement’s goal? • What are some of the ways the ad tries to convince readers to come to Cuba? • There are not many images, but that makes the ones used even more important. Why do you think they chose the few they did? • Who do you think paid for this advertisement, and why?

Synthesis activities:

• Consider the world in 1919 and why people might want to move at this time (consider both push and pull factors). Have students choose another location and create an advertisement to entice immigrants. • If you made this advertisement for the U.S. in 1919, what would it look like? New-York Tribune, April 15, 1919 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-04-15/ed-1/ • Use this advertisement as a springboard to discuss seq-17/ other topics that resulted in challenges in U.S.-Cuba relations (Spanish-American War, Platt Amendment, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, embargo).

67 Taking a Stand in History Strategy Seven: Create an Anticipatory Guide to Access Prior Knowledge

Goal: Before reading an article, students answer questions. Then, as they read the article, they correct mistakes and all false statements.

Anticipatory sets can help pique students’ interest, as well as give them a purpose for reading. Before giving students the article, ask them to mark the following statements as true or false. As they read, they evaluate their responses and correct their mistakes.

' ' • There are more British physicians than THREE I IT? J : Jl&lf jplfef &fjfoVSM. ; Sunday magazine I American physicians. xm SALT LAKE CITY' UTAB SUNDAY MORNING, JUNE 3, 1906. • There are more than 250 mission stations. I 4emcs peeaMop Missionaries I • For each American missionary, there are 375,000 Chinese people. • The Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States only deals with organized churches. • Tibet has the greatest number of mission stations. • Methodist and Congregationalist missionaries

PRESBYTERIAN CQLLEGE. JOHN L. NEVTU5, ' - are primarily popular in the providence of 3r OTREET' CttAPEU China. Famous Missionary T- American - viskniskkl. One-ha- lf jsJM! for annually. of the forty Missions of thePresbyterian Church In Shanghai, the Presbyterians, North and trncts which convey a knowledge of the or to make Christianity the State re- can say with any degree of definite- - H oer part of Chinese children and young men and the United States of America. It has South, and the Methodists, South: In gospel, to conversation with Indi- ligion Emperor to jjk5"r tho Che-klan- g, and the favor the should again rise women In the day schools and higher 244 missionaries In tho field, garrisoning tho Baptists and the Pres- viduals and to public preaching of the plan. Knowledge of this impending '.XL foreigner' the first Institutions of learning: colleges, a twenty-seve- n stations and 396 byterians. South: in Fo-kle- n, tho Meth- gospel as" soon as circumstances per- change was bruited nbout. and became The 'Value of Medical Work. E301 outbreak university and theological seminaries Its native helpers number 650. odists, North, and the Congregatlonal-lsts- ; mit." one of tho to tho In unmfs-takabl- y would g, chief causes leading Missionary work China is rso E. Mor-',- n are Instructed by American teachers. It has 130 organized churches, with In Kwang-tun- wherein Is Hong- Mr. Brldgman took up his residence Boxer uprising. Institutional. There are day IJ Chi-li. 7taerver Only less one-ha- lf nearly fifteen communicants, kong, Presbyterians. North, of Chinese three thousand than thousand tho and the li the American factory with the The second of our churches to under- schools for poor boys and girls, whore KmpJeted a tour of the of the 112,000 native Protestant com- 2600 being added last year. In Its 252 Baptists: In Kwang-s- l, across the American consular agent, and began take missionary work In China was the the three R's are taught; klndergar-ten- s, m his summing up of municants owe allegiance to American schools are 6000 pupils and students. boundary from Indo-Chln- a, the Chris- his studies under the direction of Dr. Protestant Episcopal, lt onlered the libraries, Industrial and training 11 s plain churches and dhapels. Sabbath school scholars number over tian and Missionary Alliance. Morrison, who, by time, gained field flvo years tho Congregational. blind asylums, hoarding schools: 9',!niilutljnent n, this had after classes, T1" e various reassur- - Our missionaries look after about one five thousand. Its two printing presses In bordering on Thibet, a comprehensive knowledge of tho Chi- When the five treaty ports of Shanghai, for picked students and a growing mini-bc- r bE. elghty-on- o Chinese-Englis- s, hundred thousand more people a year turned out over million tho center of which 1100 miles in nese language, compiled a h Amoy, Nlngpo, Foochow and Canton of theological seminaries and turbulence Is so far than the twenty-tw- o British societies. pages of reading matter last year, and straight lino from Shanghai, on the dictionary, translated and pub- were created, following the close of tho besides a real university In ta 3 uainted with Our physicians number 137. the British Its twenty-thre- e hospitals and seven- coast, the Baptists aro leaders; In lished tho New Testamont, and. with Taping rebellion, there were only twelve Shantung province, under the super-visio- n s'mT i??a hav the world at 83; our hospitals and dispensaries. 07, teen dispensaries took care of nearly Shnn-s- l, directly west of Chi-1- 1, tho the help of a colleague, the Old Testa- Protestant missionaries. American and of the Presbyterians, North kf?,asbe5n Ported out the British fourteen less. We main- one hundred and forty thousand pa- Congregatlonallst6; in Ngan-hwc- l, the ment also. Like Dr. Morrison, Brldg- English, In China, and they wore hid- But the form of work that Imprest sSMBTvj ' Mo"i6on3 state-- tain one thousand and three schools of tients. Protestant Episcopalians and tho For- man was forced to take lessons from den away In Canton and Maceo, for fear the people most with the principles of various kinds, the British 759. Our The work of the 'Missionary Society of eign Christian Missionary Society: In his Chinese teachers In secret, for fear of the Chinese officials. But with the the new religion is medical, as carried the Episcopal 1b a Hu-pe- i, in very of up In The American Bible Society is the most i of missionaries, Including the physicians, the Methodist Church the center China of official displeasure. His observations springing of the treaty ports the on the hospital and the dispensary. Potion • SfK&l 235 proper, best-know- n 'Sifefa i.no more Insecure total more than the British force. close second to that of the Presbyterian the Protestant Episcopalians of the Chinese and their ways had to Baptist. Presbyterian and Methodist One of the missionaries They reside in 264 different places, Board. Among the leaders are also the and the Swedish Missionary Society; In be made In large part In same fur- churches speedily entered China In the In the field today is authority for the Klang-sl- , the available iu known as mission stations. Attached to American Baptist Missionary Union, the the Methodists, North, and tive manner. order named, statement that more converts are made ,Protc8tant and these stations are 924 In Domostlo and Foreign Missionary So- in Hu-na- n, whore the deepest prejudice In secret also he began, a year after In the last quarter of a century in tho hospitals and dispensaries than Sih&tUc,,mlflslonarle3 now direct chargo of native workers and ciety of the Protestant Episcopal and animosity exists against foreign- his arrival, to Instruct some Chinese twenty twenty-tw- o American societies by all tho other methods of activity under constant supervision of tho mis- Church, tho Executive Committee of ers, whether missionaries or laymen, boys In the principles, of tho Christian have gono Into the Empire. This has combined. The pioneer American hos-pit- al Preoby-terlan- s, depend-rf9WiaiSS- r,t sionaries. The native workers number Foreign Missions, Presbyterlon Church, tho Presbyterians, .North, the Protest- religion. The year following he be- been the period of greatest growth was established by the lSS111" ?a nearly three thousand. Besides the South; the Board of Foreign Missions, ant Episcopalians and the Cumberland came editor of the Chinese Repository, with all our societies In Chinese work. North. China's first medical lonarlea, communicants of our churches Reformed Church in America; the Presbyterians. a missionary organ, and the third year Indeed, In this time we have out- school was founded on the Initiative of and chapels, about thirty thousund Board of Missions of the M. E. Church. The American Bible Society, through he was to put stripped all British and Continental tho great Li Hung Chang the con- able the first American after ffis of the varl-3e5Ur- Chinese, technically known aa adher- South, and the American Board of Its handful of missionaries, and Its press In operation with the arrival societies, and, from the Protestant mis- English medical missionary John Missions army of colporteurs, aro in- H Tn Jour ordera oC ents, to distinguish them from Commissioners for Foreign siderable from America of Samuel W. Williams, sionary standpoint, risen to tho premier K. Mackenzie had effected a cure of come dally under the Influ- (Congregational). Those societies do the fluential in every province, Mongolia a printer sent out by the American position. Li's wife, lying at the point of death. Catho-S- ence army. of along lines. and Manchuria. course, The r of our little missionary great bulk the work all board. At this time there also arrived Missionaries of 1400 Years Ago. Of whenever and wherever a l$H' charities, There Is one American missionary to It Is interesting to note, however, that The first American missionaries to an ordained missionary, the Rov. Iru The missionary gets two or three Chinese IH at three every 376,000 of China proper's vast many religious organizations, which China reached Canton February 5, 1S30, Tracy. But while our missionary boards have together there Is instruction in the pre-- threo-quarte- rs IH 'iMjC population, and 1256 square miles of Its are more local than national In reality, but until official Interdiction woa re- a record of a year more than cepts of Christianity. A patient in the ht Influence of Our Missionaries. jH mSS'fflonarlea, thirty-aif- vast area. For the Chinese Empire the if not in name or purpose, are in the moved from the missionaries twenty-eig- of a century in China, the hospital Is told, for example, that only " mis- Mr. Brldgman 32 years IH maintain 1035. figures nre, one missionary to every China field. For example, the Christian years later the efforts of all was in China, English missionaries of a century, lack- through God' mercy has the doctor IHH 400.000 Inhabitants, and 4150 square and Missionary Alliance, the Rev. Dr. sionaries, Cathollo and Protestant dying In harness as head of the Shang- ing a year, Roman Catholics began been given power to cure his fellow- - H mlloG of territory. In such a compari- A. B. Simpson's organization, and the allko. were sporadic. Therefore, lt may hai mission, which he established. He wrestling with the yellow man's preju- man. Every mission station has Its H twenty-thre- e years bo-fo- re • piftC?narie3. All of son tho entire empire should be con- Scandinavian Alliance Mission of North be said that missionary work aa lt Is was in the field dices over six hundred years ago. John scparato religious classes for men and H sidered, sinco our missionaries are in America. Then, too, there are flvo wo- now carried on among the Celestials he rturned to this country on leave Corvlnus started his record of six thou- women. Religious literature Is distrlb-ute- d two of the dependencies, and all of tho men's boards at work, chiefly engaged began with the signing of the treaty of of absence. Ho aided in the revision of sand baptisms in 12SS. Two hundred and by the million pages; In 1905 the influential missionary organization in China. empire is held to be a proper mission- in maintaining schools, hospitals and Tlen-Tsl- n, which legalized the mis- the Bible, undertaken In the latter 40s. sixty years later tho pioneer Jesuits. Chinese Tract society distributed near- - a ary field. is an American dispensaries. Indeed, one of these sions, recognized the rights of converts His understanding of the Chinese was Franciscans and Dominicans were roy- ly 600,000 books tracts fifteen and tSmft Pieties. Thus there so and cAw-ltti- . In Chinese missionary for every one of the 1037 boards, the Woman's Unlom Missionary and opened up nil China as a mission comprehensive that when Mr. dish- ally welcomed by the court, loaded with a half million pages of ecclesiastical H 5 the major Clevelands which the population of society, treats about thlrty-flv- o thou- field. For sixteen years .prior to tho ing was sent by this country on a spe- fnvors and given exceptional privileges. and secular reading matter. China H China would make, numerically; a mis- sand patients In its one hospital and dis- negotiation of this pact, only tho five cial diplomatic mission to China Mr. These orders were permitted to remain holds literature in great honor; hence B Ma upon sionary for an area only seven hundred pensary combined, doing more in this ports of Canton, Amoy. Nlngpo, Foo-cho- w Brldgman wus made secretary of lega- for 250 years, when an edict of expul- careful attention is paid to this form H rifcoJ&Jolves Bquarc miles less area of the than any of the other socle-tie- s, and Shanghai, besides Hongkong, tion, and ho was frequently consulted sion wos issued against them. This of proselytizing. H Young J. Allen. than the direction for- lonary ffitgfothu lands be- - Nutmeg State. Placing the entire num- except the Presbyterian, North, a British possession, were open to by tho plenipotentiaries of the United odlct remained In force against all Liternturo Is distributed by the mis- - H ber of missionaries, Catholic and Prot- the American Board, the Protestant eign residence, and hence subject to States, Russia, Great Britain and missionaries until the treaty of Tien- sionarles, their natlvo helpers and inm'r.on.e. !n which estant, at four thousand, roughly, there Episcopalian and tho Presbyterian, missionary effort. In this period some- France, who framed the treaty of Tien- tsin was framed. Blblo se$icty colporteurs. It Is sold, IHH ifiMt wl b,8Ber part is a missionary for evory 1000 square South. thing like 1300 converts were made by tsin Roman Catholics, however, wore not loaned or given away, according to clr- - more so- - miles of territory (a iBland In the combined Protestant workers an Like Dr. Morrison's, Brldgman's'work the first Christians to undertake the places whole- - Rhode Missionary Spheres of Influence. o cumstances. Favored for "HH UmSv, extent) every 100,000 of population average of elghty-on- a year. La.st was preparatory rather than evangel- conversion of the yellow people. This distribution arc tea shops, fairs. H The first Protestant missionary in China was and is con- By sale (a Scranton in heads). Most of the missionary effort year the Presbyterians reported twice istic. the missionary boards tho distinction belongs to Neslorfun mis- gates of government examination XrmhS,0naEy almost, proper, is also recognized the H x the The statements concerning .American fined to China as the this number of conversions. world over he is as ono of sionaries, who worked their way Into halls and the street chapels. missionaries are exclusive of tho Amer- ctsc with other Protestant bodies and Tho first Protestant missionary toi tho most profound scholars ever sent China as early as tho second decado of The street chapel Is a novel mission- - FH 'S: th'rty-fou- 2BStaHfial r ican Catholic missionary. It haa been the Roman Catholics. Of the depend- China was Robert Morrison, an out to the Celestial Kingdom. the fourth century. ary Institution. It Is usually a centrally H ,namtaln Impossible to ascertain the number of encies, Manchuria has the greatest glishman. As the representative of the Since Brldgman's time this country lt was during the Tang dynasty that located shop, temporarily vacant and IH M&mten mission Mongolia society, up Influ- 7S1, American Catholic missionaries in number of stations. London Missionary he took has had a number of exceedingly tho Nestorlans erected. In a monu- rented for a period of ovangellstlc work. fHH • tS,toh?u8pltal3 and China, since they are sent out not by a la now being developed evangelically. his residence in Macao In September of ential missionaries In China men who, ment commemorative of their efforts. The missionary and his little band H reiiKioua Very little attention haB yet been paid 1S07. Ills lengthy correspondence with like the pioneer, have made or are mak- was pluced at Fu, In Shon-S- up song, It Is by the JmL It central organization, but by the various Hnln-chlan- g. It l strike a heard H orders to which they belong According to Thibet and According tho ploneeri American foreign mission- ing an Imprint on Chinese history. province, and tho Inscription on the throng passing the door, curiosity leads to officers of the Society for the Propa- to Harlan P. Beach, a retired mission- ary body, the American Board of Com- It was Prof. Gnmewoll of the Method- tablet gave an abstract of thi Christian to the gradual filling of tho room. No H gation of the Faith, which busies Itself ary and an authority on tho China Held, missioners for Foreign Missions, rpsult-e- d ist church, North, who superintended religion and an account of tho Neato-rla- n prayer follows tho singing: the audi- - H raising money for tho support of mis- our boards aro leading factors in thir- twenty-thre- e years later. In the ar- the erection of the legation fortifications missions. It also told of the Em- once would flee, fearing witchcraft. The H sionaries sent out by the missionary or- teen of the nlnoteen provinces of China rival at Canton of tho Rev. Elijah C. at Peking during the Boxrr outbreak, peror's favorable reception of Chris- scripture reading Is very brief, and the H ders, the number Is vory small indeed, proper and In Mongolia. Brldgman. "While still In the Andover with what result the world has not for- tianity. it if. right, let It be pro- missionary begins a talk, simple as the church's Chinese work being almost In the province of Chl-l- l, wherein Is Theological seminary, he had proposed gotten. The writings of Young J. Allen mulgated,""swas his decree. This monu- t?,1nnary Congregatlonal-lst- s he be mission- tho to- on jH China were the Roman Catholics in the 1400s. cfrt wholly in charge of Continental priests. Pekin, the capital, the to tho board that sent a of Methodist church, South, ment was discovered In the early part The talking, however, Is .not all H them. and the Methodists, North, are ary to China. His Instructions were "to gether with the literary productions of of the fifteenth century, some hun- of man. Peanut H i Boards, Shan-tun- g, the part the white v Amer. Our Leading Missionary dominant; in which the direct his labors to the acquisition of Timothy Richard of the English Bap- dreds of years after the last of tho venders stand In tho doorway of the H tSmLK The strongest of our missionary Germans desire to seize, the Presbyte- the Chinese language, the distribution tists, led the reform element of the cen- Nestorlan missionaries had disappeared chapel call wares. Friends H are Klong-s- u, 1b and their The first religious missionaries to arrive in jK cared boards in China is the Board of Foreign rians, North; in wherein of the scriptures aud other books or tury's beginning to petition the Emper from what cause or causes no ono stationed on opposite sides of the llttit H • Monuments such as those erected by the .1 Nestorians mark the history of the efforts of Salt Lake City Tribune, June 3, 1906 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045396/1906-06-03/ed-1/ Christian missionaries in China. seq-21/

