DOCSLIB.ORG

Pays-Baltes De Baltische Staten 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pays-Baltes De Baltische Staten 2016 RAPPORT DE SESSION D’ÉTUDE RAPPORT VAN DE STUDIESESSIE PAYS-BALTES DE BALTISCHE STATEN 2016 Association Royale Conférence Olivaint de Belgique asbl Koninklijke Vereniging Olivaint Genootschap van België vzw 2 Association Royale sans but lucratif – Koninklijke Vereniging zonder winstoogmerk rue d’Egmontstraat 11 1000 Bruxelles - Brussel Tél. +32.470.05.08.62 E-mail : info@olivaint.be B.D. 21.365/13 www.olivaint.be BE73 3101 6608 0860 (BIC: BBRU BEBB) Editeur responsable - Verantwoordelijke uitgever : Philippe Lambrecht rue d’Egmontstraat 11 1000 Bruxelles Avertissement - Waarschuwing Le contenu des articles n'engage que les auteurs. Les données reprises dans ce rapport sont à jour en date de la fin de la session d'étude. De auteurs dragen de verantwoordelijkheid voor de inhoud van hun artikels. De gegevens van dit verslag zijn geldig op datum van het einde van de studiesessie. 3 4 Préambule - Voorwoord Le présent rapport fait suite au voyage d'étude que la Conférence Olivaint de Belgique a effectué aux pays-Baltes au mois de juillet 2016, sous le haut patronage du Service public fédéral Affaires étrangères. Voorliggend rapport brengt verslag uit over de studiesessie van het Olivaint Genootschap van België in de Baltische Staten gedurende de maand juli 2016, die plaatsvond onder de hoge bescherming van de Federale Overheidsdienst Buitenlandse Zaken. Cette session d'étude n'aurait pas été possible sans les conseils, la collaboration et le mécénat de nombreuses personnes, entreprises et organismes. Nous tenons ici à les en remercier et notamment : Zonder de raadgevingen, de samenwerking en het mecenaat van talrijke personen, bedrijven en organismen zou deze reis nooit werkelijkheid zijn geworden. Wij bedanken hen allen, en in het bijzonder : Le Service public fédéral Affaires Etrangères De Federale Overheidsdienst Buitenlandse Zaken La Communauté française de Belgique De Franse Gemeenschap van België Les Missions diplomatiques de l’Allemagne à Bruxelles De diplomatieke Opdrachten van Duitsland in Brussel 5 6 Table des matières - Inhoudstafel LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS - LIJST DER DEELNEMERS ................................................................... 9 RAPPORTS - VERSLAGEN Vergelijking van de politieke situatie in Litouwen, Estland en Letland (Jacqueline Swaegers) .............................................................................................................. 11 Les Institutions des États baltes (Grégoire Peeters) ................................................................. 33 Les questions politico-militaires : le role de l'OTAN, le Baltic Defense College, le Centre OTAN de cybersécurité, la réintroduction du service militaire en Lituanie (Laurent Serrier) ....................................................................................................................... 49 Les relations entre les Etats baltes et la Russie (Amélie Dopchie) .......................................... 53 L'intégration européenne des états baltes (Laure Friart) .......................................................... 73 Les relations des États baltes avec l'Europe et les États-Unis (Enovic Lecocq) ...................... 97 De evolutie van de economische politiek en van de demografie na het communisme (Toon Van Coillie) ................................................................................................................. 101 Economic situation in the Baltic countries (Denoel Nicolas) ................................................ 129 L’intégration au commerce mondial, avec l’UE et la Fédération de Russie, la Flandre et la Wallonie (Sébastien Francotte) ..................................................................... 145 Place de la religion dans les pays baltes (Adam Tricha) ........................................................ 149 Cultures et Langues des États Baltes (Elisabeth Nagy) ......................................................... 165 Analysis of Folklore in the Baltic States (Louise Vanden Bussche) ...................................... 195 L'écosystème de l'entrepreneuriat dans les États baltes (Alexandre Wallemacq) .................. 215 7 8 Liste des participants Lijst der deelnemers Senior Members of the Conference Olivaint accompanying the group of students : • Mr Marsia Jean Denoël Nicolas Master of Sciences in Management UCL Dopchie Amélie Master in Law UCL Francotte Sébastien Bachelor in Political Science ULB Friart Laure Bachelor in Business Engineering ULB Lambert Gaël Master of Corporate Communication KUL Lecocq Enovic Master in Business Ingeneering ULB Nagy Elisabeth Bachelor in Psychology UCL Peeters Grégoire Master in Business Engineering ULB Solvay Serrier Laurent Master in Business Engineering ULB Solvay Swaegers Jacqueline Bachelor in dentistry KUL Tricha Adam Master in Law ULg Van Coillie Toon Bachelor in Business Administration KUL Vanden Bussche Louise Bachelor in law practice HoGent Wallemacq Alexandre Master in Business Engineering ULB 9 10 Vergelijking van de politieke situatie in Litouwen, Estland en Letland / Etude comparative de la politique en Estonie, Lettonie et Lituanie Jacqueline Swaegers 11 12 Table des matières / Inhoudstafel TABLE DES MATIÈRES / INHOUDSTAFEL ................................................................................................... 