The Hindī Devanāgarī Script & Sound System

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1 Indo-European Language Family

http://www.danshort.com/ie/ 3

Indo-Aryan Language Family

 OIA Old Indo-Aryan Sanskrit karma, gṛha  MIA Middle I-A Prakrits kamma, gaha/giha  NIA New I-A Hindi, etc. kām, ghar

2 India – Political & Linguistic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India http://www.ling.su.se/staff/ljuba/maps/india-langs.jpg

Indo-Aryan Languages in S. Asia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Indoarische_Sprachen.png 6

3 Hindi-Urdu: 3rd/4th most widely spoken language in the world

 3rd/4th if ranked by # of native speakers (+Urdu)** • after Mandarin Chinese, Spanish, (English)  3rd if ranked by total # of speakers (+Urdu)** • after English, Chinese

 L1 Native speakers of Hindi-Urdu: 409.8 million*  L2 Hindi-Urdu as a 2nd language: 375.7 million

 Total(dbl count?): 785.5 million • 6.5-10.2% of world population, ~1 per 10-15 persons

* Source: http://www.ethnologue.com 2016 (L1: 341.2M Hindi, 68.6M Urdu, L2: 274.2M Hindi, 101.5M Urdu) ** Wikipedia World Language, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_language 7

Dialects of Hindi (as mother-tongue)

HINDI!! 528,347,193 1 Awadhi 3,850,906 29 Kurmali Thar 311,175

2 Baghati/Baghati Pahari 15,835 30 Lamani/Lambadi/Labani 3,276,548

3 Bagheli/Baghel Khandi 2,679,129 31 Laria 89,876

4 Bagri Rajasthani 234,227 32 Lodhi 139,180 t-1.pdf 5 Banjari 1,581,271 33 Magadhi/Magahi 12,706,825 6 Bhadrawahi 98,806 34 Malvi 5,212,617 7 Bhagoria 20,924 35 Mandeali 622,590 8 Bharmauri/Gaddi 181,069 36 Marwari 7,831,749 9 Bhojpuri 50,579,447 37 Mewari 4,212,262 10 Bishnoi 12,079 38 Mewati 856,643 11 Brajbhasha 1,556,314 39 Nagpuria 763,014 12 Bundeli/Bundel khandi 5,626,356 40 Nimadi 2,309,265 13 Chambeali/Chamrali 125,746 41 Padari 17,279 14 Chhattisgarhi 16,245,190 42 Pahari 3,253,889 15 Churahi 75,552 43 Palmuha 23,579 16 Dhundhari 1,476,446 44 Panch Pargania 244,914 2011Census/Language-2011/Statemen 17 Garhwali 2,482,089 45 Pando/Pandwani 15,595 18 Gojri/Gujjari/Gujar 1,227,901 46 Pangwali 18,668 19 Handuri 47,803 47 Pawari/Powari 325,772 20 Hara/Harauti 2,944,356 48 Puran/Puran Bhasha 12,375 21 Haryanvi 9,806,519 49 Rajasthani 25,806,344 22 Hindi 322,230,097 50 Sadan/Sadri 4,345,677 23 Jaunpuri/Jaunsari 136,779 51 Sirmauri 107,401 24 Kangri 1,117,342 52 Sondwari 229,788 25 Khari Boli 50,195 53 Sugali 170,987 26 Khortha/Khotta 8,038,735 54 Surgujia 1,738,256 Source: 2011 of Census India http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ 27 Kulvi 196,295 55 Surjapuri 2,256,228 28 Kumauni 2,081,057 56 Others 16,711,170 8

4 Language v. Script

 Loose coupling between Language & Script  Same language can be written in different scripts: – Hindī / Urdū:

Devanāgarī Nasta’līq Roman namaste ﻧﻣﺳﺗﮯ नमते salām ﺳﻼﻡ सलाम bāzār ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ बाज़ार

Brāhmī Script

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Asoka1.gif/250px-Asoka1.gif

5 Influence of Brāhmī on Devanāgarī

ṇa

 Syllabary / Abugida – Consonant + Vowel  Also: –Burmese C + 1 – Khmer (Cambodian) –Lao – Sinhala –Thai –Tibetan

http://people.w3.org/rishida/scripts/indic-overview/ 11

6 A Break

merā jūtā hai jāpāni, yah patlūn inglistānī my shoe is Japanese, this pant English sar pe lāl ṭopī rūsī phir bhī dil hai hindustānī head on red cap Russian, then even heart is Indian.

7 Hindī is more regular than English!

Frazz, Jeff Mallet – 11/27/2006

 Bernard Shaw: Spell fish as ghoti – "gh" as in "cough" –"o" as in "women" – "ti" as in "nation"

8 Vowels

 English has 5: a e i o u • Pronunciation varies by context • cram vs. farm, Brit. vs. Am. fast, last • kill vs. kite • but vs. bull, putt vs. put  Hindī has 11: • Pronunciation is fixed •Simple: a ā i ī u ū • Vocalic-R: r̥ •Complex: e ai o au

Consonants: Vocal Tract

http://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/sup/E005bi-OrgansArticulation.gif 18

9 Consonants: Voicing & Aspiration

 What is Aspiration? – pie vs. spy, kill vs. skill, tie vs. sty

 What is Voicing? – z-z-z-z-z vs. s-s-s-s-s – v-v-v-v-v vs. f-f-f-f-f – rope / robe, write / ride, rack / rag

 V- = Unvoiced ka, ca, ta, pa  V+ = Voiced ga, ja, da, ba  A- = Unaspirated ka, ca, ta, pa; ga, ja, da, ba  A+ = Aspirated kha, cha, tha, pha; gha, jha, dha, bha

Different from English!

 In English, V & A are linked: • Ted → V-A+ •stead → V-A- • dead → V+A- •pit → V-A+ • spit → V-A- •bit → V+A-  V+A+ does not occur in English! • club-hut → bha, birch-hut → cha large-hut→ jha

10 Hindī Consonants 1

V- V+ A- A+ A- A+ Nasal Velar ka kha ga gha ṅa

Palatal ca cha ja jha ña

Retro- ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa flex Dental ta tha da dha na

Labial pa pha ba bha ma

Retroflex, Flap & Uvular Consonants

 “Plain” retroflex: – peanut-butter – ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha  Flaps: – tongue tap: ladder, latter –aṛa, aṛha  Uvular: – qa, kha, ga

Figure : The Uvula

11 Hindī Consonants 2

 Semi-vowels: – ya ra la va  Sibilants – śa ṣa sa  Aspirate – ha  “Dotted” (dots are in Devanāgarī) – fa, za, qa, kha, ga, ṛa, ṛha

TBD… 18