National History Day 2017 68 Strategy Eight: Write the Article

Goal: Students write an article based on a real news headline.

Students need to know how to write in all types of formats, and teachers need creative ways to assess student learning. After students learn about the Zimmermann Telegram, give them the header of the article and ask them to write the text.

fc yn !Jt5? 't' "IRVy - V . f ft a

&w i ifgr1 rf WEATHER FORECAST: '. I COMPLETE" !& 3 Cloudy tonight; Friday fair AFTERNOT)N EDITION 4 J Wall if Two.) ith 1:30 Strttt ' 3 (Full Report on Page Wto&t J jH - UteHattttra NUMBER 10,091. WASHINGTON, THURSDAY EVENING. MARCH 1, 1917. PRICE ONE CENT. I. .1 IM PLOT TO INVOLVE UNITED STATES, JAPAN AND MEXICO ONLY I ONE OF SEVERAL GERMAN CONSPIRACIES DEFINITELY KNOWN AND UNDER INVESTIGATION BY THE SECRET SERVICE OFFICIALS

D. C. DRY LAW W. J. BRYAN EXULTS FOUR DROWNED WILSON STANDS JAPAN DENIES PARTICIPATION NOTMLFTOLD, OVER "DRY" VICTORY Germany is very much mistaken if she thinks that my ,fr:i TO WILSON ON A JOY ASSPONSORFOR SAYS UP William Jennings Bryan is highly RIDE country would combine with Mexico and herself to OFFICIAL elated at the passage of tho Sheppard "dry" bill. IN PLOT EXPOSURE make war against the United States. OF INTRIGUING FORSIGNATURE fit was not only a victory, but a BALTIMORE In saying this great victory, and I'm glad that I speak authoritatively for my government. It was won In a Democratic Con- Germany would not stop at anything, however, in the gress signed by a and will be Burlesque Meet Presi- Sensational Arrests of Fanwd Referendum Advocates and Democratic President," he said Actresses Swanson Tells Senate present state of affairs, which makes the conception Dry Adherents to Urge Views today. Death as Taxi Plunges dent Told Him First International Personages "The white flag of prohibition now of the plot very probable. Into - Predicted. on President. floats over the National Capital, Harbor. Hand. Ambassador Sato to The Times. Just under the Stars and Stripes, and it can be seen, not only ) M IMMEDIATE ACTION UNLIKELY throughout this country but THREE LIVES ARE SAVED MAKES FORMAL STATEMENT Issues SINISTER FACTS FOUND ji f throughout the world. Tho vote Lansing Statement Exculpating Mexico indicates that the proposed pro- and Nippon State Department Has Copy Difference in Dates in Measure hibition amendment to the Con- Chauffeur Tried to Take "Short Upper Chamber Wrangles Over President Concealed Knowledge stitution will easily pass. And of as Passed by House May Be the chances are that It will be Cut," One Survivor Ex- Story of German Instructions To Von Bernstorff. of German Treachery to Oause of Trouble. speedily ratified. plains.. Intrigue. Is Help Justice. "The saloon Is an outlaw, a fugi- Method of Discovery Hidden. tive from Justice. No party now will dare to become its cham- The of the UnltedStates BALTIMORE. Md March 1. Four The revelations made today of Ger President pion or apologist." Germany's desperate effort to enlist the aid of Japan and ii to say whether the District will persons met death in the Icy waters Democratic leaders of the man activities to plunge this coun Sheppard in to try In go dry as provided by the of the harbor today when the taxlcab Senate today passed the word Mexico a triple alliance make war on' the United States war with Mexico and Japan, as bill, 'as passed by In which they laid bare .For- 'Berkley prohibition were riding plunged arountf an sesatoB has failed. by instructions from over the that extra eign German the House last night. bulkhead at the foot of Quay Congress be Minister Zimmermann to will be of could not Secretary of State Lansing, in a formal statement today, Minister von In Mexico, What his answer lsjirob street. Appropria- Eckhardt RUSHES BILL Tho taxlcab seven per- avoided. In the cover part of the deeply laid ThelematlcsL Washington Times, March 1, 1917 contained branded the plot disclosed by publication of the Zimmermann but a manismmjatiimi Hi raaartwmlfijvrSff to- sons. tions Committee member fflfijia,f The White House let It be known Four of these4 were recovered note as abortive. plot to "keep neutral" the United day that the matter of signing- or ea ly, one of whom Edna King, New .were apprised by the leaders States when the ruthless submarine 1 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1917-03-01/ed-1/seq-1/vetoing the bill would not be given TO ARM SHIPS York, waa dead. Efforts to locate the that there was no-- longer y Far from bringing about an alliance between Germany, warfare was launched. Immediate consideration by the Pres- taxi failed, and after several hours possibility of avoiding ex- This can, be asserted on unques- is and -- labor hope of rescuing the session. Japan, Mexico against the United States, President Wilson tionable authority, an pfTIcial In ident. all remain. tra say- .Disheartened, not defeated, the Ing three occupants was abandoned. and Secretary Lansing are convinced immediate effect closest touch with all the facts but the of ing that "the Tialf has not been dis- supporters of the plan to submit House Rules Committee Pro- Fonr Are Dead. President Wilson stands sponsor for the German plot disclosure will be: closed." It was strongly Intimated the matter to referendum, William V. The dead that Germany attempt that the Intrigue lnvorrea Interna- Columbus, off! Considera- are: standlng-an-d Oude and Charles J. vides Immediate King, ed to plot Japan and Mexico into a WIPES OUT OLD ISSUES. tional personages of high cers of the Referendum Association Edna thirty two. New York sensational to g To Con- arrests are certain went to the White House this morn-In- tion of Flood Measure. city, member of a burlesque company conspiracy against the United Sates. force Immediate action by today as a factor in the defeat, of the to arrange for a conference with here. In a formal statement Senator gress giving the President the author- German plot plans. Is denied that the Administration, PUBLISHED IN THE BEST MINING conference, , Minister Ohta was In Washington the President- At this Jean Carroll, of Baltimore, Liunicab- Swanson rHuco.,1In theYV Senate.jmtodayIva,- said: ity he seeks to protect American directly or Indirectly, made public the f ' CITY ON EARTH. Is a .ITWIU- as secretary of the Japanese embassy S which. It expected, the President FULL REPQ me to rights and lives sea. note from Zimmermann Von Eck- The House Rules Committee today aret singer. ASSOCIATED"PresidentPRESS Wilson authorizes at for three years. He knows the United to will grant, appeal will be made for say the Zimmerman o the To eleventh-hou- r hardt aa a spur to .Congress to grant A woman and a man not yet IdentI that V letter defeat the efforts States, admires people, POPULATION, MONTHLY the President to veto the bill and reported rule providing Immed- Mining Ncw Germanrromverjcou-vv-embassy InPrMexico proposing DAILYthe American Wilson's request power 1800; the BISBEE REGULAR MEMBERof- PresidentASSOCIATED for postpone the enforcement of any "dry" fled. ,n of pacifists led by Bryan to divide the and could not be used., embassy to merchant PRESSREVIEWand V PAY BOLL tfSOvWS, an alliance with Japan and Mexico la arm vessel, to law In the people iate consideration of the Flood till The I country on the question of.taklng Im ficials said, t,o further any plans of the District until rescued: substantiallyArtT35$:correct." lhA rtertnan to protect have had opportunity to express their authorizing the President to arm Anna Luce, of Farmington, Me, The statement followed the Introduc mediate defensive action agalnst'Ge - I ; nMn...nillt. desires (n the matter,, , Untjwn ou, tur.stage as Annejlurnett.' tion jrfuC-b;s5sntSrraai- rufltir-- .' ' hfiwevirwiBv heard In cer? A merchantman agalnxt .: f ft ..- American' at' tt Ut Y1.I1- , . Strategy Nine: Write the Headlinemember ofythe I'at White burlesque inquiring as (he let- ..r ... TkARIZONA, - THURSDAY-' MORNING,I... tain QuartersSEPTEMBERtoday. i JVrrrmaa Will Cart. lo correctness of the To cement the relations betweenBISBEE,the 16, 1909. - NUMBEff-22- T tack. company. VOL XII. ter. The resolution, after considerable At about the ''same' time that these William Grimes, of Pittsburgh, now United States and Mexico and Japan, out the evidence of Germany's warlike Watek Cohan Revel t. V Three hours' general debate on the wrangling. Was referred to the Foreign - House, In Mercy Hospital. rejection Intentions against'the United States A activi- officials went'totbe White bill arc provided. Relations Committee. since of German proposals new phase of the German- official announcement was made from An unidentified man. believed to Senator meas- by countries will. It Is be- as soon as It began to appear that ties to foment trouble "United; American ships will be protected have Follette' wanted the the latter Good for the the District building that this after- been the chauffuer, got out of ure modified4.so It wouldMrs,bring outCatherinewhen lieved, go farClowto wipeGivesout collateralup pacifists In the Senate were prepar States developed Misstoday whenKate Barnard the New Okla on the Atlantic, peaceably if possible, the water unaided and fled from the knowledge PEARY'S "AIDE bints noon Commissioner Newman will call MAKESof the letter came into this Issues pending between those coun- to filibuster to defeat his effort were given In Ger- PRESIDENT TAFT but by force of arms If necessary, to police. Government's possession. Senator Lodge ing official circles that upon the President to urge him to The party met by appointment totries and the United States andFromlay toHusbandget Congressional, authority to use many la suspected of inciting: thehomare- Commissioner an- assure them the freedom of the sea. HAat acceded to the modification.Name Secure Divorce , of Charifhs sign the bill without delay. The Dixon's the armed forces of In de- fl Goal: Students create aChairman headlineFlood declared today basedIn Tark. onHere they atook reala taxi the foundation for a closer friendship. the nation volt In Cabs. A searching-- investiga- nouncement . waa accompanied by a for a hotel In the of the city. Lodge Flares Up. fense of American lives and rights opening debate. center Secretary of State Lansing carted at tion for the root of the revolution is from Mr. Newman, In which the Theh"!chauffeur was attempting a Senator Hardwick Indicated his in- sea. TALKS OF THEa. statement Is up as FOR A Japanese Ambassador Sato to the being made by this Government. No STARTS ON he expressed his full approval of the "Our commerce tied ef short cut" when the machineBEAUTwent tention to object, saying It was a The arrival of former Secretary of one in an official capacity, however, HIS fectively If It had been blockaded by over the bulkhead. Miss and State Department yesterday after the State Bryan. Jane Addams. Emily provisions of the bill, and said that Burnett serious matter, and Presi- has yet charged that the Cuban up- an enemy," Flood said. Miss King barely missed death In a that the Administration decided to lay bare Balch, Amos Plnchot, and other pacU Is origin. news article.the present .Board of Commissioners Are In dent could be relied upon to Inform proposals to fists In waa expected to de- rising of German "The condition become Intoler- a Harrlsburg hotel last week. the German war the what How the communication from Zim were sincerely determined to enforce has the Senate If he deemed It wise and American people. velop Into a campaign NORTHERNto divide Con- able to a free, and brave people, and Story Told by Survivor. WAR gress mermann to ron Eckhardt came into l LONG JOURNEY It. SECONDthat In any case the Executive him- Lansing Makes Statement. and the people on the question the. hands of this Government is a 3J Whatever the attitude of the Presi- has continued as long as our Govern- From here the story can best be self would