13 INTRODUCTION / INLEIDING ......................................................................................................................... 14 1. OVERZICHT VAN DE POLITIEKE STRUCTUUR IN DE BALTISCHE LANDEN .................................. 15 1.1.1. Politieke structuur in Estland ........................................................................................................ 15 1.1.2. Politieke structuur in Litouwen ..................................................................................................... 15 1.1.3. Politieke structuur in Letland ........................................................................................................ 15 2. INSTITUTIONALISERING VAN DEMOCRATISCHE INSTELLINGEN ................................................... 16 3. ONTWIKKELING VAN POLITIEKE PARTIJEN ......................................................................................... 17 4. DEUREN OPEN NAAR HET BUITENLAND ............................................................................................... 28 CONCLUSION FR / CONCLUSIE NL / CONCLUSION GB ............................................................................ 29 BIBLIOGRAPHIE / BIBLIOGRAFIE ................................................................................................................. 31 13 Introduction / Inleiding Een close-up van de recente politieke veranderingen in het Baltium (en in het bijzonder een vergelijkende) verdient de aandacht om verschillende redenen. Allereerst hadden deze landen geen know-how van democratische veranderingen tot er een momentum kwam in 1991. In tegenstelling tot West-Europa, betekende het interbellum voor hen geen kantelmoment voor extreem rechtse bewegingen en autoritaire regimes. Deze laatst genoemde werden immers aanzien als sterk leiderschap voor en door het volk, terwijl politieke partijen geassocieerd werden met doortrapte corruptie en eigenbelang. De privileges van Baltische communistische partijen waren immers welgekend onder het volk aangezien ze immers bevoordeeld werden in de basisbehoeften van de mens zoals huisvesting en voeding. Een nieuw democratisch systeem kon zich enkel opbouwen indien er een culturele verandering geschiedde. Verder was zowel het publieke als het private leven in het Baltium doordrongen van de Sovjet periode. Elk aspect zou politiek, economisch en sociaal herschapen moeten worden in het daglicht van de Scandinavische landen en West-Europa. Belangrijk om in gedachte te houden bij het bestuderen van dit stukje geschiedenis, is de controverse die nog steeds onder de bevolking en op internationaal niveau leeft wat betreft de bezetting of vrijwillige annexatie, afhankelijk van de bron. Russischtaligen en Balten zijn nog steeds verdeeld over deze kwestie in Estland en Letland. Deze geladenheid in de bilaterale relatie tussen Rusland en de Baltische landen zijn nog steeds niet beslecht. 14 1. Overzicht van de politieke structuur in de Baltische landen Zowel Estland, Letland als Litouwen zijn parlementaire democratieën met als staatshoofd respectievelijk Kersti Kaljulaid (sinds 2016), Raimonds Vejonis (sinds 2015) en Dalia Grybauskaité (sinds 2009). 1.1.1. Politieke structuur in Estland De Estse regering bestaat uit een coalitie (RE, K en ERL) en Taavi Roivas (RE) is de premier. Het parlement, bestaande uit één kamer met 101 leden, wordt Riigikogu genoemd. Ter illustratie: zes van de elf partijen die meededen tijdens de vorige verkiezingen, haalden een plaats in de Riigikogu. Om de vier jaar wordt een nieuwe president verkozen. De eer voor het allereerste land ter wereld te zijn waar internet het medium vormt om te stemmen op het parlement, komt Estland toe. Eerder was deze procedure al op gang gekomen tijdens gemeenteraadsverkiezingen. 1.1.2. Politieke structuur in Litouwen De Litouwse regering wordt opgebouwd door een coalitie van DP, LSDP, OM111NS en VNDS. Seimas, het parlement, heeft één kamer met 141 leden die eveneens een hervormingscyclus kent van vier jaar. Rekening houdend met de nationale verhoudingen worden zeventig zetels verdeeld en de overige onder de zeven kiesdistricten. 1Politieke structuur in Letland De regeringsleider van Letland sinds 2016, heet premier Maris Kucinskis. Het parlement draagt
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Winners of the Baltic Assembly Prizes 1994 – 2019 1994 1996 1998
