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Pays-Baltes De Baltische Staten 2016 RAPPORT DE SESSION D’ÉTUDE RAPPORT VAN DE STUDIESESSIE PAYS-BALTES DE BALTISCHE STATEN 2016 Association Royale Conférence Olivaint de Belgique asbl Koninklijke Vereniging Olivaint Genootschap van België vzw 2 Association Royale sans but lucratif – Koninklijke Vereniging zonder winstoogmerk rue d’Egmontstraat 11 1000 Bruxelles - Brussel Tél. +32.470.05.08.62 E-mail : [email protected] B.D. 21.365/13 www.olivaint.be BE73 3101 6608 0860 (BIC: BBRU BEBB) Editeur responsable - Verantwoordelijke uitgever : Philippe Lambrecht rue d’Egmontstraat 11 1000 Bruxelles Avertissement - Waarschuwing Le contenu des articles n'engage que les auteurs. Les données reprises dans ce rapport sont à jour en date de la fin de la session d'étude. De auteurs dragen de verantwoordelijkheid voor de inhoud van hun artikels. De gegevens van dit verslag zijn geldig op datum van het einde van de studiesessie. 3 4 Préambule - Voorwoord Le présent rapport fait suite au voyage d'étude que la Conférence Olivaint de Belgique a effectué aux pays-Baltes au mois de juillet 2016, sous le haut patronage du Service public fédéral Affaires étrangères. Voorliggend rapport brengt verslag uit over de studiesessie van het Olivaint Genootschap van België in de Baltische Staten gedurende de maand juli 2016, die plaatsvond onder de hoge bescherming van de Federale Overheidsdienst Buitenlandse Zaken. Cette session d'étude n'aurait pas été possible sans les conseils, la collaboration et le mécénat de nombreuses personnes, entreprises et organismes. Nous tenons ici à les en remercier et notamment : Zonder de raadgevingen, de samenwerking en het mecenaat van talrijke personen, bedrijven en organismen zou deze reis nooit werkelijkheid zijn geworden. Wij bedanken hen allen, en in het bijzonder : Le Service public fédéral Affaires Etrangères De Federale Overheidsdienst Buitenlandse Zaken La Communauté française de Belgique De Franse Gemeenschap van België Les Missions diplomatiques de l’Allemagne à Bruxelles De diplomatieke Opdrachten van Duitsland in Brussel 5 6 Table des matières - Inhoudstafel LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS - LIJST DER DEELNEMERS ................................................................... 9 RAPPORTS - VERSLAGEN Vergelijking van de politieke situatie in Litouwen, Estland en Letland (Jacqueline Swaegers) .............................................................................................................. 11 Les Institutions des États baltes (Grégoire Peeters) ................................................................. 33 Les questions politico-militaires : le role de l'OTAN, le Baltic Defense College, le Centre OTAN de cybersécurité, la réintroduction du service militaire en Lituanie (Laurent Serrier) ....................................................................................................................... 49 Les relations entre les Etats baltes et la Russie (Amélie Dopchie) .......................................... 53 L'intégration européenne des états baltes (Laure Friart) .......................................................... 73 Les relations des États baltes avec l'Europe et les États-Unis (Enovic Lecocq) ...................... 97 De evolutie van de economische politiek en van de demografie na het communisme (Toon Van Coillie) ................................................................................................................. 101 Economic situation in the Baltic countries (Denoel Nicolas) ................................................ 129 L’intégration au commerce mondial, avec l’UE et la Fédération de Russie, la Flandre et la Wallonie (Sébastien Francotte) ..................................................................... 145 Place de la religion dans les pays baltes (Adam Tricha) ........................................................ 149 Cultures et Langues des États Baltes (Elisabeth Nagy) ......................................................... 165 Analysis of Folklore in the Baltic States (Louise Vanden Bussche) ...................................... 195 L'écosystème de l'entrepreneuriat dans les États baltes (Alexandre Wallemacq) .................. 215 7 8 Liste des participants Lijst der deelnemers Senior Members of the Conference Olivaint accompanying the group of students : • Mr Marsia Jean Denoël Nicolas Master of Sciences in Management UCL Dopchie Amélie Master in Law UCL Francotte Sébastien Bachelor in Political Science ULB Friart Laure Bachelor in Business Engineering ULB Lambert Gaël Master of Corporate Communication KUL Lecocq Enovic Master in Business Ingeneering ULB Nagy Elisabeth Bachelor in Psychology UCL Peeters Grégoire Master in Business Engineering ULB Solvay Serrier Laurent Master in Business Engineering ULB Solvay Swaegers Jacqueline Bachelor in dentistry KUL Tricha Adam Master in Law ULg Van Coillie Toon Bachelor in Business Administration KUL Vanden Bussche Louise Bachelor in law practice HoGent Wallemacq Alexandre Master in Business Engineering ULB 9 10 Vergelijking van de politieke situatie in Litouwen, Estland en Letland / Etude comparative de la politique en Estonie, Lettonie et Lituanie Jacqueline Swaegers 11 12 Table des matières / Inhoudstafel TABLE DES MATIÈRES / INHOUDSTAFEL ................................................................................................... 