WORLD ENGLISHES Critical Concepts in Linguistics
Edited by Kingsley Bolton and Braj B. Kachru
Volume I
13 Routledge Jjj^^ Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS
VOLUME I Acknowledgements xxi Chronological table xxv
General introduction 1
Introduction to Volume I 11
PARTI Introduction: World Englishes 15
1 How many millions? The statistics of English today 17 DAVID CRYSTAL
2 'Socially-realistic linguistics': the Firthian tradition 22 BRAJ B. KACHRU
I; 3 English: from village to global village 46 SUZANNE ROMAINE
4 New Englishes and criteria for naming them 55 SALIKOKO S. MUFWENE
5 World Englishes: agony and ecstasy 69 BRAJ B. KACHRU
6 World English and world Englishes: trends, tensions, varieties, and standards 89 TOM McARTHUR CONTENTS
7 The dynamics of New Englishes: from identity construction to dialect birth 125 EDGAR W. SCHNEIDER
8 World Englishes 186 KINGSLEY BOLTON
PART 2 Regional profiles: the inner circle 217
ENGLISH ENGLISH 9 R.P. and local accent 219 DAVID ABERCROMBIE
10 British English pronunciation preferences: a changing scene 224 J.C. WELLS
11 Standard English and the complaint tradition 244 JAMES MILROY AND LESLEY MILROY
12 Rural dialects in England 265 MARTYN WAKELIN
13 Dialect levelling and geographical diffusion in British English 288
PAUL KERSWILL
CELTIC ENGLISHES 14 Scots and English in Scotland 307 A.J. AITKEN
15 The English language in Wales 323 G.M. AWBERY
16 Two languages, two borders, one island: Some linguistic and political borders in Ireland 337 JEFFREY L. KALLEN
VI CONTENTS
NORTH AMERICAN ENGLISHES 17 The two streams: British and American English 369 JOHN ALGEO
18 The development of Canadian English 383 J.K. CHAMBERS
19 Where are the dialects of American English at anyhow? 396 DENNIS R. PRESTON
20 Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts 414 ROSINA LIPPI-GREEN
21 What is African American English? 451
SALIKOKO S. MUFWENE
AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ENGLISHES 22 Standard Australian English 479 ARTHUR DELBRIDGE
23 Studying New Zealand English: an update on recent research 494 KOENRAAD KUIPER
VOLUME II Acknowledgements viii
Introduction to Volume II 1
PART 3 Regional profiles: the outer circle 3
CARIBBEAN ENGLISHES 24 Standard English in Jamaica: a case of competing models 5 KATHRYN SHIELDS
25 Re-examining Caribbean English Creole continua 17 DONALD W1NFORD CONTENTS
WEST AFRICAN ENGLISHES 26 English in the Sub-Saharan linguistic landscape: beginning of millennium observations 76 AUGUSTIN SIMO BOBDA
27 An account of distinctive phonetic and lexical features of Gambian English 89 LOTHAR PETER, HANS-GEORG WOLF AND AUGUSTIN SIMO BOBDA
28 English in the Nigerian environment 105
AYO BAMGBOSE
SOUTHERN AFRICAN ENGLISHES 29 Towards a grammar of proto South African English 120 RAJEND MESTHRIE AND PAULA WEST
30 The lexis of South African English: reflections of a multilingual society 146 PENNY SILVA
31 Black South African English: where to from here? 163 VIVIAN DE KLERK
32 English in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi 181
JOSEF SCHMIED
EAST AFRICAN ENGLISHES 33 What do we really know about Kenyan English? A pilot study in research methodology 200 PAUL SKANDERA
34 Assessing the state of Ugandan English: an account of the nature and key features of an East African variety 216 ALLESTREE E.C. FISHER
35 East and Southern African English accents 226 AUGUSTIN SIMO BOBDA
Vlll CONTENTS
SOUTH ASIAN ENGLISHES 36 The indigenization of English in Pakistan 245 ROBERT J. BAUMGARDNER
37 English in South Asia 255 BRAJ B. KACHRU
38 Indian English: some myths, some realities 311
JEAN D'SOUZA
SOUTHEAST ASIAN ENGLISHES Southeast Asia 39 English as an Asian language 324 BRAJ B. KACHRU