    Baltic Assembly Prizes for Literature, the Arts and Science Baltic Innovation Prize Baltic Assembly Medals 6 November 2020 Address by the President of the Baltic Assembly Aadu Must This year the Baltic Assembly, as any contribute to the targeted cooperation of other organisation, has been significantly our states and prosperity of our Baltic affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. region that will be extremely important Despite the difficulties and restrictions to in the years to come. These people meet in person, the traditions of our promote the unity and cooperation of organisation continue but in slightly the Baltic states - we greatly appreciate different format this year. their work. We award the Baltic Assembly Prizes to Unity and cooperation of the Baltic states outstanding people, who have are extremely important for us. We are demonstrated excellence in literature, thankful to all people who feel the same the arts, science and innovation. This way and act in order to bring the countries year’s winners of the Baltic Assembly closer together. The awarding of the Baltic Prizes have used their talent and Assembly Prizes and Medals in Estonia, knowledge to encourage thinking, remind Lithuania and Latvia is our way of saying about the historical milestones of that even though times are tough people are those who hold our nations together Photo by Ieva Ābele (Administration of Parliament of the Republic of Latvia) the Baltic states and make our countries visible in the international arena. Awards and we are grateful for that. We are also have been won in strong competition, as very proud about their achievements.
    [Show full text]
  • To View Online Click Here
    YOUR O.A.T. ADVENTURE TRAVEL PLANNING GUIDE® The Baltic Capitals & St. Petersburg 2022 Small Groups: 8-16 travelers—guaranteed! (average of 13) Overseas Adventure Travel ® The Leader in Personalized Small Group Adventures on the Road Less Traveled 1 Dear Traveler, At last, the world is opening up again for curious travel lovers like you and me. And the O.A.T. Enhanced! The Baltic Capitals & St. Petersburg itinerary you’ve expressed interest in will be a wonderful way to resume the discoveries that bring us so much joy. You might soon be enjoying standout moments like these: What I love about the little town of Harmi, Estonia, is that it has a lot of heart. Its residents came together to save their local school, and now it’s a thriving hub for community events. Harmi is a new partner of our Grand Circle Foundation, and you’ll live a Day in the Life here, visiting the school and a family farm, and sharing a farm-to-table lunch with our hosts. I love the outdoors and I love art, so my walk in the woods with O.A.T. Trip Experience Leader Inese turned into something extraordinary when she led me along the path called the “Witches Hill” in Lithuania. It’s populated by 80 wooden sculptures of witches, faeries, and spirits that derive from old pagan beliefs. You’ll go there, too (and I bet you’ll be as surprised as I was to learn how prevalent those pagan practices still are.) I was also surprised—and saddened—to learn how terribly the Baltic people were persecuted during the Soviet era.
    [Show full text]
  • View Travel Planning Guide
    YOUR O.A.T. ADVENTURE TRAVEL PLANNING GUIDE® New! Under the Midnight Sun: Sami Lapland, Norway & the Arctic Circle 2021 Small Groups: 8-16 travelers—guaranteed! (average of 13) Overseas Adventure Travel ® The Leader in Personalized Small Group Adventures on the Road Less Traveled 1 Dear Traveler, At last, the world is opening up again for curious travel lovers like you and me. And the O.A.T. New! Under the Midnight Sun: Sami Lapland, Norway & the Arctic Circle itinerary you’ve expressed interest in will be a wonderful way to resume the discoveries that bring us so much joy. You might soon be enjoying standout moments like these: There was something intangibly magical about Lapland. Maybe it was the midnight sun, the endless rugged tundra, or the welcoming nature of the Sami people. All I know is that there was a true sense of Arctic magic everywhere I went, especially when I met an indigenous Sami family on their reindeer farm. As we explored the farm, they introduced me to their way of life and traditions dating back thousands of years. I was saddened to hear that their ancient culture is under threat from two forces: the construction of an Arctic Railway through Sami territory and Sami youth deviating from their traditional lifestyle. You’ll hear about these challenges as well when you meet with a Sami family on their reindeer farm. In the regions I travel to around the world, the stories of the people who live and work there are the most distinct and poignant experiences. You’ll meet with a local educator in Oslo to hear about July 22, 2011—the harrowing terrorist attack on this city—and their personal account of this day.
