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WORLD ENGLISHES Critical Concepts in Linguistics WORLD ENGLISHES Critical Concepts in Linguistics Edited by Kingsley Bolton and Braj B. Kachru Volume I 13 Routledge Jjj^^ Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS VOLUME I Acknowledgements xxi Chronological table xxv General introduction 1 Introduction to Volume I 11 PARTI Introduction: World Englishes 15 1 How many millions? The statistics of English today 17 DAVID CRYSTAL 2 'Socially-realistic linguistics': the Firthian tradition 22 BRAJ B. KACHRU I; 3 English: from village to global village 46 SUZANNE ROMAINE 4 New Englishes and criteria for naming them 55 SALIKOKO S. MUFWENE 5 World Englishes: agony and ecstasy 69 BRAJ B. KACHRU 6 World English and world Englishes: trends, tensions, varieties, and standards 89 TOM McARTHUR CONTENTS 7 The dynamics of New Englishes: from identity construction to dialect birth 125 EDGAR W. SCHNEIDER 8 World Englishes 186 KINGSLEY BOLTON PART 2 Regional profiles: the inner circle 217 ENGLISH ENGLISH 9 R.P. and local accent 219 DAVID ABERCROMBIE 10 British English pronunciation preferences: a changing scene 224 J.C. WELLS 11 Standard English and the complaint tradition 244 JAMES MILROY AND LESLEY MILROY 12 Rural dialects in England 265 MARTYN WAKELIN 13 Dialect levelling and geographical diffusion in British English 288 PAUL KERSWILL CELTIC ENGLISHES 14 Scots and English in Scotland 307 A.J. AITKEN 15 The English language in Wales 323 G.M. AWBERY 16 Two languages, two borders, one island: Some linguistic and political borders in Ireland 337 JEFFREY L. KALLEN VI CONTENTS NORTH AMERICAN ENGLISHES 17 The two streams: British and American English 369 JOHN ALGEO 18 The development of Canadian English 383 J.K. CHAMBERS 19 Where are the dialects of American English at anyhow? 396 DENNIS R. PRESTON 20 Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts 414 ROSINA LIPPI-GREEN 21 What is African American English? 451 SALIKOKO S. MUFWENE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ENGLISHES 22 Standard Australian English 479 ARTHUR DELBRIDGE 23 Studying New Zealand English: an update on recent research 494 KOENRAAD KUIPER VOLUME II Acknowledgements viii Introduction to Volume II 1 PART 3 Regional profiles: the outer circle 3 CARIBBEAN ENGLISHES 24 Standard English in Jamaica: a case of competing models 5 KATHRYN SHIELDS 25 Re-examining Caribbean English Creole continua 17 DONALD W1NFORD CONTENTS WEST AFRICAN ENGLISHES 26 English in the Sub-Saharan linguistic landscape: beginning of millennium observations 76 AUGUSTIN SIMO BOBDA 27 An account of distinctive phonetic and lexical features of Gambian English 89 LOTHAR PETER, HANS-GEORG WOLF AND AUGUSTIN SIMO BOBDA 28 English in the Nigerian environment 105 AYO BAMGBOSE SOUTHERN AFRICAN ENGLISHES 29 Towards a grammar of proto South African English 120 RAJEND MESTHRIE AND PAULA WEST 30 The lexis of South African English: reflections of a multilingual society 146 PENNY SILVA 31 Black South African English: where to from here? 163 VIVIAN DE KLERK 32 English in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi 181 JOSEF SCHMIED EAST AFRICAN ENGLISHES 33 What do we really know about Kenyan English? A pilot study in research methodology 200 PAUL SKANDERA 34 Assessing the state of Ugandan English: an account of the nature and key features of an East African variety 216 ALLESTREE E.C. FISHER 35 East and Southern African English accents 226 AUGUSTIN SIMO BOBDA Vlll CONTENTS SOUTH ASIAN ENGLISHES 36 The indigenization of English in Pakistan 245 ROBERT J. BAUMGARDNER 37 English in South Asia 255 BRAJ B. KACHRU 38 Indian English: some myths, some realities 311 JEAN D'SOUZA SOUTHEAST ASIAN ENGLISHES Southeast Asia 39 English as an Asian language 324 BRAJ B. KACHRU 40 Which language, which culture? Regional Englishes in contemporary Asia 343 ANDY KIRKPATRICK Singapore, Malaysia, and Hong Kong 41 The range and depth of English-knowing bilinguals in Singapore 352 ANNE PAKIR 42 The situation of English in Singapore 369 ANTHEA FRASER GUPTA 43 Malaysian English: status, norms, some grammatical and lexical features 390 MARK NEWBROOK 44 The sociolinguistics of Hong Kong and the space for Hong Kong English 418 KINGSLEY BOLTON The Philippines 45 The social dimensions of Philippine English 445 ANDREW GONZALEZ IX CONTENTS 46 The lexicon of Philippine English 457 MARIA LOURDES S. BAUTISTA 47 The verb in Philippine English: a preliminary analysis of modal would 479 MARIA LOURDES S. BAUTISTA VOLUME III Acknowledgements ix Introduction to Volume III 1 PART 4 Regional profiles: the expanding circle 5 EUROPE 48 English in Europe: whose language, which culture? 