Fourth Letter of the Hebrew Alphabet
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Arabic Alphabet Etymology Hamzat Waṣl
Hamza 1 Hamza Arabic alphabet ﻱ ﻭ ﻩ ﻥ ﻡ ﻝ ﻙ ﻕ ﻑ ﻍ ﻉ ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ ﺵ ﺱ ﺯ ﺭ ﺫ ﺩ ﺥ ﺡ ﺝ ﺙ ﺕ ﺏ ﺍ Arabic script • History • Transliteration • Diacritics • Hamza • Numerals • Numeration • v • t [1] • e is a letter in the Arabic alphabet, representing the glottal stop [ʔ]. Hamza is not (ء) (hamzah ,ﻫَﻤْﺰﺓ :Hamza (Arabic one of the 28 "full" letters, and owes its existence to historical inconsistencies in the standard writing system. It is derived from the Arabic letter ‘ayn. In the Phoenician and Aramaic alphabets, from which the Arabic alphabet is descended, the glottal stop was expressed by aleph ( ), continued by alif ( ) in the Arabic alphabet. However, alif was used to express both a glottal stop and a long vowel /aː/. To indicate that a glottal stop, and not a mere vowel, was intended, hamza was added diacritically to alif. In modern orthography, under certain circumstances, hamza may also appear on the line, as if it were a full letter, independent of an alif. Etymology hamaz-a meaning ‘to prick, goad, drive’ or ‘to provide (a letter or word) with ﻫَﻤَﺰَ Hamzah is a noun from the verb hamzah’.[2] Hamzat waṣl that is, a phonemic glottal stop. Compared to ;(ﻫﻤﺰﺓ ﻗﻄﻊ) ‘The hamzah letter on its own always represents hamzat qaṭ is a non-phonemic glottal stop produced automatically at the (ﻫﻤﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻞ) this, hamzat waṣl or hamzat al-waṣl it is usually indicated by a ,ﭐ beginning of an utterance. Although it can be written as alif carrying a waṣlah sign regular alif without a hamzah. -
Alif and Hamza Alif) Is One of the Simplest Letters of the Alphabet
’alif and hamza alif) is one of the simplest letters of the alphabet. Its isolated form is simply a vertical’) ﺍ stroke, written from top to bottom. In its final position it is written as the same vertical stroke, but joined at the base to the preceding letter. Because of this connecting line – and this is very important – it is written from bottom to top instead of top to bottom. Practise these to get the feel of the direction of the stroke. The letter 'alif is one of a number of non-connecting letters. This means that it is never connected to the letter that comes after it. Non-connecting letters therefore have no initial or medial forms. They can appear in only two ways: isolated or final, meaning connected to the preceding letter. Reminder about pronunciation The letter 'alif represents the long vowel aa. Usually this vowel sounds like a lengthened version of the a in pat. In some positions, however (we will explain this later), it sounds more like the a in father. One of the most important functions of 'alif is not as an independent sound but as the You can look back at what we said about .(ﺀ) carrier, or a ‘bearer’, of another letter: hamza hamza. Later we will discuss hamza in more detail. Here we will go through one of the most common uses of hamza: its combination with 'alif at the beginning or a word. One of the rules of the Arabic language is that no word can begin with a vowel. Many Arabic words may sound to the beginner as though they start with a vowel, but in fact they begin with a glottal stop: that little catch in the voice that is represented by hamza. -
A Critique of L2/18-276
A Critique of L2/18-276 Abe Meyers* November 30, 2018 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Multiple incompatible representations 2 2.1 <gimel-daleth-yodh> + <shin> vs <aleph-heth> + <aleph-heth> 3 2.2 <Fixed-aleph> + <gimel-daleth-yodh> vs <fixed-gimel-daleth-yodth> + <aleph> ............................. 3 2.3 <gimel-daleth-yodth> + <gimel-daleth> vs <samekh> . 3 2.4 <pe> vs <sadhe> ......................... 4 3 Miscellaneous issues 4 3.1 Joining of <aleph-heth> ..................... 5 3.2 Missing alternate form of <gimel-daleth-yodh> . 5 3.3 Inclusion of <HE> ......................... 5 3.4 Joining of <zayin> ........................ 5 3.5 Old lamedth . 5 4 The dogma of shape-shifting and the problem of good-enough 5 5 Bibliography 6 1 Introduction It has been a source of delight that after a dormant period of four years, since the submission of my proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in the Unicode *abraham.meyers AT orientology DOT ca 1 standard, there has been some renewed activity in the community. The recent preliminary proposal by Dr. Anshuman Pandey (L2/18-276) might therefore signal a resurgence of activities towards the noble goal of encoding of Book Pahlavi in the Unicode standard. I started reading the work of Dr. Pandey with enthusiasm and in antic- ipation of further improvement and suggestions and perhaps discovery of new characters. It was indeed pleasant to see a relatively thorough classica- tion of the visual joining of the stem of the characters of Book Pahlavi, while taking the base-line into consideration. Such studies will be very benecial for the future type designers of Book Pahlavialthough I have doubts about the applicability of this study to the level of abstraction pertaining to the Unicode standard. -