    [Show full text]
  • The Collection of Polish Art | 1 Right from the Start Artymowska Worked on Abstract Paintings, and Created Monotypes and Ceramics
    KunstmThe Bochumuseum Art Bochum Museum – Die– the Sammlung Collection of Polish Art polnischerSelection and texts: Axel Kunst Feuß Multiplied Space IX, 1981 Artymowska, Zofia (1923 Kraków - 2000 Warsaw): Multiplied Space IX, 1981. Serigraphy, Collage, 60.8 x 49.7 cm (41.6 x 41.1 cm); Inv. no. 2149 The Bochum Art Museum Zofia Artymowska, born 1923 in Kraków, died 2000 in Warsaw. She was married to the painter and graphic artist Roman Artymowski (1919-1993). Studies: 1945-50 Academy of Visual Arts, Kraków (under Eugeniusz Eibisch, diploma in painting). 1950/51 Assistant. Lived in Warsaw from 1951; in Łowicz from 1980. 1953-56 works on murals during the reconstruction of Warsaw. 1954 Golden Cross of Merit. 1960-68 Professor at the University of Baghdad. 1971-83 Lecturer at the University of Visual Arts, Breslau/Wrocław. Solo exhibitions since 1959 in Warsaw, Beirut, Baghdad, Łódź, Breslau, Stettin/Szczecin, New York. Works in museums in Baghdad, Bochum, Bogota, Breslau, Bydgoszcz, Dresden, Łódź, New York, Warsaw. The Bochum Art Museum – the Collection of Polish Art | 1 Right from the start Artymowska worked on abstract paintings, and created monotypes and ceramics. During her time in Baghdad she turned to oil painting. At the university there she taught mural painting at Tahreer College as well as painting, drawing and composition at the College of Engineering in the faculty of architecture. From the 1970s onwards she explored the potential forms of expression inherent in a single geometric form, the cylinder (derived from machine parts) that she used as a constantly duplicated module for creating images.
    [Show full text]
  • European Identity
    Peaceful, prosperous, democratic and respectful of people’s rights, building talk about Europe need to We Europe is an ongoing challenge. For many years it seemed that Europeans lived on a continent of shared values and a common destiny. No one paid attention to the alarm bells warning of growing divisions across the continent, which have become more insistent since the economic and social crisis. Europe and We need to talk its values, previously taken for granted, are now being contested. These clouds are casting a shadow across Europe’s future, and old demons, long dormant, have started to raise their voices again. about Europe With a deepening values divide there is an urgent need for public debate and a reconsideration of how Europeans can strengthen the European project. Is a “Europe united in diversity” still feasible? Can a consensus be forged on a set of values pertaining to a common European identity? What should be done to preserve European unity? The Council of Europe, with its membership covering Europe from Vladivostok to Lisbon and from Reykjavik to Ankara, and its mission to promote democracy, human rights and the rule of law, provides an excellent framework for discuss- ing the current state of thinking and dynamics behind the concept of European identity. For these reasons, the Council of Europe, together with the École nationale d’administration in Strasbourg, held a series of European Identity Debates fea- turing eminent personalities from a variety of backgrounds including politics, civil society, academia and the humanities. European Identity This publication presents the 10 European Identity Debates lectures.
