WORLD ENGLISHES Critical Concepts in Linguistics

Edited by Kingsley Bolton and Braj B. Kachru

Volume I

13 Routledge Jjj^^ Taylor & Francis Group

LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS

VOLUME I Acknowledgements xxi Chronological table xxv

General introduction 1

Introduction to Volume I 11

PARTI Introduction: 15

1 How many millions? The statistics of English today 17 DAVID CRYSTAL

2 'Socially-realistic linguistics': the Firthian tradition 22 BRAJ B. KACHRU

I; 3 English: from village to global village 46 SUZANNE ROMAINE

4 New Englishes and criteria for naming them 55 SALIKOKO S. MUFWENE

5 World Englishes: agony and ecstasy 69 BRAJ B. KACHRU

6 World English and world Englishes: trends, tensions, varieties, and standards 89 TOM McARTHUR CONTENTS

7 The dynamics of New Englishes: from identity construction to dialect birth 125 EDGAR W. SCHNEIDER

8 World Englishes 186 KINGSLEY BOLTON

PART 2 Regional profiles: the inner circle 217

ENGLISH ENGLISH 9 R.P. and local accent 219 DAVID ABERCROMBIE

10 pronunciation preferences: a changing scene 224 J.C. WELLS

11 and the complaint tradition 244 JAMES MILROY AND LESLEY MILROY

12 Rural dialects in England 265 MARTYN WAKELIN

13 Dialect levelling and geographical diffusion in British English 288

PAUL KERSWILL

CELTIC ENGLISHES 14 Scots and English in Scotland 307 A.J. AITKEN

15 The English in Wales 323 G.M. AWBERY

16 Two , two borders, one island: Some linguistic and political borders in Ireland 337 JEFFREY L. KALLEN

VI CONTENTS

NORTH AMERICAN ENGLISHES 17 The two streams: British and 369 JOHN ALGEO

18 The development of 383 J.K. CHAMBERS

19 Where are the dialects of American English at anyhow? 396 DENNIS R. PRESTON

20 Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts 414 ROSINA LIPPI-GREEN

21 What is African American English? 451

SALIKOKO S. MUFWENE

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ENGLISHES 22 Standard 479 ARTHUR DELBRIDGE

23 Studying : an update on recent research 494 KOENRAAD KUIPER

VOLUME II Acknowledgements viii

Introduction to Volume II 1

PART 3 Regional profiles: the outer circle 3

CARIBBEAN ENGLISHES 24 Standard English in Jamaica: a case of competing models 5 KATHRYN SHIELDS

25 Re-examining Creole continua 17 DONALD W1NFORD CONTENTS

WEST AFRICAN ENGLISHES 26 English in the Sub-Saharan linguistic landscape: beginning of millennium observations 76 AUGUSTIN SIMO BOBDA

27 An account of distinctive phonetic and lexical features of Gambian English 89 LOTHAR PETER, HANS-GEORG WOLF AND AUGUSTIN SIMO BOBDA

28 English in the Nigerian environment 105

AYO BAMGBOSE

SOUTHERN AFRICAN ENGLISHES 29 Towards a grammar of proto 120 RAJEND MESTHRIE AND PAULA WEST

30 The lexis of South African English: reflections of a multilingual society 146 PENNY SILVA

31 Black South African English: where to from here? 163 VIVIAN DE KLERK

32 English in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi 181

JOSEF SCHMIED

EAST AFRICAN ENGLISHES 33 What do we really know about ? A pilot study in research methodology 200 PAUL SKANDERA

34 Assessing the state of : an account of the nature and key features of an East African variety 216 ALLESTREE E.C. FISHER

35 East and Southern African English accents 226 AUGUSTIN SIMO BOBDA

Vlll CONTENTS

SOUTH ASIAN ENGLISHES 36 The indigenization of English in Pakistan 245 ROBERT J. BAUMGARDNER