properly. of meeting the German peril was an- act Today Secretarj Lansing authorized mystery, although its authenticity is dent may be. there is going to be a ment and people are willing to sub- told In tne words oCiUss Anna Luce, Senator Lodge flared up. other determining factor In Inducing confirmed both the White House determined effort to change It. Let- pro- the following statement, which was the to lay before Ifat mit to It. This legislation Is to who on the stage Is known as Anna "I put It In because It Is a serious President the facts and the Department of Justice. There ters and personal appeals in whole- as false, accepted as based on assurances he the country. Hoisted and Stripes planned on tect American commerce. Burnett, she sat in her room belnc matter." he exclaimed.News "If It is Stars Is no evidence that It ever reached. Traversed New York sale numbers are being "Our ships and people have a nursed by friends: Returning Shipthe countryBrings ought to know It. to allay had received from the Japanese am- President Wilson authorized the oC and supporters and clear General Carranza, but the opinion " the part of both the right to sail the seas. It is proper for "Everything had been going nicely, the excitement It has caused. If It Is bassador that Japan would not be a statement today that he willTwiceInsistatonthetheTop bestofInformed outside of official Massacfitissetts This approachopponents of prohibition.is the converse of strategy eight:of Half Millione Troops in the adoption of the Senate measure Yesterday us to protect them In and we were going modes-at- true. Congress certainly to party to the proposed German alll bill discuss that right." alone at a ought circles Is that It did. although there Opponents of the are The House principally the Repub- speed," she said. "Suddenly know It." ance: designed to place the United theStatesEarth.is much conjecture on point. tho - that Chfcago Today. Ing the possibility that the President licans applauded. chauffeur turned off. and ISiberia atSenatorPresent.Works of California said: "The State Department does not be- on a bals of armed neutrality It may veto, Invalidate, the called ' at- Slleaee or the courts Flood cited precedents for the ac- him. 'Hey, where are we golngr 'It Is now due to Congress and tobbIbbbRbbbbbbbBH".lleve that Japan has had"& anyVbbbbbbbbBknowl was clearly Indicated that If any Blelaskra Ordered. act because of the 1910 date in the tion, and made the usual plea all right,' the country Wilson edge of this, or that she would con tempt is made to force through the A. Bruce Blelaski. chief of the Bureau final section of the bill. It is con that That's he said. 'I am tak that President ESKIMOS GAVE;CHEER party lines be erased The bill, he Ing a abort rut to the FIFTY-FIV-hotel ' E It was THOUSANDfully present to Congress all Infor sider any proposition from an enemy." House bill, which refuses the Presi- of Investigation, of the Department of HUGHES AND TAFT Given the text,tended that thehaveHouse action maystudentsen- write the headline. dent the to use said, was necessary and If een It awful. Suddenly we hit something. mation he may have." Secretary Lansing was equally posl right all "instrumen-IN NATIVEJustice,TONGUEaald today that he had been tirely change the construction of this proves Heed iBLMBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBKtlve Mexicant. governmentjCw talities." that bill will be vetoed. FELTCTTATE EACH OTHER '1 Is Ineffectual to prevent war, Then the rear of the machine ARElifted AT SenatorVLADIVOSTOKretorted: "This is the that the 9 given strict section. The retroactive date, it "will do little to cause it." I waa thrown forward was time for Americans to face one way, would Ignore the CermanvT?proposal. Instructions not to discuss suggested by wets looking There a Sforc Evidence at Hand. In- one of the "Whether we will hae to go fur- splash Then darkness came over and to close their ranks." He said: the note nor to give the slightest into the matter, was a "clerical error Mexico It was officially Arrivedstated today'at Poiefthat Before Noon, ther." he added. "I do not know; but, everything It was stifling. Then I SenatorGoldThomas Interrupted. sa)lng "We have confidence that formation regarding the manner In Birthday of President Brings Then showwhen themit left the Senate, thebut It cannot realif we do, headline.the fault will not be with wasRemember,on my head and Alsoevery oneTellswaaof heRichthewas inclined Striketo discredit aome of wouia not be a party to any such a the Admlnlsratlon has other evidence which It was obtained. It is known. be regarded as a clerical error now. Congress when we piling top me. looking thing In view of the friendly of German plots, which mayApril 6, Withhowever,a Party his agents been lESbi. have dune our on of Water was rushBy the details andin added, at the relations be given that have Him Many Messages of With Its Eyes Open. part." Ing in Made pressRussiansgallery. "We must Temember between the I'nited States and the de lo the public later Part of. his evi- working for months on the suspected sen, Ice In facto government of SixsMen. conspiracy to keep 1 The House voted for the erroneous 'Edna King called out to me. sav thatof Mongolia.a certain press has of Mxlco" dence was obtained In the seizure of German the United Congratufation. I-- Ing. "Goodbj, Province past, Inclined, In Whether the note by the German Wcl-lan- d. S ates In trouble with Mexico, even" i date "with Its open." Official at- LATE DANCING ENJOINED Anna' She could not time been matters the papers pf Wolf von Ige. the at ejes swim, and was drowned" perhaps not so Important, to print foreign Minister Zimmermann to canal plotter. : the cost of war with that country and secret is nottention reallywas directed to theindate writingin the headline, it is in calculated to inflame public Minister on Eckhardt, In Mexico RATTLE HARBOR.Japan.Sept. 15. (by , articles 15. "Russia But the admission that "the United SYRACUSE.. N. T.. Sept 15. After the House committee report. In the VICTORIA. B. opinionSept" City ever reached Carranza Is not Stales has key Capemes- Roy,The"WoInvestigation began when pa- For Sake of Neighbors' Sleep, Play- CHESAPEAKE FORTS READY C the wireless,to all codevia hoisted traversing today, the great of bearings, and in the press. Is massing an armySenatorIn Siberia,Stone,fourchairmanor of the For- known to this Go eminent sages sent or received by German t ipers taken from Captain von Papen, btates It Is reported the opponents of the house Fetes Are Curtailed. eign Relations Committee, made a "There I nothing to show It was the stars and stripsthe twicerecalledat Germantho attache, by tho Massachusetts- , officials by wireless" gives the source d and New York, Presi- bill will present an argument five barracks, are being, built, exten-- sumbitted to Carranza," Secretary British tsu-ne- over to that On with the dance, let Joy be Weapons and Materials Rushed to (Continued on Second Page ) of most of the eldencenorth pole,"of Germansaid Matthew authoritiesHenson and the House deliberately voted for re specul- Lansing said plots now In the State Department, disclosed In- dent Taft tonight was skirting the reading and processing key informationNew Cape fromslve fortifications made and thisPeary'sGovernment'snegro lieutenant the troactlve legislation and the courts at society's little rendezvous, Henry Defenses. Aon Bernstorff Saw It. hands dicationsandof negotiations between southern shores of Lake Erie on his a. second,.war win, Japan -- ) the I'laj house 11 30 NOItFOLK. ationsI -- .as to only other .civilied )man.Germanacordingrepresentativestc and promi- (Continued on Second Page but only until p. Va. Mar All of the WILSON FOR SENATE BILL It Is definitely known that the note papers way to Chicago where he will arrive platforms of the guns Is acommon topic of conversation nent Mexicans. Those and m or thereabout. This In substance for the temporary did reach Count von Bernstorff, and CAR MEN HEARPeary,UNIONwho HEADever reached effects,the lol;.including boolc m fortification Cape men," other bank 11:30 a. tomorrow and make his Is the meaning In- at Henrjamongwill beRussiancom- Behindmilitary Upper Housesaid Measure Giv- that It was forwarded by him to the gave stubs, are still 'In possession of the REAFFIRMS POLICY of the temporary pleted Hensen then to the Associste'-- first important stop on 13,000 In a few da) a. readyDenbigh,for the who return-- , German In Mexico Cit) This Department of Justice, despite re- a mile the article. V junction granted against the owners B. D. a Russianing Him Powers In Crisis. minister T. S. McMarrow AdvisesPress an Employesaccount ot the night and &xc 51 mounting of the guns which have been Government obtained Information peated efforts on the part of Count tour of tne country. Whenever the Zimmermann Tells Reichstag Ger- today by Stafford In ed from Siberia andPresident'MongoliaWilsonby today officially to Be von to recover them. Justice Equity sent down to the new fort The Sanfonl tracing tho note from Iti receipt davs ho and Peary and Bernstorfffour esklmo train stopped today ou No 2, 3 Informedtoday.Congress that he stands Its run from many Seeks American War. Division. No. of the District Su- and Brooks Compan), whichthe steamerwill con-Kaga Mara here until It reached Mexico Cltv. but T J. McMarrow.A campedrepresentingat 90 degrees,the northAllegedlatitudeSpy "Gave Up." flatl) behind the Senate bill granting Secretar) Lansing refused today to jr Boston large crowds were, at the LONDON. March 1. Speaking in the preme Court struct a wharf at Fisherman'swas Island,told that there were at least WOULD nims international Union of Railway Captain von Rentelow.- the alleged railt "I him full powers and aCHINESEvote of credit diiclose the methods by which ramthe HensonStreetassisted in raising the Ambii- way stations and the president was begun EmpIo)es, Reichstag today. Foreign Secretary has already work and experts to said addressed the Washington German- spy now In custody In Eng- The injunction was asked by Rear 500,000 troops toin handleSiberia,"the International situation United States Roernmrnt came In can flag and he leer- the eskimos in SAYS Zimmermann referred to a telegram have It completed In about two week. This was made known the possession motormen and conductors land, Is understood tp haveIEmade BOUT greeted by enthusiastic cheering. Admiral and Mrs. Schroeder, who 11 c The local United Denbigh. "Troops are quartered every- at of a confidential communlBIG FLOUR MILL at a meet a MAYO to the 'Swiss minister at Washington, States engineering White House today, following reports cation from the Cerman government Ing of the local unionJileers.In Typographi-an extra cnerconfessionlor old Glory effect Germany TUCSON s In Massachusetts, TAU spoke department, which has charge of to the that at saying America desires to avoid in the house adjoining the Playhouse where. Thatthenumberthat thrfromPresidentfour toapproe the House to Its enoy in Washington cal Temple today. Hein Eskimo tongne being giv en. sumsI incite revo--, that construction of thtwill also speak. contributed large to Worcester,. Springfield the fortification works, bill, which modifies his re- go Sec -, and Pittsfleld. he provided Germany Is willing to Thev claimed that since Georire 1 both thin five as great as before thegreatlywar. "I don't want to Into that," at tonight's meeting for"We arrived atero-thar- lutionspole beforeIn Mexiconoon and gainWOULDthe friend- BE ILLEGAL war at point and Cape timesHtnrv. la quest ntebest Lansing pressed the day On entering; New York,, was greet- faV treat on the subject of the submarine going forward with retary allsaid, whenPORTLAND,for Ore.,plo)esSeptor 15.the Firetwo April 6th, party shipconsistingof theofdifferent factions. This he the work local the Eustis and Eldrldge