    [Show full text]
  • Lonely Planet Publications 150 Linden St, Oakland, California 94607 USA Telephone: 510-893-8556; Facsimile: 510-893-8563; Web
    Lonely Planet Publications 150 Linden St, Oakland, California 94607 USA Telephone: 510-893-8556; Facsimile: 510-893-8563; Web: www.lonelyplanet.com ‘READ’ list from THE TRAVEL BOOK by country: Afghanistan Robert Byron’s The Road to Oxiana or Eric Newby’s A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush, both all-time travel classics; Idris Shah’s Afghan Caravan – a compendium of spellbinding Afghan tales, full of heroism, adventure and wisdom Albania Broken April by Albania’s best-known contemporary writer, Ismail Kadare, which deals with the blood vendettas of the northern highlands before the 1939 Italian invasion. Biografi by Lloyd Jones is a fanciful story set in the immediate post-communist era, involving the search for Albanian dictator Enver Hoxha’s alleged double Algeria Between Sea and Sahara: An Algerian Journal by Eugene Fromentin, Blake Robinson and Valeria Crlando, a mix of travel writing and history; or Nedjma by the Algerian writer Kateb Yacine, an autobiographical account of childhood, love and Algerian history Andorra Andorra by Peter Cameron, a darkly comic novel set in a fictitious Andorran mountain town. Approach to the History of Andorra by Lídia Armengol Vila is a solid work published by the Institut d’Estudis Andorrans. Angola Angola Beloved by T Ernest Wilson, the story of a pioneering Christian missionary’s struggle to bring the gospel to an Angola steeped in witchcraft Anguilla Green Cane and Juicy Flotsam: Short Stories by Caribbean Women, or check out the island’s history in Donald E Westlake’s Under an English Heaven Antarctica Ernest Shackleton’s Aurora Australis, the only book ever published in Antarctica, and a personal account of Shackleton’s 1907-09 Nimrod expedition; Nikki Gemmell’s Shiver, the story of a young journalist who finds love and tragedy on an Antarctic journey Antigua & Barbuda Jamaica Kincaid’s novel Annie John, which recounts growing up in Antigua.
    [Show full text]
  • CRCEES Winter Festival 2008-09 CRCEES Winter Festival 2008-09
    CRCEES Winter Festival 2008-09 CRCEES Winter Festival 2008-09 CONTENTS 01 Introduction 04 Visual Arts 09 Winter Festival of Central European Film 27 Music 32 Literary Events 36 Theatre 37 Academic Events 41 Language Learning 01 www.gla.ac.uk/crcees CRCEES Winter Festival 2008-09 The Centre for Russian, Central and East European The season will end with two major Conferences: Studies have great pleasure in hosting a major in February we will examine good practice in the Festival of Arts and Cultures in the Winter season teaching of the languages and cultures we offer of 2008/2009. and the season will conclude with the annual CRCEES Research Forum, to be held in Glasgow The Winter Festival will showcase the enormous in April 2009. breadth of CRCEES’ academic provision in terms of languages and cultures, and will open out an We look forward to welcoming you to this rich extraordinary wealth of resources to the Scottish programme of events. If you would like to know and the UK public more widely. more about the countries covered by this festival and be involved in future activities, please check The season includes major academic conferences our website or contact us for more information. on Hungary and Latvia and a special symposium entitled ‘Inter-cultural Crossings’ where speakers The organisers would like to express their from many European countries will bear witness appreciation to colleagues in the Department of to the powerful ‘crossings’ of other cultures into Central and East European Studies and those their own. in the Slavonic Studies section of the School of Modern Languages and Cultures at the University Throughout the Festival there will be films, of Glasgow as well as to the many colleagues in exhibitions of visual arts, literary readings, musical the partner institutions of CRCEES.
