Notes Introduction 1 . Clifford Krauss, “Accident Leads to Scrutiny of Oil Sand Production,” New York Times , May 3, 2014, B1. 2 . George A. Gonzalez, Energy and the Politics of the North Atlantic (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2013). 3 . Alfred Chandler, Jr., “Anthracite Coal and the Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in the United States,” Business History Review 46, no. 2, 1972: 141–181. 4 . Steve Isser, The Economics and Politics of the United States Oil Industry, 1920–1990: Profits, Populism, and Petroleum (New York: Routledge, 1996); Roger M. Olien and Diana Davids Olien, Oil and Ideology: The Cultural Creation of the American Petroleum Industry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); Diana Davids Olien and Roger M. Olien, Oil in Texas: The Gusher Age, 1895–1945 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002); Francisco Parra, Oil Politics: A Modern History of Petroleum (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004). 5 . Robert Paul Thomas, An Analysis of the Pattern of Growth of the Automobile Industry, 1895–1929 (New York: Arno, 1977); Jean-Pierre Bardou, Jean- Jacques Chanaron, Patrick Fridenson, and James M. Laux, The Automobile Revolution: The Impact of an Industry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982); T. C. Barker, “The International History of Motor Transport,” Journal of Contemporary History 20, no. 1 (1985): 3–19; David J. St. Clair, The Motorization of American Cities (New York: Praeger, 1986). 6 . Robert D. Atkinson, The Past and Future of America’s Economy: Long Waves of Innovation that Power Cycles of Growth (Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2004); Alexander J. Field, “Technological Change and U.S. Productivity Growth in the Interwar Years,” Journal of Economic History 66, no. 1 (2006): 203–234; Michael H. Hunt, The American Ascendancy: How the United States Gained and Wielded Global Dominance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007); Joan Hoff, A Faustian Foreign Policy: From Woodrow Wilson to George W. Bush (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Stanley Buder, Capitalizing on Change: A Social History of American Business (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina 104 ● Notes Press, 2009); Charles J. Shindo, 1927 and the Rise of Modern America (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010). 7 . Gonzalez, Energy and the Politics of the North Atlantic , chap. 5. 8 . William S. Borden, The Pacific Alliance: United States Foreign Economic Policy and Japanese Trade Recovery, 1947–1955 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984); Michael Schaller, Altered States: The United States and Japan Since the Occupation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Horst Siebert, The German Economy: Beyond the Social Market (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005); John Swenson-Wright, Unequal Allies?: United States Security and Alliance Policy toward Japan, 1945–1960 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005); Belay Seyoum, Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures , 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2008); Ian Talley and Jeffrey Sparshott, “U.S. Blasts Germany’s Economic Policies,” Wall Street Journal , October 31, 2013. Web. 9 . Philip J. Funigiello, American-Soviet Trade in the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988); Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Cars for Comrades: The Life of the Soviet Automobile (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008). 10 . Joachim Remak, The Origins of World War I, 1871–1914 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967); Darryl Holter, The Battle for Coal: Miners and the Politics of Nationalization in France, 1940–1950 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1992); Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herwig (eds.), The Origins of World War I (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008); Karine Varley, Under the Shadow of Defeat: The War of 1870–71 in French Memory (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). 11 . Jonathan G. Utley, Going to War with Japan, 1937–1941 (New York: Fordham University Press, 2005). 12 . Gonzalez, Energy and the Politics of the North Atlantic , chap. 4. 13 . Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991); Norman Rich, Hitler’s War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992); Victor Rothwell, War Aims in the Second World War: The War Aims of the Major Belligerents, 1939–45 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005); Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (New York: Viking, 2007); Andrew Roberts, The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War (New York: Harper, 2011); David Stahel, Kiev 1941: Hitler’s Battle for Supremacy in the East (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012). 