13 INTRODUCTION / INLEIDING ......................................................................................................................... 14 1. OVERZICHT VAN DE POLITIEKE STRUCTUUR IN DE BALTISCHE LANDEN .................................. 15 1.1.1. Politieke structuur in Estland ........................................................................................................ 15 1.1.2. Politieke structuur in Litouwen ..................................................................................................... 15 1.1.3. Politieke structuur in Letland ........................................................................................................ 15 2. INSTITUTIONALISERING VAN DEMOCRATISCHE INSTELLINGEN ................................................... 16 3. ONTWIKKELING VAN POLITIEKE PARTIJEN ......................................................................................... 17 4. DEUREN OPEN NAAR HET BUITENLAND ............................................................................................... 28 CONCLUSION FR / CONCLUSIE NL / CONCLUSION GB ............................................................................ 29 BIBLIOGRAPHIE / BIBLIOGRAFIE ................................................................................................................. 31 13 Introduction / Inleiding Een close-up van de recente politieke veranderingen in het Baltium (en in het bijzonder een vergelijkende) verdient de aandacht om verschillende redenen. Allereerst hadden deze landen geen know-how van democratische veranderingen tot er een momentum kwam in 1991. In tegenstelling tot West-Europa, betekende het interbellum voor hen geen kantelmoment voor extreem rechtse bewegingen en autoritaire regimes. Deze laatst genoemde werden immers aanzien als sterk leiderschap voor en door het volk, terwijl politieke partijen geassocieerd werden met doortrapte corruptie en eigenbelang. De privileges van Baltische communistische partijen waren immers welgekend onder het volk aangezien ze immers bevoordeeld werden in de basisbehoeften van de mens zoals huisvesting en voeding. Een nieuw democratisch systeem kon zich enkel opbouwen indien er een culturele verandering geschiedde. Verder was zowel het publieke als het private leven in het Baltium doordrongen van de Sovjet periode. Elk aspect zou politiek, economisch en sociaal herschapen moeten worden in het daglicht van de Scandinavische landen en West-Europa. Belangrijk om in gedachte te houden bij het bestuderen van dit stukje geschiedenis, is de controverse die nog steeds onder de bevolking en op internationaal niveau leeft wat betreft de bezetting of vrijwillige annexatie, afhankelijk van de bron. Russischtaligen en Balten zijn nog steeds verdeeld over deze kwestie in Estland en Letland. Deze geladenheid in de bilaterale relatie tussen Rusland en de Baltische landen zijn nog steeds niet beslecht. 14 1. Overzicht van de politieke structuur in de Baltische landen Zowel Estland, Letland als Litouwen zijn parlementaire democratieën met als staatshoofd respectievelijk Kersti Kaljulaid (sinds 2016), Raimonds Vejonis (sinds 2015) en Dalia Grybauskaité (sinds 2009). 1.1.1. Politieke structuur in Estland De Estse regering bestaat uit een coalitie (RE, K en ERL) en Taavi Roivas (RE) is de premier. Het parlement, bestaande uit één kamer met 101 leden, wordt Riigikogu genoemd. Ter illustratie: zes van de elf partijen die meededen tijdens de vorige verkiezingen, haalden een plaats in de Riigikogu. Om de vier jaar wordt een nieuwe president verkozen. De eer voor het allereerste land ter wereld te zijn waar internet het medium vormt om te stemmen op het parlement, komt Estland toe. Eerder was deze procedure al op gang gekomen tijdens gemeenteraadsverkiezingen. 1.1.2. Politieke structuur in Litouwen De Litouwse regering wordt opgebouwd door een coalitie van DP, LSDP, OM111NS en VNDS. Seimas, het parlement, heeft één kamer met 141 leden die eveneens een hervormingscyclus kent van vier jaar. Rekening houdend met de nationale verhoudingen worden zeventig zetels verdeeld en de overige onder de zeven kiesdistricten. 1Politieke structuur in Letland De regeringsleider van Letland sinds 2016, heet premier Maris Kucinskis. Het parlement draagt
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