    [Show full text]
  • Kultuur Culture
    Kultuur Culture 20. sajandi alguses tõi Eesti haritlaskond At the beginning of the 20th century, Estonian in- eesti keele Euroopa kultuuriareenile. Nõu- tellectuals put the Estonian language on Europe’s kogude ajal kujunes oma keelest eestlas- cultural map. During the Soviet era, Estonians te peamine vastupanurelv. Eestlastele on used their native language as the main tool for omane sallivus teiste rahvaste ja kultuuride resistance. Tolerance towards other nations and suhtes. Selle ilmekaks näiteks on fakt, et cultures is characteristic of Estonians. Th is is well Eesti oli esimene riik Euroopas, mis tagas illustrated by the fact that Estonia was the fi rst riigis elavatele rahvusrühmadele kultuu- country in Europe to grant cultural autonomy to rautonoomia. Teater ja muusika on siinse local national minorities. Th eatre and music form kultuuri lahutamatu osa. Laulurahvaks ole- an inseparable part of Estonian culture. Being a mine – see on eestlaste identiteet. Ka spordi- singing nation, that’s Estonians’ identity. However, maailmas teeb väike Eesti endale nime. tiny Estonia is also making a name for itself in the (Côtes d’Armor, märts 2008) world of sports. (Côtes d’Armor, March 2008) Kirjandus Literature Jaan Kross – kompromissi kuulutaja Jaan Kross – preacher of compromise Kirjanik Jaan Kross suri 2007. aasta jõulude Writer Jaan Kross died at Christmas 2007. He paiku. Kross näitas oma elutööga, et võimatu proved with his life’s work that the impossible võib saada võimalikuks: ta tõusis väikeselt can happen: he emerged from a small language keelealalt Euroopa teadvusesse ning kirjutas background to the attention of Europe and väikese rahva ajaloost teoseid, mis kõnetasid his works spoke to readers of many cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Enkómion Pentru Edificiile Filologice Ale Elenei Prus
    Universitatea Liberă Internaţională din Moldova Departamentul Informaţional Biblioteconomic Colecţia „Universitaria” Fascicula a 54-a ENKÓMION PENTRU EDIFICIILE FILOLOGICE ALE ELENEI PRUS Chişinău, 2019 CZU 016:[81/82.09+929(478)] E 52 Director publicație Ilian Galben, conf. univ. dr. Coordonator volum Irina Botnaru, lector univ., director DIB Contribuții bibliografice Natalia Ghimpu, MA, serviciul bibliografic DIB Consultanți știintifici Ion Manoli, prof. univ. dr. hab. Sanda–Maria Ardeleanu, prof. univ. dr. Elena Prus, prof. univ. dr. hab. Redactori științifici Ion Manoli, prof. univ. dr. hab. Angela Savin–Zgardan, prof. univ. inter. dr. hab. Victor Untilă, conf. univ. dr. Tehnoredactare Vlad Bogdanov, serviciul DSIT DIB Ilustrare copertă Cezar Secrieru, consilier ULIM Volumul a fost recomandat pentru publicare de către Consiliul coordonator DIB (proces verbal nr. 5 din 19 iunie 2019) și Senatul ULIM (proces verbal nr. 7 din 26 iunie 2019) Descrierea CIP a Camerei Nationale a Cărții Enkómion pentru edificiile filologice ale Elenei Prus / dir. publ.: Ilian Galben ; coord. vol.: Irina Botnaru ; contribuţii bibliogr.: Natalia Ghimpu ; consultanţi şt.: Ion Manoli [et al.] ; red. şt.-bibliogr.: Ion Manoli [et al.] ; Univ. Liberă Intern. din Moldova, Dep. Informaţional Biblioteconomic. – Chişinău : ULIM, 2019. – 214 p. : fig., fot. – (Colecţia "Universitaria" ; Fascicula a 54-a, ISBN 978-9975-101-89-9). 50 ex. ISBN 978-9975-3277-4-9. 016:[81/82.09+929(478)] E 52 Departamentul Informaţional Biblioteconomic ULIM Adresa: str. Vlaicu Pârcalab, 52, MD 2012 Chisinau, Republica Moldova Tel. 24 45 49 e-mail: biblioteca@ulim.md library.ulim.md ISBN 978-9975-3277-4-9 © ULIM, 2019 2 3 Poem în si bemol Pentru Elena Prus Pe drum pavat de slovă veche, Sosit-ai azi la o răscruce, Îți porți povara ca pe-o cruce Pășind leventă-n viitor.