40 Which language, which culture? Regional Englishes in contemporary Asia 343 ANDY KIRKPATRICK
Singapore, Malaysia, and Hong Kong 41 The range and depth of English-knowing bilinguals in Singapore 352 ANNE PAKIR
42 The situation of English in Singapore 369 ANTHEA FRASER GUPTA
43 Malaysian English: status, norms, some grammatical and lexical features 390 MARK NEWBROOK
44 The sociolinguistics of Hong Kong and the space for Hong Kong English 418 KINGSLEY BOLTON
The Philippines 45 The social dimensions of Philippine English 445 ANDREW GONZALEZ
IX CONTENTS
46 The lexicon of Philippine English 457 MARIA LOURDES S. BAUTISTA
47 The verb in Philippine English: a preliminary analysis of modal would 479 MARIA LOURDES S. BAUTISTA
VOLUME III Acknowledgements ix
Introduction to Volume III 1
PART 4 Regional profiles: the expanding circle 5
EUROPE
48 English in Europe: whose language, which culture? 7 MARGIE BERNS
49 Your language, my language or English? The potential language choice in communication among nationals of the European Union 18 NORMAND LABRIE AND CARSTEN QUELL
50 Euro-English: perspectives on an emerging variety on the mainland of Europe, from commentators in Sweden, Austria and England 45 JENNIFER JENKINS, MARKO MODIANO AND BARBARA SEIDLHOFER
SOUTH AMERICA
51 Introduction: English in South America, the other forgotten continent 55 PATRICIA FRIEDRICH AND MARGIE BERNS
52 The educational role and status of English in Brazil 63 HILARIO I. BOHN CONTENTS
53 English in Argentina: a sociolinguistic profile 81
PAUL MAERSK NIELSEN
SOUTHEAST AND EAST ASIA 54 Some economic aspects of the use of English in the Thai tourism industry 94 PIERS HOREY
55 English in Indonesia 115 BRIAN D. SMITH
56 English in Vietnam 120 P.A. DENHAM
57 English in Japanese society: language within language 131 NOBUYUKIHONNA
58 Chinese Englishes: from Canton jargon to global English 148 KINGSLEY BOLTON
59 A chapter of English teaching in Korea 173
YOUNG-KUK JEONG
OTHER ENGLISHES 60 The history of the lesser-known varieties of English 182 PETER TRUDGILL
PART 5 Paradigms of description 201
61 Descriptive linguistics and the study of English 203 J.R. FIRTH
62 International communication and the concept of nuclear English 218 RANDOLPH QUIRK
63 Reference grammars and pedagogical grammars 232 SIDNEY GREENBAUM
XI CONTENTS
64 Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: the English language in the outer circle 241 BRAJ B. KACHRU
65 Stylistic variability and not speaking 'normal' English: some post-Labovian approaches and their implications for the study of interlanguage 270 BEN RAMPTON
66 Describing the phonology of non-native varieties of a language 298 K.P. MOHANAN
67 Power and politics in the content of grammar books: the example of India 323 FRANCES B. SINGH
68 The power of words: pressure, prejudice and politics in our vocabularies and dictionaries 335 TOM McARTHUR
69 Dictionaries and the stratification of vocabulary: towards a new lexicography for Philippine English 348 KINGSLEY BOLTON AND SUSAN BUTLER
PART 6 Codification, norms, models, and standards 381
70 A national language academy? Debate in the new nation 383 SHIRLEY B. HEATH
71 Virtues and vices in the American language: a history of attitudes 415 HENRY KAHANE AND RENEE KAHANE
72 Regional norms for English 434 BRAJ B. KACHRU
73 Standards and the standard language 457 PETER STREVENS
Xll CONTENTS
74 The printed word in the English-speaking world 463 TOM McARTHUR
75 The question of standards in the international use of English 474 RANDOLPH QUIRK
76 The spread of English and sacred linguistic cows 484 BRAJ B. KACHRU
77 Language varieties and standard language 501 RANDOLPH QUIRK