37 English in South Asia 255 BRAJ B. KACHRU

38 : some myths, some realities 311

JEAN D'SOUZA

SOUTHEAST ASIAN ENGLISHES Southeast Asia 39 English as an Asian language 324 BRAJ B. KACHRU

40 Which language, which culture? Regional Englishes in contemporary Asia 343 ANDY KIRKPATRICK

Singapore, Malaysia, and Hong Kong 41 The range and depth of English-knowing bilinguals in Singapore 352 ANNE PAKIR

42 The situation of English in Singapore 369 ANTHEA FRASER GUPTA

43 : status, norms, some grammatical and lexical features 390 MARK NEWBROOK

44 The sociolinguistics of Hong Kong and the space for 418 KINGSLEY BOLTON

The Philippines 45 The social dimensions of 445 ANDREW GONZALEZ

IX CONTENTS

46 The lexicon of Philippine English 457 MARIA LOURDES S. BAUTISTA

47 The verb in Philippine English: a preliminary analysis of modal would 479 MARIA LOURDES S. BAUTISTA

VOLUME III Acknowledgements ix

Introduction to Volume III 1

PART 4 Regional profiles: the expanding circle 5

EUROPE

48 English in Europe: whose language, which culture? 7 MARGIE BERNS

49 Your language, my language or English? The potential language choice in communication among nationals of the European Union 18 NORMAND LABRIE AND CARSTEN QUELL

50 Euro-English: perspectives on an emerging variety on the mainland of Europe, from commentators in Sweden, Austria and England 45 JENNIFER JENKINS, MARKO MODIANO AND BARBARA SEIDLHOFER

SOUTH AMERICA

51 Introduction: English in South America, the other forgotten continent 55 PATRICIA FRIEDRICH AND MARGIE BERNS

52 The educational role and status of English in Brazil 63 HILARIO I. BOHN CONTENTS

53 English in Argentina: a sociolinguistic profile 81

PAUL MAERSK NIELSEN

SOUTHEAST AND EAST ASIA 54 Some economic aspects of the use of English in the Thai tourism industry 94 PIERS HOREY

55 English in Indonesia 115 BRIAN D. SMITH

56 English in Vietnam 120 P.A. DENHAM

57 English in Japanese society: language within language 131 NOBUYUKIHONNA

58 Chinese Englishes: from Canton jargon to global English 148 KINGSLEY BOLTON

59 A chapter of English teaching in Korea 173

YOUNG-KUK JEONG

OTHER ENGLISHES 60 The history of the lesser-known varieties of English 182 PETER TRUDGILL

PART 5 Paradigms of description 201

61 Descriptive linguistics and the study of English 203 J.R. FIRTH

62 International communication and the concept of nuclear English 218 RANDOLPH QUIRK

63 Reference grammars and pedagogical grammars 232 SIDNEY GREENBAUM

XI CONTENTS

64 Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: the in the outer circle 241 BRAJ B. KACHRU

65 Stylistic variability and not speaking 'normal' English: some post-Labovian approaches and their implications for the study of interlanguage 270 BEN RAMPTON

66 Describing the phonology of non-native varieties of a language 298 K.P. MOHANAN

67 Power and politics in the content of grammar books: the example of India 323 FRANCES B. SINGH

68 The power of words: pressure, prejudice and politics in our vocabularies and dictionaries 335 TOM McARTHUR

69 Dictionaries and the stratification of vocabulary: towards a new lexicography for Philippine English 348 KINGSLEY BOLTON AND SUSAN BUTLER