    [Show full text]
  • Jaan Kross and the Case of Balthasar Russow
    Talivee: Tallinn Historical Fiction 109 Layers of the Past in Tallinn Historical Fiction: Jaan Kross and The Case of Balthasar Russow Elle-Mari Talivee Under and Tuglas Literature Centre of the Estonian Academy of Sciences _____________________________________ Abstract: A tetralogy called Kolme katku vahel (Between Three Plagues: The Story of Balthasar Russow) by the Estonian author Jaan Kross was published in the 1970s. Kross’s aim in this historical novel sequence was to educate his readers about the history of Tallinn and to activate their cultural memory. Kross was inspired by three texts about Tallinn: Balthasar Russow’s Chronika der Provintz Lyffland (‘Chronicle of the province of Livonia’, 1578), a short story entitled ‘Katsumus’ (‘An ordeal’, 1947) published by the exiled Estonian writer Gert Helbemäe in 1947 in Sweden, and a hypothesis by the historian Paul Johansen proposing that the author of the chronicle, Russow, might have been the son of an Estonian wagoner from the Tallinn Vorstadt of Kalamaja. This article discusses how Jaan Kross’s novel differs from earlier fictional treatments by major Estonian novelists of the Baltic German past of Tallinn. Through its comparisons between the varied sources of a modern historical novel sequence, the article’s aim is to show how and why the main character of Kross’s tetralogy changed existing spatial perceptions of Tallinn by unearthing buried elements of the city’s history. Keywords: Literary urban studies; cultural memory; literary geographies; Jaan Kross; Balthasar Russow. Author contact: ellemari@utkk.ee Literary Geographies 7(1) 2021 109-126 Talivee: Tallinn Historical Fiction 110 Introduction A historical city novel allows the reader to perceive a former city space as a thrilling blend of time and space, and to meet the inhabitants of this chronotope.
    [Show full text]
  • Poetics of the Leitmotifs of Jaan Kross's Novel
    ACTA SLAVICA ESTONICA II. Труды по русской и славянской филологии. Литературоведение VIII. Jaan Kross and Russian Culture. Tartu, 2012 POETICS OF THE LEITMOTIFS OF JAAN KROSS’S NOVEL “THE CZAR’S MADMAN”* LEA PILD No one has yet written about the leitmotifs1 used by Jaan Kross in “The Czar’s Madman” (nor about the micropoetics of his novels as a whole). This article will make the first attempt at such an analysis, which will provide not only for greater understanding of the architectonics of the writer’s artistic world as a whole, but also for the concretization of a complete series of features related to the composition of Kross’s works that have already been broached by literary scholars and critics. In accordance with literary tradition, “leitmotif” in this article is understood as a repetitive element in the text (words, phrases, parallel scenes, etc.), which, through its repetition many times over, forms a distinctive compositional struc- ture in the novel. Repeating motifs (or leitmotifs) are a means of structuring a narrative (a type of composition) that inevitably leads to the appearance in the text, alongside empirical imagery, of conditionally symbolic details, scenes, or episodes. Just such a narrative organization is found in “The Czar’s Madman”, which, like some of Kross’s other historical novels, such as “Between Three Plagues” and “Professor Martens’ Departure”, approaches the genre of 20th century neo- mythology. Neomythological texts2 are works into whose structures ancient or biblical images are incorporated, constituting an independent, symbolic layer in the text and lending an “eternal” character to its subject; “The Czar’s Madman” * The article was written under the research theme TFLGR 0469 “Reception of Russian Literature in Estonia in the 20th Century: from the Interpretation to Translation”.
    [Show full text]
  • Razing of Romania's Past.Pdf
    REPORT Ttf F1 *t 'A. Í M A onp DlNU C GlURESCU THE RAZING OF ROMANIA'S PAST The Razing of Romania's Past was sponsored by the Kress Foundation European Preservation Program of the World Monuments Fund; it was published by USACOMOS. The World Monuments Fund is a U.S. nonprofit organization based in New York City whose purpose is to preserve the cultural heritage of mankind through administration of field restora­ tion programs, technical studies, advocacy and public education worldwide. World Monuments Fund, 174 East 80th Street, New York, N.Y. 10021. (212) 517-9367. The Samuel H. Kress Foundation is a U.S. private foundation based in New York City which concentrates its resources on the support of education and training in art history, advanced training in conservation and historic preservation in Western Europe. The Samuel H. Kress Foundation, 174 East 80th Street, N.Y. 10021. (212) 861-4993. The United States Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (USACOMOS) is one of 60 national committees of ICOMOS forming a worldwide alliance for the study and conservation of historic buildings, districts and sites. It is an international, nongovernmental institution which serves as the focus of international cultural resources ex­ change in the United States. US/ICOMOS, 1600 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20006. (202) 842-1866. The text and materials assembled by Dinu C. Giurescu reflect the views of the author as sup­ ported by his independent research. Book design by DR Pollard and Associates, Inc. Jacket design by John T. Engeman. Printed by J.D.
    [Show full text]