78 Liberation linguistics and the Quirk concern 512 BRAJ B. KACHRU
VOLUME IV Acknowledgements viii
Introduction to Volume IV 1
PART 7 Intelligibility across cultures 3
79 How should I speak English? American-ly, Japanese-ly, or internationally? 5 JAMES BAXTER
80 Cross-cultural pragmatic failure 22 JENNY THOMAS
81 Intelligibility and creativity in world English literatures 49 CECIL L. NELSON
82 The comprehensibility of three varieties of English for college students in seven countries 58 LARRY E. SMITH AND JOHN A. BISAZZA
83 Spread of English and issues of intelligibility 68 LARRY E. SMITH
Xlll CONTENTS
84 Why can't they understand me when I speak English so clearly? 82 LARRY E. SMITH AND ELIZABETH M. CHRISTOPHER
PART 8 The albatross of the 'native speaker' 91
85 "Right or wrong, my native speaker" estant les regestes du noble souverain de l'empirie linguistic avec un renvoy au mesme roy 93 JACOB MEY
86 Models for non-native Englishes 108 BRAJ B. KACHRU
87 Displacing the 'native speaker': expertise, affiliation, and inheritance 131 M.B.H. RAMPTON
88 ELT: the native speaker's burden? 136 ROBERT PHILLIPSON
89 The native speaker of world Englishes 144 ALAN DAVIES
PART 9 Contact, convergence, and mixing 163
90 The syntax and psycholinguistics of bilingual code-mixing 165 S.N. SRIDHAR AND KAMAL K. SRIDHAR
91 Japanese and English: borrowing and contact 179 JAMES STANLAW
92 Neurolinguists, beware! The bilingual is not two monolinguals in one person 202 FRANCOIS GROSJEAN
XIV CONTENTS
93 Codeswitching with English: types of switching, types of communities 214 CAROL MYERS-SCOTTON
94 'Mixers'and'mixing': English across cultures 234 NKONKO M. KAMWANGAMALU
95 Bilingual writing for the monolingual reader: blowing up the canon 246 CECIL L. NELSON
96 Englishization and contact linguistics 253 BRAJ B. KACHRU
97 Code alteration and Englishization across cultures 278 ANITA PANDEY
98 Linguistic hybridization in K-Pop: discourse of self-assertion and resistance 299 JAMIE SHINHEE LEE
VOLUME V Acknowledgements ix
Introduction to Volume V 1
PART 10 Discourse and rhetorical strategies 3
99 Cultural meaning and rhetorical styles: toward a framework for Contrastive Rhetoric 5 YAMUNA KACHRU
100 Culture and argumentative writing in world Englishes 19 YAMUNA KACHRU
101 The power and politics of genre 39 VUAY K. BHATIA
XV CONTENTS
102 Critical discourse analysis 56 NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH AND RUTH WODAK
103 What is critical discourse analysis and why are people saying such terrible things about it? 83 MICHAEL TOOLAN
104 The theory and practice of critical discourse analysis 104 H.G. WIDDOWSON
PART 11 World Englishes, power, and politics 121
PRELIMINARIES 105 The British heresy in TESL 123 CLIFFORD H. PRATOR
106 The British heresy in ESL revisited 140 SUZANNE ROMAINE
107 Speech and language: on the origins and foundations of inequality among speakers 154 DELL HYMES
108 The power and politics of English 193 BRAJ B. KACHRU
109 Language policy in the United States: a history of cultural genocide 220 EDUARDO HERNANDEZ-CHAVEZ
110 The World Bank, the language question, and the future of African education 237
ALAMIN MAZRUI
LINGUISTIC IMPERIALISM 111 The universe of English: imperialism, chauvinism, and paranoia 250 JAMES ALATIS AND CAROLYN A. STRAEHLE
XVI CONTENTS
112 Review article: ironising the myth of linguicism 271 ALAN DAVIES
113 Realities and myths of linguistic imperialism 286 ROBERT PH1LLIPSON
114 Globalizing English: are linguistic human rights an alternative to linguistic imperialism? 298 ROBERT PHILLIPSON /
115 (Re)experiencing hegemony: the linguistic imperialism of Robert Phillipson 314 MARGIE BERNS, ET AL.