PART 6 Codification, norms, models, and standards 381

70 A national language academy? Debate in the new nation 383 SHIRLEY B. HEATH

71 Virtues and vices in the American language: a history of attitudes 415 HENRY KAHANE AND RENEE KAHANE

72 Regional norms for English 434 BRAJ B. KACHRU

73 Standards and the standard language 457 PETER STREVENS

Xll CONTENTS

74 The printed word in the English-speaking world 463 TOM McARTHUR

75 The question of standards in the international use of English 474 RANDOLPH QUIRK

76 The spread of English and sacred linguistic cows 484 BRAJ B. KACHRU

77 Language varieties and standard language 501 RANDOLPH QUIRK

78 Liberation linguistics and the Quirk concern 512 BRAJ B. KACHRU

VOLUME IV Acknowledgements viii

Introduction to Volume IV 1

PART 7 Intelligibility across cultures 3

79 How should I speak English? American-ly, Japanese-ly, or internationally? 5 JAMES BAXTER

80 Cross-cultural pragmatic failure 22 JENNY THOMAS

81 Intelligibility and creativity in world English literatures 49 CECIL L. NELSON

82 The comprehensibility of three varieties of English for college students in seven countries 58 LARRY E. SMITH AND JOHN A. BISAZZA

83 Spread of English and issues of intelligibility 68 LARRY E. SMITH

Xlll CONTENTS

84 Why can't they understand me when I speak English so clearly? 82 LARRY E. SMITH AND ELIZABETH M. CHRISTOPHER

PART 8 The albatross of the 'native speaker' 91

85 "Right or wrong, my native speaker" estant les regestes du noble souverain de l'empirie linguistic avec un renvoy au mesme roy 93 JACOB MEY

86 Models for non-native Englishes 108 BRAJ B. KACHRU

87 Displacing the 'native speaker': expertise, affiliation, and inheritance 131 M.B.H. RAMPTON

88 ELT: the native speaker's burden? 136 ROBERT PHILLIPSON

89 The native speaker of world Englishes 144 ALAN DAVIES

PART 9 Contact, convergence, and mixing 163

90 The syntax and psycholinguistics of bilingual code-mixing 165 S.N. SRIDHAR AND KAMAL K. SRIDHAR

91 Japanese and English: borrowing and contact 179 JAMES STANLAW

92 Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person 202 FRANCOIS GROSJEAN

XIV CONTENTS

93 Codeswitching with English: types of switching, types of communities 214 CAROL MYERS-SCOTTON

94 'Mixers'and'mixing': English across cultures 234 NKONKO M. KAMWANGAMALU

95 Bilingual writing for the monolingual reader: blowing up the canon 246 CECIL L. NELSON

96 Englishization and contact linguistics 253 BRAJ B. KACHRU

97 Code alteration and Englishization across cultures 278 ANITA PANDEY

98 Linguistic hybridization in K-Pop: discourse of self-assertion and resistance 299 JAMIE SHINHEE LEE

VOLUME V Acknowledgements ix

Introduction to Volume V 1

PART 10 Discourse and rhetorical strategies 3

99 Cultural meaning and rhetorical styles: toward a framework for Contrastive Rhetoric 5 YAMUNA KACHRU

100 Culture and argumentative writing in world Englishes 19 YAMUNA KACHRU

101 The power and politics of genre 39 VUAY K. BHATIA

XV CONTENTS

102 Critical discourse analysis 56 NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH AND RUTH WODAK

103 What is critical discourse analysis and why are people saying such terrible things about it? 83 MICHAEL TOOLAN

104 The theory and practice of critical discourse analysis 104 H.G. WIDDOWSON

PART 11 World Englishes, power, and politics 121

PRELIMINARIES 105 The British heresy in TESL 123 CLIFFORD H. PRATOR

106 The British heresy in ESL revisited 140 SUZANNE ROMAINE

107 Speech and language: on the origins and foundations of inequality among speakers 154 DELL HYMES

108 The power and politics of English 193 BRAJ B. KACHRU

109 Language policy in the United States: a history of cultural genocide 220 EDUARDO HERNANDEZ-CHAVEZ

110 The World Bank, the language question, and the future of African education 237

ALAMIN MAZRUI

LINGUISTIC IMPERIALISM 111 The universe of English: imperialism, chauvinism, and paranoia 250 JAMES ALATIS AND CAROLYN A. STRAEHLE

XVI CONTENTS

112 Review article: ironising the myth of linguicism 271 ALAN DAVIES

113 Realities and myths of linguistic imperialism 286 ROBERT PH1LLIPSON

114 Globalizing English: are linguistic human rights an alternative to linguistic imperialism? 298 ROBERT PHILLIPSON /

115 (Re)experiencing hegemony: the linguistic imperialism of Robert Phillipson 314 MARGIE BERNS, ET AL.