E. Jordan took At Vladivostk,as fan as before I left, a review information as to how the note was lines. the was to blockade - the material can be landed The cotst destroyed today the grindingMcMarrowmill urgedand commander,the myself,I,,- ,- informationEskimos and transmitted .the TO ed at Albany by Governor Hughes Zimmermann, was also quoted over the property, and prior will of 55,000 troops was held and not one Intercepted "That mrght endanger .i.,.i Unitedfur States by the British foreign REQUESTED thereto. artilleryi establish a U. QUARANTINED dred x t asde radio station S. TROOPS some elevator of the Portland Flouringassembledmillsemployesthirty-si- to dogs,be cooldivided the two de 15. and both made, little talks to thel-j-po- daring "Germany is In all ways con the nights have been on Fisherman's Island, probably tomor- lles" office .and served to redoubleNEW YORK,the vigilSept It a decision V;i made sleepless man was the fortifica- POWER and calm and trust to rep-re-- en ; taken from The State Departmentand hasthe hadflourevl and feed in the war) their officers to keptdumberover German r;piL vinced that the submarine warfare row, which will be used both bv the conduct negotiations tachmentswith the nffiM.i.equal in and head ofInterestsDistrictandAttorney Jerome hold; throng, whichi cheered, the federal ought not be by music and dancing In the I'la engineers' In tions." Thirty Thousand Held at El Paso by dence of Cerman plottinghouse wasto heavilyenlist damaged by water tat Ives.myself. restricted. department connection with Mexico agalnxt of the traction companiesed resoectlvelrthe by Peary and good there will be no bout between and state equal en i? "Germany Is resolved at all costs to house tne Denbighmilitary also brought news of a as an all) the I'nited $400,000, for wel The fact la known that certain other executives with activities there and for pur Pneumonia Epidemic. States for four month,Theofficialsloss willsaidbe aboutfare of the menwithandWeorganization.had left theHelastfsupporting party Ketchel and Langford the Fair-- RES maintain her blockade, but naturally poses gold discovery made by Russians advired the men German agents have made .more or at thusiasm. Hughes became the presi- But to dance or not to dance until rich PASO. . VICTORIA,I The 15.actualAdvicestext of theinsuranceZimmermanncovering about halt of that against87 degrees,Aiinuinn-53 minutes, where 'wi confessions club Friday nlgiit uesires to reach an understanding Mongolia, i:i.fifty sixtyTe Marih ThirtySept re themselves to be at up ' less clrrumstantialmount Athletic to here dent's guest on the run from Albany in about or miles note, which promises amount.Mexico aid in re -- volunatlrred over what with America," Zimmermann added the ordlnar) time limits of soclet) l thousand regular national guard , Several firemen and separated from CaptainconfirmBartlettthe theorieswht of the Govern It 4 and ceived by the steamshipconqueringKagaTexa--Mam New Mexico, io. eem to De aggravating circum Correspondence between the district to Syracuse and him The telegram which Zimmermann '' HARVESTER FILESdistantREPLYfrom Kisk. Ta, the big walled were slightlyand tin ment Investigators. had dinner with "light fantastic-)- Is still a question troops stationed at El todayPaso havestate beenthat YuanArizona,ShinandKal, urgedepcs Carranzateers to draw staneesburned.and counseledwasthemphotographedespeclally bxthe commander attorney and Police Commissioner i mentions was undoubtedly transmit city which has been for centuries one to watch It is now regarded as significant TUCSON Sept. 13. After unat.I en the car Mayflower. Taft was 'n and will continue to be mo- quarantined In their campsed someheremonthsbe Japanago andIntonowthelivingtriple alliance, has - their "Pa and"CaptainQV betweenBartlett regretted that he Baker was made public tonight. lu ted by Dr Rltter at Washington, at until the AsksIN Application of "Ruleof the stoppingof Rea- places of tea caravans COMING MARRIAGEnow- ANNOUNCED.and March 11 that In the midst of the Investigation mouslyadopting a rare good humor and seemed lujipy i Immediately Washing cause of an epidemic quietlyof pneumoniahomebeen in the handsmay be of the United States whendid notthehavepresenta BritishBaronflagvonto Schoen.erect secretarysays:to "I am of opin resolution exoner.it a time after Anti-Tru- st at his at Honal, working agreement it Jerome the the Journey begun. tion of counsel for the owners of the son" In fromSuit.China. Anamongaverage of twenty Goxernment, however, but a few da)s. expires of Charges that the had He raid ,r ton was advised of the unrestricted the troops Therecalledquarantineto power. The Peking corres George A. Wllburt.onpresidentthe Ice at this Germanspot so embassythat the here,ion thatwas transfer-to engage in a pudiic or ing Nabor Pacheco the of Pla house for an appeal from the pounds of gold Is being washed from Played I tiAvti.N, uonn., sepi. to. of the red to Mexico and Carranza's he believed' the long trip will bring submarine warfare and before Presl Application of the rule of reason will last two weiks, butpondentwill notof theaf MainchlOhtnDempo saysFriendlykwI'nrl. union, presided. Thephotograph mlglit fcow this as the private sparringministerexhibition under sml violation of city ordinances and neg broke H" rockers, dally. I city, draft of the to Berlin. Raefel Zubaran, was called him Into closer touch, with the people dent Wilson off relations fixing or the river banks with I I Frederick Fairchildnewof this to fa.-the- I court's order and the of a su instead the rule of size and of feet the movement of militia organlChun, thpTherecentfirst organizedeon pints. . engineer working agreement submittednorth, toto wiiich the bannei is violation of the tat Prince is I to Mexico for a "conference."circumstances Thea of duty, the city council at a spec than any plan which A persedeas Is passed upon the language of the zations ordered home ed b), the" Herman. embassynight announcedto embroil the.thecomingtwo companiesmarriege and the reply of led other could be bond Sherman law Great Britain hadDepartmentlever been advanof Justice,penal wsls learn- , reso'..-Ho- n AND COPPER METAL MARKET. President King, ofs ofthe Washington itlaw." ial meeting today adopted a devised. He said the more he coild 1 CHASED AFIELD AFLOAT lamerIL- - than the supposed intent of the United States andof hisMexiconiece,wereMrs. Frederick ed today, took notice these inci- was b Shlh Kal to be viceroy of Manchuria, Railway and Electricced.Company, were j of o resignation o? see of country people digress asked the Interna- ASKS LATIN PEACE CONFAB the abortive effort of Captainto 'WillBoy-E- HyLowethe artist ' dents at the time. requesting the the and duties "WILD DREAM, SAYS YADA tional Harvester Cfiinpanj In gept 15. Standard advocating that China declare, all Man read to the men. "l kerjt a personaijdl3rr.dur!ng Utf hi ra s today the recalled German at- That the President haa had all the Mayor Ben Hener- - Heney is accuset, j term, of qffice, tho better president Beaten Turks Pursued From Su- natal ri?3l a brief. filed In the UnitedcopperMates locally, September open to foreign trade, thereby 'dash across ice field. Our weak and churia tache, to restore Huerta In Mexico the facts regarding the Inrlgue and plots of bad faith in-- bringin the cuarget he will make. Taft and Hughes fro by Cavalry and Navy. Japanese Consul General Declares premei iCourt Chile Receives Argentine Proposal, ROCHESTER IS SAFE.on reaching In polehis waspossessionto buile for Charging October closing 12.3o12.o0; Novem making the preservationThis plotofwasthenippedthree by the arrest of task the severalSFW0RK1Sweeks against Pacheco. pronounced admirers of each othor and J that the Government had BORDEAUX, March 1. The Amerl-ca- n known today. LONDON. March Cavalry and His Country Germany's Enemy. berl2.5012.65; December,Which Doesn't12.45 MentioneasternU.provincesS. Huertaan objectbefore tohe allcrossed the border. two Ingloes, as the alsoweather becamewas hazy That ha their meetings are u failed to make a case, the Harv ester's The recall of Roy Ed and Captain von steamer Rochester safely closely guarded the secrets Is shown Heney refused to resign and Im always character- gunboats arrived Ii.'" are continuing the pursuit NEW TOIIK. March 1. Dr. Vuda. reply In effect 12.60. LondonDe- firmHUENOSand shadeAIRES.higher.Mar.powers1 Chilethushaschecking any aggressive ENLifilfFOD and prevented taking accurate obser ized by many exchanges gracofdl .. ft..-.- , I t.t. a . .. stated that the Papen, the German military attache, at the mouth of by the fact that when he was called peachment proceedings are already of f wr.irii .tirivieii (roups retreating partment of Justice was now58 rccelied proposal movement by Japan or thevatlonsGlrondeto confirmriver distance trav f Japanese consul general In New York, Spot trying12s 6d futures. a from Argentina to who hadRussia.a part In the plot, followed. early outthe of bed after midnight last nlsht Heney fell down badly and earnest compliments. Today TfcP from Kut el Amara, the official law l.atln-Amerlc- today, having passed tslked ot ir state today said the wildcat of to make the fit theirLocalfacts lake participatecopper, 13.0013.25;In a conference of nil If officials know how Ger eled fromthroughCape Columbia.by Secretar) HavingTumulty, who wished to ment from the Mrsopotamlan Bisbee Dailydream Review,his As a reason Septemberthe organization 16, 1909 Just far the submarine zone. SEOFA his attempt to prove tho charges of told of the splendid work Hughes had r front Imagination could not for of nations, 12.62according to a Santl man plotters have gone In tlrrlng up completed snowInformhouseshimweor hadthe newspaper report?. today said link Japan with a Electrolytic 12.7513.00;ed casting the done for htm and the Governor replied the liar ester Compan)'. the brief ago dispatch printed toda b) La Na-clo- n feeling among Jap- he said he had fuU knowledge his case, which savors ot malice an J Six gpuns mortars proposal to sanction surli action as con- - 12.87. steady New the IS dinnec and "then retired, sleeping one of the three eight mine that the resources of Leadthe 4.304.37 anese In Mexico the) wouldTHEgive noARMYNEW YORK. March 1. Word or the facts. local feeling Is bitter on the matter that tho President could never call throwers, and thirty pontoons. In ad'li j tcniplatcdhttp://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/In the revealed German plot McConnlck Company theYork;largest and No date ofwaa setLouis.In safe of night at the north, pole. The arrtlr upon In -- 4.204.25 east St' theDIAZproposals, but inklingEIGHTYof It today arrival the American freighter unan! him vain. ITSr tlon to a large river vessel, were I am to dis- strungest cninpanlea Still Walt oa Congress. The six councflmen are now cat not authorized omctally of the LondonIn unchengedexist- llucnos12 13s Aires9d. wasSpelterspecified at the meet- The fact that Minister Ohta. the Rochester was receivedsun was shining when I awoke and IDER tured InTuesday's fighting matters, ' he 111 190! J.'