14 . Derek Lutterbeck, and Georgij Engelbrecht, “The West and Russia in the Mediterranean: Towards a Renewed Rivalry?” Mediterranean Politics 14, no. 3 (2009): 385–406; Clifford Krauss, “The Scramble for Access to Libya’s Oil Wealth Begins,” New York Times , August 23, 2011, B1; Jessica Donati, “Foreign Firms Quietly Return to Libya’s Oil Rich East,” Reuters , October 8, 2011; Shane Scott, “West Sees Libya as Opportunity for Businesses,” New York Notes ● 105 Times , October 29, 2011, A1; Clifford Krauss, “Spared in War, Libya’s Oil Flow Is Surging Back,” New York Times , November 16, 2011, A1; Christopher S. Chivvis, Toppling Qaddafi: Libya and the Limits of Liberal Intervention (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013). 15 . John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics , updated ed. (New York: Norton, 2014); also see Richard S. Rosecrance and Steven E. Miller eds. The Next Great War? The Roots of World War I and the Risk of U.S.-China Conflict (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014); Keith Bradsher, “Allure and Alarm as China Paves Way for New Silk Road,” New York Times, December 26, 2015, A1. 16. Brian Spegele and Matt Bradley, “Middle East Oil Fuels Fresh China-U.S. Tensions,” Wall Street Journal , October 11, 2013, A1; Eric Schmitt, “Eyes on Iran, Navy in Gulf Stays at Ready,” New York Times , December 9, 2013, A4. 17 . Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society , 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2009 [1992]); James G. Morgan, Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of U.S. Imperialism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2014); Emanuele Saccarelli and Latha Varadarajan, Imperialism Past and Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015). 18 . David Harvey, The New Imperialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); also see Willian J. Broad, “In Taking Crimea, Putin Gains a Sea of Fuel Reserves,” New York Times , May 18, 2014, A1. 19 . Russell Gold, “Shale-Oil Boom Puts Spotlight on Crude Export Ban,” Wall Street Journal , January 1, 2014. Web. 20 . Mitt Romney, “U.S. can be Energy Superpower,” Columbus Dispatch , March 5, 2012. Web. 21 . Coral Davenport and Steven Erlanger, “U.S. Hopes Boom in Natural Gas Can Curb Putin,” New York Times , March 6, 2014, A1. Also see “Natural Gas as a Diplomatic Tool,” New York Times, March 7, 2014, A24; Clifford Krauss, “U.S. Gas Tantalizes Europe, but It’s Not a Quick Fix,” New York Times , April 8, 2014, B1; Stanley Reed and James Kanter, “For a European Energy Chief, a Difficult Alliance,” New York Times , April 28, 2014, B1; Rick Gladstone, “Russia and Iran Reported in Talks on Energy Deal Worth Billions,” New York Times , April 29, 2014, A12; Jim Yardley and Jo Becker, ”How Putin Forged a Pipeline Deal That Derailed,” New York Times , December 31, 2014, A1. 22 . Robert Boschman and Mario Trono eds. Found in Alberta: Environmental Themes for the Anthropocene (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2014); Andrew Nikiforuk, “A Forest Threatened by Keystone XL,” New York Times , November 18, 2014, A25. 23 . Jerome Klassen, Joining Empire : The Political Economy of the New Canadian Foreign Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014). 1 Canadian Oil Sands and the American Empire 1 . “North Dakota Hits Milestone in Oil Production,” New York Times , June 18, 2014, B2; Russell Gold, The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World (New York: Simon 106 ● Notes & Schuster, 2014); Michael Levi, The Power Surge: Energy, Opportunity, and the Battle for America’s Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014); Michael Wines, “White House Opens Door to Exploring Atlantic for Oil,” New York Times , July 19, 2014, A12; Clifford Krauss, “A New American Oil Bonanza,” New York Times , August 29, 2014, B1; Clifford Krauss, “A U-Turn for a Terminal Built to Import Natural Gas,” New York Times , September 30, 2014, B1; Clifford Krauss, “Reversing the Flow of Oil,” New York Times , October 8, 2014, F1; “Natural Gas Overtakes Coal in U.S. Electric Generation,” New York Times , July 14, 2015, B2; Clifford Krauss, “U.S. Allows Limited Oil Exports to Mexico, but Won’t Lift Longstanding Ban,” New York Times , August 15, 2015, B3. 2 . Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (New York: Henry Holt, 2014); Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, The Collapse of Western Civilization: A View from the Future (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014); Justin Gillis, “Scientists Sound Alarm on Climate,” New York Times , March 18, 2014, D1; Justin Gillis, “Climate Signals, Growing Louder,” New York Times , April 1, 2014, A22; Justin Gillis, “Climate Efforts Falling Short, U.N. Panel Says,” New York Times , April 14, 2014, A1; Ted Nordhaus