116 Linguistic imperialism re-visited - or re-invented: a rejoinder to a review essay 327 ROBERT PHILLIPSON

117 Hegemonic discourse revisited 330 MARGIE BERNS, ET AL.

118 A closing word 335 ROBERT PHILLIPSON

119 A closing word 336 MARGIE BERNS, ET AL.

120 Voice in global English: unheard chords in Crystal loud and clear \ 337 ROBERT PHILLIPSON

121 On trying to be crystal-clear: a response to Phillipson 350 DAVID CRYSTAL

PART 12 World Englishes and applied linguistics 359

122 World Englishes and applied linguistics 361 BRAJ B. KACHRU

XV11 CONTENTS

123 Testing English as a world language: issues in assessing non-native proficiency 385 PETER H. LOWENBERG

124 Bridging the paradigm gap: second-language acquisition theory and indigenized varieties of English 398 KAMAL K. SRIDHAR AND S.N. SRIDHAR

125 Monolingual bias in SLA research 413 YAMUNA KACHRU

126 A reality check for SLA theories 417 S.N. SRIDHAR

127 World Englishes: to teach or not to teach? 422 KIMBERLEY BROWN

128 Language, culture, and ideology in the English textbooks of two Koreas 438 MARTIN JONGHAK BAIK AND ROSA JINYOUNG SHIM

129 Of EFL teachers, conscience, and cowardice 452 KANAVILLIL RAJAGOPALAN

130 On EFL teachers, awareness, and agency 460 A. SURESH CANAGARAJAH

VOLUME VI Acknowledgements viii

Introduction to Volume VI 1

PART 13 Cultures and canons 3

131 The caste of English 5 RAJA RAO

XV111 CONTENTS

132 The bilingual's creativity: discoursal and stylistic strategies in contact literatures 8 BRAJ B. KACHRU

133 The literary dimensions of the spread of English 27 EDWIN THUMBOO

134 Ngugi wa Thiong'o and the politics of language 52 THEODORE PELTON

135 Standards in Philippine English: the writer's forum 62 GERMINO ABAD, MARJORIE EVASCO, CRIST1NA PANTOJA-HIDALGO AND F. SIONIL JOSE

136 Cultural studies and world Englishes: some topics for further exploration 72

WIMAL DISSANAYAKE

PART 14 Corpus linguistics 93 137 The International Corpus of English (ICE) project 95 SIDNEY GREENBAUM AND GERALD NELSON

138 Variation of double-object verbs in monolingual and multilingual Englishes 111 ANDREW MOODY

139 Negation of lexical have in conversational English 120 GERALD NELSON

140 How to trace structural nativization: particle verbs in world Englishes 132

EDGAR W. SCHNEIDER

PART 15 World Englishes, globalisation and its concerns 161 141 EIL, ESL, EFL: global issues and local interests 163 HENRY G. WIDDOWSON

XIX CONTENTS

142 World Englishes and globalization 178 AYO BAMGBOSE

143 Bilingual education with English as an official language: sociocultural implications 186 ANNE PAKIR

144 Written language, standard language, global language 196 MICHAEL A.K. HALLIDAY

145 The politics and pedagogy of appropriating discourses 212 A. SURESH CANAGARAJAH

146 Global Englishes, Rip Slyme, and performativity 239 ALASTAIR PENNYCOOK

147 From Englishization to imposed multilingualism: globalization, the Internet, and the political economy of the linguistic code 260 DANIEL DOR

148 Where WE stands: approaches, issues, and debate in world Englishes 279 KINGSLEY BOLTON

Index 298

XX