.u.nno.OOO at the offices The reason mous against Heney. Today was the president's fit cus such said ence were only ing place for the conference to urge Japalirsu government's diplomatic of Convpany to- already iit!for the President's Much bridge and Japan Is quiet .locally; spot around 5.705.75; IS the Kerr Steamshipfound the commander con- other material also "Hut not responsible for what wholly Inadequate to the great op peace In Europe, and It was noticed the representative In Mexico, Is a close day. keeping the' information a secret Is o birthday and he received many i has fallen Into the hands of Ihe Brit- Germany sn84024827/1909-09-16/ed-1/seq-1/does. Germany is Japan's portunity the sale New York 5.505.62United St. Louis.was FALLING OFF There was only wind enough to blow H for of American States not Included In the friend of the United States, was put "Arrived Bordeaux safely. " believed to nave been gratulations and messages of good ish tioops. enemy." abroad. group out Allflags.well Ensigns Kie aoisr a desire notSept.to 15. Mrs. Jacob barristers of nations asltcd to participate. forthOFby JapaneseAGE embassy officials a cablegram from the small CHICAGO. . will. The president: a precedent YEARS captain read. hamper the operationspoief o the Depart-- set Ff3 rea ed toward noon from the tent Silvers, formerly or New York, shot for the trip by electing to run on a and tied with flan lines. We had fl? and killed Mrs. Julius Tripp of this I6RT KILLEDI1 t DETECTIVE SHOOTS slow schedule The New York Central SAN ANTONIO, Texas, September out pretty close anr city, sister-in-la- then com- - : tired the distance her and lines surrounded his every US- U :. 14. (Special.) Difficulty is ex- train with YESTERDAY4 did not go beyond the pole The flas mitted suicide in the appartments of precaution for safety. Three Inen perienced by the recruiting off'ceri April 7. an. dis- GIRL WHEN CHASED were rai&ed afcout mldda the former fashionable residence A were always on the engine .utd a keeping the arm of Uncle in eve-In- g. TENNESSEE Sim were not moved until late that trict today The body of Mrs. Tripp prominent representative of the traf- fall strength and President Taft's in- away The haze had cleared earir was found with ten bullet wounds fic department was aboard from the MEXICO CITY, Sept 15. Gen .Per structions to keep the army with but we wanted some hours to mak and one knife wound upon Mrs. Y- It start ATANTIC CITY. N - Sept 15 Diaz president of ce!e 'he SO 000 mark appco-- s from tl.e We made three cloat died the hospital tonight tirio Jlexico observations Silvers at Vice President SHerman made a valu Miss Rose Stewart, aged 23, a wait- 'orated his eightieth birthday today. recruiting sergeant's point of vler; together When the flag vas plaiad after confessing to the crime. The TRAIN WRECK - effort to see the president at Utlca, ress at the Chalfront hotel, was the He received greetings from many for considerably Peary exclsimed in English- "Wo wil police were unable to get a full state- war- Sherman's home city. was not innocent victim tonight of the eign conutries. The diplomatic corpt a little superfluous. At the present plant the stars and stripes at to ment from Mrs. Silvers as she re- It local police and the known that the vice president was at fare between the and regular body were eany . "hr time "the number of enlistments is ncrth pole.' "In ths native langua peatedly became unconscious while f NASHVILLE, Sept 15. Eight train- home or would be at tlie station. The squad of detectives brought here from ralace. United States Ambassadoi considerably lower than that of dl I proposed three cheers, which were being questioned and died before any Newark by prosecutor Goldberg to aid men were Rilled and 15 passengers in- train olopiicd about 30 seconds for Thompson and Consul General Drier charges, accidents necesitating re given in the Eskimos' own tongua details could be obtained. It. Is re- and-deat- jured, two perhajs fatally, as the ordera. Shermair clambered aboard him In wiping out dens of farfons Sweden; congratulated pres! tirement This Is" said shook hands all around and wf the-trage- was caused by of tho Peary sult of a collision between a pas- the, rear end and" was making his way types. General Diaz is in splendid to be jdue to the fact that the coun had a more liberal dinner than usual, a quarrel over a division of household revolver, dent senger and a freight, train this morn- towards the presidents room when, A bullet from a detective's health, and feelingly answered, their try's Industrial activity has resumed each man eating as much as he duties which occurred several days -- .head of a. wlldfy .ex- ing on the iNashviHe.. Chattanooga and theconductor. not knowing, tha the oyerthe full proportions. pleased;- - the "Eskimos danced about go, according to Mr. Tripp. - de- .salutations. Loaf railroad at "pegram station vice president was- aBoanl, gave the cited mob which "had chased the During the twoy showed great pleasure that tht St 69 Taking a Stand in History district A body of workmen were present last ears recruiting and about twenty miles west of here. In signal to go ahead: SHerman shouted tectives from the tenderloin For yean Their enthusiasm moved the president for the United States army and navy pole at last was reached. a fire that followed at least two that he was able to go on to to their hotel on South Carolina ave- always been trjlng not and expressed the hope that Diaz has been an easier task than it had the Eskimos had mangled bodies were consumed and Syracuse and hopped' off. He left be nue, penetrated the young woman's spot, It was alwayt might yet rule Mexico for many years been for many years. The reduction to reach the but 13 others which have not yet hind five pound Cox of candy as a as she sat on the second story tnu-- TRE PRESIDENT It feared a back Diaz occupied his of of factory forces, due tp the panic, with them. "Tiquelgh" which of Croft hotel. It is to tears. has been found were burned. birthday preeenfc porch the Cedar o so no closer" flee for thirty-tw- years. He has being the cause of this. , lated means "get far and Only the bodies ot three were re- feared she will die. a "Tlag been renominated for the term com " We exclaimed In chorus, covered- JlH the Injured passengers "Wf JNorth-Caroll- na menclng In 1310 and ending sis yean neigh timah ketisher," meaning SGORESIONTRE are from and Tennes- later. fjj have got there at last" see. N AMBASSADOR o J ilCAGO POLICE THEliElENT NEW CLERMONT BEATS CONVENTION DELEGATES THE ORIGINAL ONE. L0G8L DEMOCRATS ACCUSER ARE jCjIVEN RECEPTION CONTROL NEW YORK. Sept 15. With plain WILL GOARO MINNEAPOLIS, Sept. 15. One hun ROYS wood as fuel, wallslded scow council DECIDES NOI cord the PLAN ENTERTAINMENT ALBANY. N. Y.. Sept 15. Presi dred and fifty of the general piped funnelled craft in wer shaped stove dent exonerated Secretary Ballinger of Lutherans in convention hero firet Luth- which Robert Fulton navtaUd in the matter of new charges filed by ctven a reception at the Salem waters of the Hudson river undpr eran tonight The evening was OF ROAD TAFI are moving In the L R. Clavls, chief ot the field division church steam propulsion 102 years ago. came Local Democrats spent Informally and was onjoyed TO PUNISH some form of entertal t of the general land office In connec- to life again today when the recon matter of sreatly by all present Light re- tpon ccc-flo- n of the visit of tion with the Cunningham coal land structed Clermont, built for the Hud I. the freshments were served. 'Tomorro MEXICO Sept. 15. David 12 thin clly claims in Alaska. In a statement emr, n official Hon. W. J. Bryan to oi tho r celebration, had hei CHICAGO, Sept 15. In antlclpn de- .'afternoon a nta3s meeting will be tlif Thompson, United States ambassador -- PITTSBTJRC. Pa, Sept 13. The evening of September 21.-- given out today the president trial trip. tlon of a. great Influx of visitors on only rhier devotional service ot tho .day obtained; control of the Pan department of justice has an- Wlth this purpose In view a met- clares the Glavls case embraced federal The distance was six miles and the the occasion of President Taftls visit American railway, a line from Ban prosecute ls 10 o'cloi-t- i this "shreds ot suspicion without even nounced that it will not elapsed time an hour and four mln--4 Chicago ing has been called for Gcfnnimo to tomorrow. Chief of Detec & Sut- evidence." on the Tebauntepec Na of the Pressed Steel Car com- morning, at the office of Neale circumstantial $IO,CO0 AERIAL RACE-- " ntes. The best record of the Cler Wood of re- FOR tive has freed the city jo the- - county Taft also granted' Ttalllnser's tiocat railway to Mariscal. peonage charges. - ter, of all members of and pany on the mont- of 1S07 was five' miles an hour. lice characters generally. He did not make public the purchase Charles R. Nelli of city central Cnrtmlttees resident a! quest for anthorty to dismiss Glari3 ST. LOUIS. Sopt 15. The .Aerol Commissioner price, would the commerce and la- Every minute of the president's star Bisbee. from the service of the government ot Louis tonight announced j but said he have department of MRS RUSCELL SAGE WILL Lowell and - club St the here has been mapped out ami &t "for unjustly impeaching- the official aeroplanot coatrofflng interest having bought conducting a investigation, A MILLION At this an lnvltaIr, viil o prize of J10.00Qfpr an - bor is DONATES HALF me'ng 0,600,00- worth ot stock. to ascertain whether any of Ch.ef of Police Steward has arrann be sent to Mr Bryan, to be thai Integrity of hU superior officer." and race here for tho first weeK m uciotwr ,,wv.r line, 244 D-- . Ind., 15. ed for the closest police guard. Tin t takes occasion to review the evidence. The Is miles long. P laws,have been violated CRAWFORDSVILLE. Sept guest of honor ct a dollar dnner Glenn H. Curtiss has accepted thv Nee-lan- ft inequation's is. president and, M. chief has scouted over every foot uf In Power Trust" J. h'H is not thought that any prosecutions the annual session of the North given by local den'vjrats Immediately the "Watir club's offer of J3.0CO for threo flights' It 'At ground which the will covci hnxu,e other cases, to refute the charges of Los Angeles, vjee president. will follow this Investigation, but west Indiana Methodist conference present after his lecture at the opera and from moment steps from Secretary of tjie is ' Ambassador Thompson, aecmtva that action may be taken by the here today it was announced that the he iK on Tuesday tf"P.nf, next that the Interior 103 DEATHS FROM CHOLERA some Fifty-fifl- s Una is ot great strategic value Mrs. Russell Sage will donate $500.-no- o Lake Shore train af stree' All member of the committee out of sympathy with the potlry ot the state authorities. - 15. Dur is only feasible for grew but of to use spreading at 11:15 A. M nntil he departs at can possibly attend and all the administration In f.tvor ot con- ST, PETERSBURG. Sept it the route peonage charges the church for in who o The 12:45 Friday Milwaukee. resources of J ing past week ZX cases of chol-th- .ntraace Into- - Central America. The alleged forceful detenUon of the the Bible throughout the world, pro- for democrats interested are requested to serration of the natural the the is 106 will Improved and Mr. Thomu, "Btrike-breake- company".! e. Tho Is expected, spaaV country. The statement In the era deaths from the disease rrad be In the vided the churcb ralsei like amount president to be present at the meeting thta ad - after-they- - on will personally look, the pmt f strike had by tJanuary, 1910. The work of dis- Informally at a luncheon 'given hie morning. nfter .plant during tae ' I 1 Tyer, Novgored thai erty as soon as' he retires from thl d Commercial wl written 'before Taft left his summer' of Puluva, ind bees-decoye- to the plaat under false tribution is to be conducted by the by the club and at Orchra The" plan ' "nirrtalnment - American Bible society. tra. hall In the evening. governed by the wishes of Mr., Bryan. bono at Beverly. , ' city ot Riga J dlphjuaUc service. Vete'nae." .- , . ., FOR SALE Jersey Dairy Herd, dairy m 1 40 f FOR SALE A No. Ranch, acres outfit, wagons, horses, farm tools, alfalfa, Maricopa water, fenced in five surrey VI. household goods, purchaser can acre fieldB. Good house, well. E. I rent ranch, $200 a year. Plenty feed. Faseoe. loans and insurance, 110 N. Sells $150 per " butter month. Pasco. va Center St. 110 X. Center st . 1 THE ARIZONA REPOTLIOAN FOURTEENTH YEAR. PHOENIX, ARIZONA, SUNDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 29, 1904. VOL. XIV. NO. 29 1