116 Linguistic imperialism re-visited - or re-invented: a rejoinder to a review essay 327 ROBERT PHILLIPSON
117 Hegemonic discourse revisited 330 MARGIE BERNS, ET AL.
118 A closing word 335 ROBERT PHILLIPSON
119 A closing word 336 MARGIE BERNS, ET AL.
120 Voice in global English: unheard chords in Crystal loud and clear \ 337 ROBERT PHILLIPSON
121 On trying to be crystal-clear: a response to Phillipson 350 DAVID CRYSTAL
PART 12 World Englishes and applied linguistics 359
122 World Englishes and applied linguistics 361 BRAJ B. KACHRU
XV11 CONTENTS
123 Testing English as a world language: issues in assessing non-native proficiency 385 PETER H. LOWENBERG
124 Bridging the paradigm gap: second-language acquisition theory and indigenized varieties of English 398 KAMAL K. SRIDHAR AND S.N. SRIDHAR
125 Monolingual bias in SLA research 413 YAMUNA KACHRU
126 A reality check for SLA theories 417 S.N. SRIDHAR
127 World Englishes: to teach or not to teach? 422 KIMBERLEY BROWN
128 Language, culture, and ideology in the English textbooks of two Koreas 438 MARTIN JONGHAK BAIK AND ROSA JINYOUNG SHIM
129 Of EFL teachers, conscience, and cowardice 452 KANAVILLIL RAJAGOPALAN
130 On EFL teachers, awareness, and agency 460 A. SURESH CANAGARAJAH
VOLUME VI Acknowledgements viii
Introduction to Volume VI 1
PART 13 Cultures and canons 3
131 The caste of English 5 RAJA RAO
XV111 CONTENTS
132 The bilingual's creativity: discoursal and stylistic strategies in contact literatures 8 BRAJ B. KACHRU
133 The literary dimensions of the spread of English 27 EDWIN THUMBOO
134 Ngugi wa Thiong'o and the politics of language 52 THEODORE PELTON
135 Standards in Philippine English: the writer's forum 62 GERMINO ABAD, MARJORIE EVASCO, CRIST1NA PANTOJA-HIDALGO AND F. SIONIL JOSE
136 Cultural studies and world Englishes: some topics for further exploration 72
WIMAL DISSANAYAKE
PART 14 Corpus linguistics 93 137 The International Corpus of English (ICE) project 95 SIDNEY GREENBAUM AND GERALD NELSON
138 Variation of double-object verbs in monolingual and multilingual Englishes 111 ANDREW MOODY
139 Negation of lexical have in conversational English 120 GERALD NELSON
140 How to trace structural nativization: particle verbs in world Englishes 132
EDGAR W. SCHNEIDER
PART 15 World Englishes, globalisation and its concerns 161 141 EIL, ESL, EFL: global issues and local interests 163 HENRY G. WIDDOWSON
XIX CONTENTS
142 World Englishes and globalization 178 AYO BAMGBOSE
143 Bilingual education with English as an official language: sociocultural implications 186 ANNE PAKIR
144 Written language, standard language, global language 196 MICHAEL A.K. HALLIDAY
145 The politics and pedagogy of appropriating discourses 212 A. SURESH CANAGARAJAH
146 Global Englishes, Rip Slyme, and performativity 239 ALASTAIR PENNYCOOK
147 From Englishization to imposed multilingualism: globalization, the Internet, and the political economy of the linguistic code 260 DANIEL DOR
148 Where WE stands: approaches, issues, and debate in world Englishes 279 KINGSLEY BOLTON
Index 298
XX