7 MARGIE BERNS 49 Your language, my language or English? The potential language choice in communication among nationals of the European Union 18 NORMAND LABRIE AND CARSTEN QUELL 50 Euro-English: perspectives on an emerging variety on the mainland of Europe, from commentators in Sweden, Austria and England 45 JENNIFER JENKINS, MARKO MODIANO AND BARBARA SEIDLHOFER SOUTH AMERICA 51 Introduction: English in South America, the other forgotten continent 55 PATRICIA FRIEDRICH AND MARGIE BERNS 52 The educational role and status of English in Brazil 63 HILARIO I. BOHN CONTENTS 53 English in Argentina: a sociolinguistic profile 81 PAUL MAERSK NIELSEN SOUTHEAST AND EAST ASIA 54 Some economic aspects of the use of English in the Thai tourism industry 94 PIERS HOREY 55 English in Indonesia 115 BRIAN D. SMITH 56 English in Vietnam 120 P.A. DENHAM 57 English in Japanese society: language within language 131 NOBUYUKIHONNA 58 Chinese Englishes: from Canton jargon to global English 148 KINGSLEY BOLTON 59 A chapter of English teaching in Korea 173 YOUNG-KUK JEONG OTHER ENGLISHES 60 The history of the lesser-known varieties of English 182 PETER TRUDGILL PART 5 Paradigms of description 201 61 Descriptive linguistics and the study of English 203 J.R. FIRTH 62 International communication and the concept of nuclear English 218 RANDOLPH QUIRK 63 Reference grammars and pedagogical grammars 232 SIDNEY GREENBAUM XI CONTENTS 64 Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: the English language in the outer circle 241 BRAJ B. KACHRU 65 Stylistic variability and not speaking 'normal' English: some post-Labovian approaches and their implications for the study of interlanguage 270 BEN RAMPTON 66 Describing the phonology of non-native varieties of a language 298 K.P. MOHANAN 67 Power and politics in the content of grammar books: the example of India 323 FRANCES B. SINGH 68 The power of words: pressure, prejudice and politics in our vocabularies and dictionaries 335 TOM McARTHUR 69 Dictionaries and the stratification of vocabulary: towards a new lexicography for Philippine English 348 KINGSLEY BOLTON AND SUSAN BUTLER PART 6 Codification, norms, models, and standards 381 70 A national language academy? Debate in the new nation 383 SHIRLEY B. HEATH 71 Virtues and vices in the American language: a history of attitudes 415 HENRY KAHANE AND RENEE KAHANE 72 Regional norms for English 434 BRAJ B. KACHRU 73 Standards and the standard language 457 PETER STREVENS Xll CONTENTS 74 The printed word in the English-speaking world 463 TOM McARTHUR 75 The question of standards in the international use of English 474 RANDOLPH QUIRK 76 The spread of English and sacred linguistic cows 484 BRAJ B. KACHRU 77 Language varieties and standard language 501 RANDOLPH QUIRK 78 Liberation linguistics and the Quirk concern 512 BRAJ B. KACHRU VOLUME IV Acknowledgements viii Introduction to Volume IV 1 PART 7 Intelligibility across cultures 3 79 How should I speak English? American-ly, Japanese-ly, or internationally? 5 JAMES BAXTER 80 Cross-cultural pragmatic failure 22 JENNY THOMAS 81 Intelligibility and creativity in world English literatures 49 CECIL L. NELSON 82 The comprehensibility of three varieties of English for college students in seven countries 58 LARRY E. SMITH AND JOHN A. BISAZZA 83 Spread of English and issues of intelligibility 68 LARRY E. SMITH Xlll CONTENTS 84 Why can't they understand me when I speak English so clearly? 82 LARRY E. SMITH AND ELIZABETH M. CHRISTOPHER PART 8 The albatross of the 'native speaker' 91 85 "Right or wrong, my native speaker" estant les regestes du noble souverain de l'empirie linguistic avec un renvoy au mesme roy 93 JACOB MEY 86 Models for non-native Englishes 108 BRAJ B. KACHRU 87 Displacing the 'native speaker': expertise, affiliation, and inheritance 131 M.B.H. RAMPTON 88 ELT: the native speaker's burden? 136 ROBERT PHILLIPSON 89 The native speaker of world Englishes 144 ALAN DAVIES PART 9 Contact, convergence, and mixing 163 90 The syntax and psycholinguistics of bilingual code-mixing 165 S.N. SRIDHAR AND KAMAL K. SRIDHAR 91 Japanese and English: borrowing and contact 179 JAMES STANLAW 92 Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person 202 FRANCOIS GROSJEAN XIV CONTENTS 93 Codeswitching with English: types of switching, types of communities 214 CAROL MYERS-SCOTTON 94 'Mixers'and'mixing': English across cultures 234 NKONKO M. KAMWANGAMALU 95 Bilingual writing for the monolingual reader: blowing up the canon 246 CECIL L. NELSON 96 Englishization and contact linguistics 253 BRAJ B. KACHRU 97 Code alteration and Englishization across cultures 278 ANITA PANDEY 98 Linguistic hybridization in K-Pop: discourse of self-assertion and resistance 299 JAMIE SHINHEE LEE VOLUME V Acknowledgements ix Introduction to Volume V 1 PART 10 Discourse and rhetorical strategies 3 99 Cultural meaning and rhetorical styles: toward a framework for Contrastive Rhetoric 5 YAMUNA KACHRU 100 Culture and argumentative writing in world Englishes 19 YAMUNA KACHRU 101 The power and politics of genre 39 VUAY K. BHATIA XV CONTENTS 102 Critical discourse analysis 56 NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH AND RUTH WODAK 103 What is critical discourse analysis and why are people saying such terrible things about it? 83 MICHAEL TOOLAN 104 The theory and practice of critical discourse analysis 104 H.G. WIDDOWSON PART 11 World Englishes, power, and politics 121 PRELIMINARIES 105 The British heresy in TESL 123 CLIFFORD H.
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