nine of whom are here. One man was shipments to Hawaii in 1903 were in- WESTERN BASE BALL. killed while lowering a boat on the cluded in the statements of foreign POURING DOWN JInsen Maru. Details as'to how the G00D0U5T0MER commerce the total would be about STRONG PROOF Colorado Springs, Colo., Feb. 28. SMOOT MATTER steamers were taken into the entrance JiiO.OCO.OOO. Our Imports from Oceania Thomas F. Burns, owner of the Colo 1893 $8,000,000, 1903 - of the harbor and sunk are being with in were' and in are rado Springs franchise In the Western I held by the sailors, but Lieutenant stated at but $22,000,000, but with league, announced today that he had Hawaii added would be $32,000,-00- 0. given option Saito, who commanded the Jinsen - about an on the franchise to .. Will in i Russian Invasion of Korea Maru, stated that they got so close to Great Britain Took Half of Cause a Falling off Pueblo parties. The option .expires Investigation of Charges the Russian battleship Retvi7.an that March 1st. In the event that it is Well Way had they been armed with rifles they Our Exports CIGARETTE SMOKERS BARRED. Desert Land Entries taken Up the Colorado Springs base Against Under tould have fired into her crew. ball team will undoubtedly be taken to Utah, Senator When they found that the scheme Fire Commissioner Hayes Says They Pueblo for the coming season. was a failure, they dropped anchors Shall Net Get in His Department. and the crews crowded into the boats. AFTERMATH OF FIR,E. NEXT BEST 28. COSSACKS NEAR . SEOUL They then blew up the steamers. A GERMANY IS New York, Feb. Fire Commis- ACTUAL IRRIGATION THE APPROACHING BILLS strong wind and the glare of the search sioner Hayes, in examining a batch of Two Baltimore Workmen Killed by lights prevented the men from reach- candidates for appointment as firemen Fallina Wall. ! Or ing the torpedo flotilla and. at day One This Coun- Saturday, looked at each man's hands Entryman His An Army Corps Has Been Third the Imports of The .Most Show That . Both Branches of Congress HaveClven Entire to see were, nico- y Baltimore, M. D., 28. light 'they were out of sight of tho Kingdom-- if they stained from Feb Two dered to Their Support Report of fleet, having been driven in an east try Came From the United tine. Land Has Produced and He Most workmen were killed and nine injured Them the Right of Way and all Other Several SKirmishes Between the Ad- erly direction by the wind to the I.Ilao Growing Trade With the Rest "Cigarette smokers and heavy Have a Water Right That Carries yesterday afternoon by a falling wall Business Is Set Aside Until They . In Tao islands, which they reached the drinkers," he said later, "have no place . the burned district. Twelve men vance Guard and the Japanese. same evening. The boats did not land of North America. in this department. We want only Real Water With It. were caught in the crash. Of thcae Are Disposed Of. 5 together but the men found each other men whose nerves can stand the one was. killed outright and another on the Islands. They chartered a strain." burled in the ruins. St. Petersburg, Feb. 2". According junk in which they went to Tung Chow Washington. Feb. 28. More . than Washington, Feb. 28. (Special) The Washington, Feb. 28. It is expected to seemingly trustworthy reports Gen. Fou. Theywalked forty miles to Che one-ha- lf of the exports of the United ruling of Secretary' Hitchcock, Just DEATH OF A PRINCE. that both the navy and army appro- has sent a whole army Foo, going two days without food. The States in 1903 went to British territory, made, in regard to final proofs In des- Coh-ack- rd priation bills will be to support s, of crews of steamers li one-thi- of Im- KANSAS CITY MARKETS The Youngest Son of Prince reported the corps of infantry to the fate the other and practically the e'ntries, will probably put who have penetrated beyond not known by the men here. ports into the United States came from ert land a f Prussia. senate during the present week and U the Yalu river to a point below An.iu While the Japanese report that their British territory. Our total exports to damper upon desert, land law opera- is intended to take them up for con- iind who are also reported to havu ileet was unscathed in this attack It is British territory in the calendar year A Review of Prices and Conditions of tions and scare off many applicants, Washingtdn, Feb. 28. Ambassador sideration as soon as possible regard beaten the Japanese tn several skirm- known that two bRttleships and a dis- 1903 were $768,000,000, or 52 per cent, of under this much 'discussed act, who Tower at Berlin has informed the state less of all other legislation and hence- missing. la im- the Past Week. forth give the supply bills the right ishes. patch boat are It learned otir total exports, and our total have assumed to secure 320 actes of department that Prince Henry," .the up a two sources two of miss $308,000,-C0- 0, youngest of way to the exclufion of all other, The Russians huvo taken from that the ports from British territory government residence son of Prince Henry of Prus- strong position in northern Korea to ing warships were taken to Sasebo in cr 81 pet cent, of the total, speak- land without sia died at Kiel on Feb. 26th.'.', , matters. only Improve- on be- check the advance of a formidable a disabled condition. A report is d ing in round terms. These facts are Kansas City. Mo., Feb. 28. Cattle and by making nominal Secretary Hay will send expres- The committee elections will army the Japanese are landing on ing circulated amongst Chinese that shown by an analysis of the year's receipts here last week amounted to ments. - sions of condolence and regret on the gin the investigation into the Smoot fcoth shores of Korea. Port Arthur has fallen. commerce made by the department of 35,500 head, 2,000 less than the previ- The ruling is the result of an In- part of the president and himself to case on Tuesday. commerce and labor through Its bur- ous week, but 6,000 moro than the quiry concerning the acceptance by Prince Henry for whom the president A DEFEAT. VLADIVOSTOK BLOCKADDE. & THE HOUSE. JAPANESE eau of statistics. By British territory same week last year. Not many west- an conceived strong regard during his St. Petersburg. Feb. 28. A dispatch I.ondon. Feb. 29. Vladivostok has the land offce of final proof of an in Washington. Feb. ,2S. The first week. is meant the United Kingdom and its erns were included, and th market in Wyoming, proof con- visit Washineton. received here from Liao Yang dated been blockaded by the Japanese fleet colonies, dependencies and protector- was strong on most every day. the In March finds the house with a very Dally classes sisting of evidence showing that a small portion measure-- ; February 2Sth says the Chinese on tha since Thursday, according to a ates. , The fed gained 0 15c of the supply best steers to for marked increase in 'the growth of awaiting Yalu river report that the advance Mail dispatch from Hakodate, which The territory included under this the week, along with the best natives. NOTHING TO IT. action. guard of the Russian calvary, which adds that incoming steamers report grass, or grass sufficient to support, The remaining supply bill's will designation of the United Kingdom Top steers, westerns, $4.65. Cow and been produced on des penetrated Korea for 'h distance of Russian cruisers on the east coast colonies, dependencies, and stuff, good, stock had the Port AngeleP, Wn., Feb. 28. It given precedence over other measures bay Sendal, and its butcher if scld strong, ert land. about two hundred versts across the of Kinkwasan, in the of protectorates contains over 11,000,000 canning stock weak. Stockers and transpires that the report regarding as it is the desire of the leaders to de- is a well known fact In the west up river had an encounter with a Japan. square one-fift- h It the killing of Baron Martin Von clear all the regular business of miles, or more than feeders were wanted and prices strong mere fencing and resting of tachment of Japanese and the Jaan-es- e Japanese warships have been re of globe, 10c higher. that the Schlosser in a fight with a bear near the house as early as possible. the land surface of the and to Fed steers ranged from semi-ari- d no Vladivostok one-four- th the grazing lands, with were compelled to retreat and they ported in the vicinity of a population of 400,000.000, $3.40 to $1.65. $2.50 $3.40. Solduck Hot Fprings, was entirely has or cows to stock- attempt at irrigation, will In a GAS lied, leaving their horses which were but this report of a blockade, although of ers $3.00 $4.00. result without foundation. Von Schlosser ar- SUPPLY NOW WANING. probable, not yet been the population of the world. and feeders to The week greatly Inci eased yield of grass, often- seized by the Cossacks. considered has The largest exportation to ter- was cat- rived at Port Crescent today alive and sources. British generally satisfactory in the times a Btrong growth cf a foot or welL Gen. Lienwltch dispatched a troop confirmed from other ritory, of course, was to the United tle division, though war prices were Contract Is Given in Indiana to' Pluj Inches, adjacent . of calvary and a body of infantry in Kingdom $543,000,000 mot eighteen whereas the Sixty Dead Wells. and this was as much in evldenco as In the hog grazed pasture may be but three or pursuit with an to occupy north- 00 order the largest exportation to any single division. The 10,-0- run yesterday was inches high. 28. ern Korea. country. Next in order of magnitude head and prices on four Hartford City, Ind.. Fb. As an UNCULTIVATEDFIELD the best fat The secretary now holds that not evidence of the waning of the natural of exports to 'British territory was steers, and stockers and feeders are prac- CHOICE OF DEATHS KOREANS SCATTERED. $13I.OO0,C0O; only must irrigation be actually gas supply, which is no lender con- 28. Canada. British Austral- steady. Medium steers, she stuff and ticed, entryman must Tokio. 'Feb. Korean soldiers on $32,000,000; $28,000.-00- 0; but that the cealed, is the giving of a contract by Ham-Gyen- asia, Africa. kinds 10c g at- British butcher are weak to lower. have an absolute right to sufficient the frontier have been British West Indies, $10,000,000; The sheep run the Fort Wayne Gas company to F. L. tacked and dispersed by, the Russian at Kansas City last water to fully irrigate his land. That Tthinehardt of. this city to plug sixty troops Countries Lying Along the Hongkong, nearly $10,000,000; India, week was 19,200. previous week 16,800, the system of ditches to conduct the To nearly $5,000,000, same week, 25.600. Seemed Be Offered to of its gas wells. The contract is th? and the remainder last year Sheep water to and distribute it over the biggest scattered through the smaller British prices have been strong for two of the kind ever given in the A RUSSIAN. REPULSE. weeks land must be adequate for this pur- field, and means that this of Mediterranean dependencies. now, including last week. ac- number London. Feb. 2S. The following of- Prices are pose, and that the land must be Steamers Passengers by be- Of the 30S.000.000 dollars' worth of again near the high point of the sea- - wells this one comparty have ficial dispatch has been received at the tually Irrigated for a sufficient period come dead and are no longer furnish- legation imports into the United States from Fon, and packers show that they want of to sufficiency here: --$177,000,000, tinie demonstrate the ing gas. The total cost to drill this "Tokio, Feb. 28. (9 a. m.) A New Steamshin Line Which Will Ad- British terrlrory, speaking the stuff. The supply yesterday was of water supply and effectiveness A number I the Fire Raging Within Drove Fourteen number of wells and pay the yeariy of the enemy's cavalry in round terms, came from the United good at 6.000, prices averaged steady, of the system are essential facts which appeared at a mit the Commerce of the United Kingdom, $53,000,000 00 rental on them is probably. $150.fOf. point 70f meters north of Ping Yanq. frcm Canada, lambs being a little weak owing to must n all cases be proven. Actual Persons to Watery Death in a Rag- States to This Region. from India, $12,000,000 from lack of quality, wethers strong. West- The ccmpany is also drilling deerer Korea. Our infantry fired upon them, tillage must, as a rule, be shown. If, ing Sea Without. and attempting to make oil wells British West Indies, $7,000,000 from ern fed stuff sells now at $5.256.00 for shown, bn out causing them to retreat." 1,000.000 howevrf, it be and it must of a few wells which showed oil when Australasia, dollars' worth lambs, 'yearlings up to $5.25, wethers made to conclusively so appear,' that $4.50, feed-$3.7- 3, first drilled. Wells which formerly ONE CREW 28. from numerous British dependencies of ewes $4.20. A few Inferior crops SAVED. Washington, Feb. The recent because of climatic conditions Townsend, Wash., 28. Af- sCiowed a pressure 450 to 500 rour-d-s less importance. and some ewes $2.75. v Port Feb. of with reference to new at other than grass cannot be success now Retelling Thus, of the foreign commerce of the o produced, of ter suffering the most harrowing ex- aie drowned out. the well dilllel of the Last Demonstration steamship lines between the United fuyy or that actual tillage in now that shows 75 pounds pressure Against Port Arthur." United States aggregating nearly two THE LAND FRAUDS. the soil will destroy or injure its perience from fire and storm that has coun- one-ha- lf cal- being regardel as above the average. States and the Mediterranean and billicn dollars in the productive qualities, the actual pro ever befallen a craft on the north : , year, 1C03,. more one bil- Such wells ten vears aeo would havtt Che Foo. Feb. 2S The Japane-.- tries lend especial interest to some endar than Examination of Benson Followed by duction of a crop of hay of merehan Pacific coast the steamer Queen put ( plugged sailors have commerce lion dollars represented commerce with value as of Ir been nnd abandoned when first arrived from present with Motion the result actual i here the statistics of our to Dismiss. table m nere io repon me loss or iourieen ciriuea Jiir.seu Jlarn and Rushiu Jiaru, two made public by British territory. rigation may be accepted. Proofs five those countries. Just Next in order of rmgnltude of com- lives. vf the merchant vessels with New York. Feb. 27. The examina- which show that because of irrigation. AN HOLD-UP- . iiu-- the department of commerce and labor mercial transactions with given coun- is on Increase About 3.45 on Saturday morning, ALA3AMA . . 1 Admiral . logo attempted to tion of John H. Benson, by there the land "a marked l . - . - . Is Germany, to which ex- charged 4 ...... - v" i i i it ti i 'it through its bureau of statistics. These tries our the government O. A. in the gTOwth cf grass. Or "grass while off the mouth of Columbia ii ports 1303 were $225,000,000 with bribing that river. Two Railway Mail Clerks Killed ky the morning of the 24th. Each steamer figures show the imports of that in and frcm Harlan and S. A, In sufficient to support stock; has been tne Queen caught fire in that which our Imports were $122,000,000. Volk. clerks tht the after Robbers. section of the world fronting upon the land office at Washington, was con- produced on all the land," will not be saloon In some unexplained way. With With German territory, outside of cluded yesterday and accepted. The trouble lies in the Indescribable fire gained Mediterranean and upon the Indian Germany, commerce is a motion was swiftness the Birmingham. Ala., Feb. 23. Wor our small. To made by counsel for accused to dismiss proofs. These are made before the headwty and threatened the whoU ocean, immediately beyond, amount to German Oceania our exports in 1903 In- has been received here that the Aalu the charge. local land officials and no personal ship. To add to the horror the heavy & more billion of dol- were $145,000, and to German Africa. re- bair.a (Ireat Southern pasneng'vr than a "and 'a half United spection of any land officers is seas running meant to any ro-- . J19.0CO, States Commissioner Shields death sent train No. 2 was held up by triin lars annually, and that at present the while our imports from German said that in view of the evidence quired, thus placing a premium upon away In life boats. territory, outside of the mother coun- he bers at 1:30 o'clock this morning am) countries in question take only 6 per would read over testimony and render perjury. The flames became more and more two railway mail clerks were killed. try, were even less. a decision later. This ruling, however, could it be threatening until when it seemed a cent, of their total Imports from the Our commerce with Germany has o western strictly administered, would directly choice of deaths. Captain Cousins WARSHIPS IN DEMAND. United States. Northern and grown much more rapidly in the last affect applicants for patents to lands ordered the life boats launched. They Kurope takes largely of our exports, decade than that with the United CREW OF SIX LOST. under a number of large irrigation were manned by a crew and ordered to Santiago de Chile. Feb. 28. Oreat in- but many of the countries fronting Kingdom. In 1S93 our exports to Ger- ditches in several of the western remain close to the ship. thes? only $S8.O00,0A 1903 Schooner Ashore and Going to Pieces Into terest is being manifested in the sale upon or tributary to the Mediterran- many were In they in states. Under It the mere presenta- the women and children were placed. tf were $225,000,000, Increase of over the Delaware Breakwater. Chilean warships now on the market. ean, both those of southern Kurope an tion a water right secured by pur- Hardly, however, mad.-an- 150 Laurel, Del.. Feb. 28. Intelligence of had the boats been Several bids have already been and northern Africa, as well as west per cent., while in the case of the chase from a company will not be cast loo?e to Kingdom from Bivalve says the schooner George than unable weather the American and French firms are in- ern Asia, take but a very small per- United our exports to .that is considered sufficient proof. It must be fierce waves, two of them capsized. country 1S93 were $415,000,000, Wharton ashore near there and is terested. centage of their total imports from in and in pounding to pieces. accompanied by conclusive evidence Those of the crew who remained on 1903, $543,000,000, only 33 the United States. Yet the field, as an Increase of It is crew that the capacity of the ditch and th board continued to fight against the per cent. Imports United feared the of six have shown by the figures Just compiled, is into the drowned. Details are impossible to- water supply are sufficient to Irrigate flames until 7:40 a. m. when the fire an Important one, the total importa- States from Germany increased during night. the. land, that the ditch company has was brought under control. I few f that tions of the countries fronting upon the decade from $89,000,000 in 1S93 to actually supplied the water required, The occupants of the remaining life j Jt $122,000,000 j or tributary to the Mediterranean, and in 1903. or ?7 per cent., GOING TO THE MANEUVERS. jid that the land has been actually boats were then taken aboard. including India and the Straits Set- while from the United Kingdom the cultivated- - ELDREOGE SPECIALS OSTRICH FARM tlements, lying beyond, being, in imports increased from $150,000, COO in Washington, Feb. 28. Under instruc- It has frequently been th practice S. P. BOILERMAKERS' STRIKE. terms, $1,600,000,000 annually, 1893 to $176,000,000 in 1903. or 17 per tions from the navy department the California, round gunboats in Colorado, Arizona and Capital Addition while their total imports from the cent. Nashville and Bancroft and probably most If not all of the west- A Strike Is in Force All Along tho left. This U tke WHEEL United States are, in round terms, but Canada stands third in order of protected cruiser Atlanta left Colon for ern states and territories 'for large Line. ffered is Phaemis farktthe memey. Owr about" 100 millions. magnitude of exports from the United Guantanamo to participate In the win- canal companies to sell water rights line f real wheels iaclade mestly Kigh ter boiler-make- rs NOW OPEN. The proportion which American States, though that country has been naval maneuvers being held by the far in excess of the water supply or San 'Francisco. Feb. 28. The irA wheels. products bear to the total importations Included In the general discussion of North Atlantic fleet in West Indian the carrying capacity of. the ditch, on the entire Pacific system of Fifty Gigantic Ostriches, beautiful of northern Europe, in comparison our commerce with British territory. waters. and this decision, by rendering such the Southern Pacific company are on ' display of Ostrich boas, plumes, fans, with those of southern Europe and Our total exports to Canada In 1893 water rights "of no value as proofs, strike as the jesult of a long stand- The Phoenix Cycle Go., etc., at Producers prices. northern Africa and the countries ly- were $57,0C0,C00, and in 1903, $131,000,-CC- 0, PNEUMONIA IN ST. LOUIS. may serve to protect innocent pur- ing controversy regarding a general ing east of the Mediterranean, presents an increase of about 130 per cent; St. Louis, Feb. 28. due of a total of chasers who 'contemplate taking up advance in wages all along the line. Half Black West af the Alams. while imports from grew 274 end of Washington street car a striking contrast. The United King- our Canada deaths in St. Louis during the homes on desert lands in the vicinity According to the statements of rail- Kane Sad 524. West 1903 ur ' from $34,000,000 in to $53,000,000 In fifty-fo- BOO line. dom, for example, takes from the Unit- patt week, resulted from of these canals. road official men have quit work. ed States about 24 per cent, of her to- 1903; an increase of 56 ?cr cent. rmeumonia. C. C. RANDOLPH. tal imports; Germany, about 16 per France is fourth in the magnitude of Strategy Ten:cent; UseBelgium, Advertisementsabout 12 per cent; its commerce with the United States, Netherlands, about 11 per cent; our exports to that country in 1903 be- as: We Have a line of France, about 10 per cent; Spain, ing $S8,000,000, against $57,000,000 in 1893. small A BOUSE FOR SALE about 13 per cent, and Italy, about 12 while our imports from France were to Set Historicalper cent. But, Contextaside from Italy, the $80,000,000 in 1903, against $64,000,000 in 1SC.1 THEY ARE WISE STUDENTS GOODS, Mediterranean countries and those ConsistingLEATHERof Cases, Chat. Bags, etc., tributary to it take from the United Netherlands is next in the list, our Purses, Card that States a much smaller share of their exports to that country in 1903 being we are closing out cheap. Silver novelties are going at $73,000,000, $13,000,000 in 1833, Book-- , One of the most attractive and Imports than any of the countries against Who are enrolling now to pursue our courses in greatly reduced prices. handsome' residences in Phoenix. above mentioned. and our imports from the Netherlands, Austria-Hungar- y, $21,000,000 193, $12,000,000 in keeping, Conveniently on car Of the total Imports of in against Shorthand, Typewriting and Penmanship. situated Students use contextual1893. clues ' part -- Goal: grounds, a of which are by way Because our school is smaller during the. line; with extensive of the Mediterranean the United Considering the commerce of the First: CooK, beautiful shade trees, good sta- States supplies only 8 per cent; of Uuited States by grand divisions, that spring and summer months, thereforej the student re- Geo. fi. PHOENIX,Jeweler.ARIZONA. ble. All modern conveniences; those of Greece, 3 per cent; of those with Europe is of course first In ord- 134 W. Washington St. er of magnitude, both as to imports RED 1231. interiorfromfinished in hardwood.advertisementsof Turkey, which aggregate to annuallyconstruct a ceives more individual instruction. PHONE more than $100,000,000, less than 2 per and exports. Our exports to Europe The owner being desirous of rent. Of the imports of Egypt, which grew from $680,000,000 in 1893 to 1,087 Second: Because they should thus be prepared to disposing of this property at aggregate $75,000,000 annually, but a millions in 1903, while our imports fill a position by fall when positions are plentiful. once, hashistoricalplaced a price thereon context.little over 1 per cent, is from the from Europe increased meantime $528,000,000. Book-keepin- HOSE HOSE HOSEDouble Dia- im- $392,000,000 to g Every foot of our Double Diamond Cotton, Oxford and below its actual value and United States. Roumania, which frcm : you enter now for far ports to the value of over $50,000,000 To North America other than the REMEMBER If mond Rubber Hose is guaranteed. making same an ex- agents famous cost, the annually, shows in its reports no im- United States our exports increased and Shorthand we guarantee you the position. Prices 12i.ic 1714c and 20c a foot. We are also for the ceptional bargain. Only a small portations from the United States. Of frOm $125,000,000 In 1893 to $227,000,000 electric Hose at 23c a foot. payment necessary, balance the imports of British India, which In 1903, and cur imports from the same Drop us a postal card for our new Announcement cash $171,000,000 to full particulars ap- amount to $260,000,000 annually, less countries increased from on time. For 2 $182,000,000 explaining D. H. BURT1S In helping' tothan developper cent, is supplied context,by showduring the same time. To all. , the 15 E.aet Washington ply to. United States; and of the imports into South America our exports grew from Strt. the Straits Settlements, which amount $34,000,000 in 1893 to $16,000,000 in 1903. to about $130,000,000 annually, less our imports from that continent mean- than " THE GOLLEGE, 1 per cent, is from the United time Increasing from $103,000,000 to LAMSON BUSINESS THE PHOENIX NATIONAL BANK students real advertisementsStates. from the grew PHOENIX. ARIZONA. Considering the share which the $113,000,000. To Asia our exports Tsld-u- p Papital. $100,000. Surplus and Undivided Profits, S7S.0no 00. ARIZONA. - DWIGIIT B. HEARD various great sections of the world from $20,000,000 in 1893 to $55,000,000 in PHOENIX, K. B. OAOK. President. - - T. W. PKMBERTON, Vice President. 1903. while our Impcrts from H. J. MrCLUNfJ. Cahier. W. F. DODGK, Assistant Cahir. take of their imports from the United that Btwl-line- d Deposit Banking grew $75,000,000 to Vaults and 8tel Safety Boxes. General Busi Centertimeand Adams period.Street. Statps. Allowit may bothemsaid" that toNorth analyzegrand division from The Great Private Training School of the Southwest. ness. Drafts on all principal cities of the world. $139,000,000 in same time. To Af- Uajsre. X. emoenon, i' . i. Murpnr. 11. America as a whole, by reason of its the DIRECTORS: E. is. w. McClung.rrrrj. proximity to the United States, takes rica our exports increased from $5,000,-00- 0 3B5 N. Fredericks. L. H. Chalmers, '. T. Alklre. J. M. Ford, 40 per cent, of its total Imports from in 1893 to $31,000,000 in 1903, and our this country; Europe, about 13 . per Imports from Africa increased from J 10- - $11,000,000. the ads and askcent; South questions.America, about per You$7,000,000 willto be Sea Food Lent, Game, Chickens, PRESCOTT NATIONAL BANK MEN'S Suits cent: Asia and Oceania, as a whole, In the commerce with Oceania the for THE PRE8COTT ARIZONA Cleaned, Pressed and Repaired about 9 per cent; while the group of figures are, on their face, misleading, Paid-u- p Capital. $100,000. 6urplus and Undivided Profits. $W,n do now M. MURPHY, President. MORRIS OOLD WATER. Vice rresldesst. Prompt WorK. Right Prices. countries above referred to, tributary because they not include the Lobsters, Oysters, Etc. F. C. de- R. N. FREDERICKS. Cashier. W. BRANDON.' Assistant Cashier. -- surprised atto whatthe interestsor immediately themfigures with Hawaii andas they did a Steel-line- d Deposit Boxes. A general Mediterranean Brooklyn Chrome Vaults and Safe r. east thereof, . as already stated, take cade ago. The figures on their face COFFEE AL'S RESTAURANT Ing business transacted. Directors F. M. Murphy. E. B Gage, Morris Ooldwa-tc- DYE WORKS. 6 $11,000,000 John C. Herndon, F. O. Brecht, D. M. Ferry. R. N. Frederick. STAR but per cent, of their imports from Fhow exports to Oceania as Long Telephone No. 6X 1893 $37,000,000 1903; if our FORD HOTEL, EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN PLAN Dlatanc 23 S. FirsthowAvev theyPhone Red can533. the UnitedconnectStates. life inin theand pastin but with life today! Arizona Republican, February 29, 1904 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020558/1904-02-29/ed-1/seq-1/

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Ford’s Theatre thanks BP America for sponsoring our Education Programs. National History Day 2017 70

Background photo by Alysse Bortolotto. Taking a Stand in History: WORLD WAR II IN CHINA, BURMA, AND INDIA Charlene Fontaine and Susan Makris, Flying Tigers 69th DRS Association

he China-Burma-India Theater offers teachers and students fantastic case studies of men, women, and Tarmies taking a stand against tyranny during World War II. This theater provides many opportunities for students to consider some topics in World War II outside of the mainstream choices.

Invasion of China

World War II in Asia began in 1931, when Japan invaded China to gain access to Chinese natural resources and bolster its own geopolitical standing. China refused to surrender, and thousands of Chinese lost their lives resisting the occupation. In 1937, the Japanese launched a second attack, and in 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced that the United States would assist China.

the United States. First, China had been embroiled in a civilSupporting war between China posedNationalist two significant leader Chiang challenges Kai-shek for and Communist leader Mao Zedong, resulting in political complications for Allied powers attempting to help the Chinese resist a Japanese takeover. In addition, Japanese

for supply routes. With the Japanese navy hampering expansion in the Pacific resulted in major challenges to get supplies over the Himalayan Mountains, to reach Alliedshipping forces in the in China.Pacific,1 transport planes were needed This map shows the Japanese plan to expand their control in China in December 1941. Map courtesy of the U.S. Army The Flying Tigers Center of Military History. Chiang Kai-shek’s wife, Madame Chiang, who was serving as the head of the Chinese Air Task Force, approached Claire Chennault, a retired U.S. military leader, for assistance. Chennault organized an American Volunteer Group (AVG) of decommissioned U.S. military pilots and ground crews. Known as the “Flying

Rangoon, Burma, in 1941, the volunteers were divided into three squadrons and dispatched to protect the BurmaTigers,” Road, they woulda key supply be official route members to China. of2 the Chinese Air Task Force, stationed in China. After training in

1 The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II: China Defensive, U.S. Center of Military History, last modified October 3, 2003, accessed January 20, 2016, http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-38/72-38.htm. 2 Pamela Feltus, “Claire Chennault and the Flying Tigers of World War II,” United States Department of Defense, last modified August 5, 2015, accessed January 20, 2016, http://archive.defense.gov/home/articles/2005-12/a121905wm1.html.

71 Taking a Stand in History Discover the stories behind the cemeteries and memorials of World War II

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National History Day 2017 72 Burma Road

Following the Japanese invasion, only two routes existed to reach China: a small railroad from Haiphong, French Indonesia (modern Vietnam), and the Burma Road, a rough, 712-mile-long gravel highway linking Lashio, Burma (now Myanmar), to Kunming, China.3 From December 1941 to July 1942, some Flying Tigers were based in Burma, to protect the western side of the Burma Road. During that period, the AVG pilots reportedly destroyed 297 enemy planes, while suffering the loss of only nine P-40s and ten pilots. When Burma fell to the Japanese in 1942, the Flying Tigers were forced to A Chinese soldier guards a line of American P-40 fighter planes, evacuate, leaving behind many of their aircraft painted with the shark-face emblem of the “Flying Tigers,” at a flying field somewhere in China. Photograph courtesy of the National and supplies.4 Archives and Records Administration (NWDNS-208-AA-12X-21).

Flying “The Hump”

The Japanese conquest of Burma essentially shut down the land routes into China, forcing Allied forces to move heavy loads by airlift from India and Burma into China over the Himalayas—“The Hump”

pilots and their crews had to use oxygen and deal withroute. numbing Because cold. these They were often high-altitude encountered flights, severe the weather, including dense clouds, fog, monsoon rains,

ice,The and AVG’s turbulence—as successes can well be credited as enemy to fire.its innovative tactics, including the creation of a Chinese air warning system that consisted of a vast network of locals. These individuals also located and gave aid to AVG pilots who had crashed, as well as

was disbanded in July 1942, and the Flying Tiger nicknamehelped to findwas downedadopted enemyby the Fourteenthplanes. The AirAVG Force. In addition to protecting air bases in eastern China from Japanese forces, the unit was credited with liberating prisoners of war held by the Japanese, including foreign nationals and missionaries from Britain, Australia, North America, New Zealand, and other countries, who had been living in China when Japan invaded.5 Many had been held for years in This map shows the Japanese invasion of Burma in April and May 1942. Map courtesy of the U.S. Army Center of Military History.

3 The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II: Burma, 1942, U.S. Center of Military History, last modified October 3, 2003, accessed January 20, 2016, http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm. 4 Guangqiu Xu, “The Issue of US Air Support for China during the Second World War, 1942-45,” Journal of Contemporary History 36(3): 461 5 Guangqiu Xu, “Americans and Chinese National Military Aviation, 1929-1949,” Journal of Asian History 31(2): 174.

73 Taking a Stand in History internment camps such as the Weihsien (Weixian) 69th Depot Repair Squadron Internment Camp in Weifang, China.

Driving the Ledo-Burma Road military units and their roles in the theater. For troopsOften students deployed can to findsupport inspiration the China–Burma–India in various Flying over the Himalayas was dangerous and Theater, the journey west was full of adventure cost prohibitive. In order for the Allied forces to and danger. In 1945, the 69th Depot Repair continue pushing back the Japanese in China, they Squadron (DRS) deployed from San Antonio, Texas, also needed ground supply routes. There were many to Riverside, California. From there they sailed to obstacles on the roads leading to China from central Melbourne, Australia, and eventually to Bombay, Asia, including the Himalayan Mountains, jungles, India. In India, they were divided into convoys to rivers that had to be spanned via suspension travel the treacherous roads to Kunming, China. bridges, swamps, lots of mud, and plenty of While in China, the squadron’s jobs included dangerous wildlife. maintaining and driving convoys as well as Between 1942 and 1945, the Ledo Road was rebuilt by American soldiers, many of whom were African transports, and bombers.7 maintaining and servicing American fighter planes, Americans. Originating in Ledo, India, it connected with sections of the Burma Road and ended in Kunming, China (a distance of over 1,000 miles). Building it necessitated every type of equipment one could imagine: bulldozers, elephants, donkeys, shovels, picks, sticks, and human hands. Under the leadership of Brigadier General Lewis A. Pick, the road nicknamed “Pick’s Pike” had to be built through rain forests, over mountains, and through swamps. Along the way it crossed ten major rivers, requiring engineers to construct more than 700 bridges.6

69th DRS trucks driving through a rock overhang on the Burma Road. Photograph courtesy of Lieutenant Richard Vogh, Flying Tigers 69th DRS Association.

Women Serving in the China-Burma-India Theater

During World War II, women served in all branches of the military and were involved in all theaters of the war. Their jobs ranged from clerks to nurses to pilots.

A photograph from Sergeant John Gutman shows a U.S. Army soldier In July 1944, U.S. General Joseph Stillwell agreed and a Chinese soldier placing the flag of their ally on the front of their to allow members of the Women’s Army Corp jeep just before the first truck convoy in almost three years crossed the Chinese border. Photograph courtesy of the National Archives (WACs) to serve in the Asian Theater. Many worked and Records Administration (208-AA-338A-1).

6 Donald M. Bishop, “The United States and China During World War II: An Operational Outline,” Embassy of the United States, Beijing, updated September 15, 2005, accessed January 20, 2015, http://beijing.usembassy-china.org.cn/ww2operationaloutline.html. 7 “History of the 69’ers,”Flying Tigers D.R.S. Association, accessed January 27, 2016, http://www.flyingtigers69thdrs.com/learn/history-of-the-69ers/.

National History Day 2017 74

and telegraph operators. Three WACs, including To learn more about those who served in the China–Burma–India Theater, check out these Sergeantas stenographers, Henrietta typists, Williams, file wereclerks, awarded and telephone the Air resources: Medal, Williams for her work on an aerial reconnaissance mapping team.8 • Experiencing War: China–Burma–India, Library of Congress This 1944 U.S. government recruiting http://www.loc.gov/vets/stories/ex-war-cbi.html poster specifically targeted women, asking them to join “For your country’s • Veterans History Project, Library of Congress sake today–For your own sake tomorrow.” http://www.loc.gov/vets/ Image courtesy of Armed Forces History, National Museum of American History • Oral History Collection, National World War (59413-M, 167949). II Museum http://www.nationalww2museum.org/see- hear/collections/oral-histories/ • History of the Transportation Corps, U.S. Army http://www.transportation.army.mil/history/ UnitHistories.html Conclusion • Flying Tigers of World War II, HISTORY® http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/ The China–Burma–India Theater provides many wonderful examples of men and women who took of-world-war-ii world-war-ii-history/videos/the-flying-tigers- a stand, both individually and collectively. These • Flying Tigers 69th DRS Association Americans were tasked with perilous missions in the air as well as on land to open up supply routes • A Prelude to War, the Flying Tigers, National http://flyingtigers69thdrs.org/ and free China from Japanese control. We can honor Archives and Records Administration them today by taking our stand in history on their http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/a_people_at_ shoulders—by remembering what they did and telling their stories. How will you take a stand in history? war/prelude_to_war/flying_tigers.htmlFor more information, resources, and ideas for NHD 2017, visit www.nhd.org/themebook

8 Judith A. Bellafaire, The Women’s Army Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Service, U.S. Center of Military History, last updated on February 17, 2005, accessed January 20, 2016, http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/wac/wac.htm.

75 Taking a Stand in History NPS National History Day Ad Outlines.indd 1 3/31/2015 11:37:41 AM