Arabic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Arabic Alphabet from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arabic alphabet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia َأﺑْ َﺠ ِﺪﯾﱠﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is Arabic abjad the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time 400 to the present period Parent Proto-Sinaitic systems Phoenician Aramaic Syriac Nabataean Arabic abjad Child N'Ko alphabet systems ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode Arabic alias Unicode U+0600 to U+06FF range (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf) U+0750 to U+077F (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf) U+08A0 to U+08FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf) U+FB50 to U+FDFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf) U+FE70 to U+FEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf) U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf) Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Arabic alphabet ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet 1/20 2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي History · Transliteration ء Diacritics · Hamza Numerals · Numeration V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_alphabet&action=edit) Contents 1 Consonants 1.1 Alphabetical order 1.2 Letter forms 1.2.1 Table of basic letters 1.2.2 Further notes -
Page 1 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN on INFIĀL and IFTIĀL These Two Verb
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN ON INFIʿĀL AND IFTIʿĀL These two verb types are intransitive. Conjugational patterns of .הִבָנֵה ,הִשָׁחֵט ,הִמָלֵט ,.the type of inʿāl do not contain a taw, e.g A conjugational pattern of the type of iftiʿāl has a taw that nev- -The taw of iftiʿāl does not oc .הִתְאַמֵץ ,הִתְמַכֵר er disappears, as in cur between radicals, unless the #rst radical is a samekh, a ṣadi or a shin. Other letters do not come before the taw, as do samekh, ,(Micah 6:16) וישתמר חקות עמרי ,(Eccl. 12:5) ויסתבל החגב ,.ṣadi and shin, e.g and similar cases. An exception to this is one word beginning in a -Jer. 49:3), in which the taw occurs be) והתשוטטנה בגדרות ,shin, namely fore the shin. As for ṣadi, they said that the people of the lan- guage substituted a ṭet for the taw after the ṣadi in order to ease ומה ,(Josh. 9:4) וילכו ויצטירו ,(Josh. 9:12) חם הצטידנו אותו ,.pronunciation, e.g .(Gen. 44:16) נצטדק Take note that the taw of iftiʿāl cannot be confused with the fu- ture pre#x taw, because the taw of iftiʿāl is stable in the entire paradigm, but the future pre#x taw is not. Moreover, the vocali- sation of the taw of iftiʿāl is a shewa in all cases when it does not occur between the #rst and the second radical. But the pre#xes can be vocalised with a shewa or other vowels. Moreover, a א֗ ֗ י ֗ נ ת֗ word can never begin in the taw of iftiʿāl, but another letter must come before it, be it a heh, a mem, or a future pre#x. -
Adaptations of Hebrew Script -Mala Enciklopedija Prosvetq I978 [Small Prosveta Encyclopedia]
726 PART X: USE AND ADAPTATION OF SCRIPTS Series Minor 8) The Hague: Mouton SECTION 6I Ly&in, V. I t952. Drevnepermskij jazyk [The Old Pemic language] Moscow: Izdalel'slvo Aka- demii Nauk SSSR ry6r. Komi-russkij sLovar' [Komi-Russian diclionary] Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izda- tel'slvo Inostrannyx i Nacional'nyx Slovuej. Adaptations of Hebrew Script -MaLa Enciklopedija Prosvetq I978 [Small Prosveta encycloPedia]. Belgrade. Moll, T. A,, & P. I InEnlikdj t951. Cukotsko-russkij sLovaf [Chukchee-Russian dicrionary] Len- BENJAMIN HARY ingrad: Gosudtrstvemoe udebno-pedagogideskoe izdatel'stvo Ministerstva Prosveldenija RSFSR Poppe, Nicholas. 1963 Tatqr Manual (Indima Universily Publications, Uralic atrd Altaic Series 25) Mouton Bloomington: Indiana University; The Hague: "lagguages" rgjo. Mongolian lnnguage Handbook.Washington, D C.: Center for Applied Linguistics Jewish or ethnolects HerbertH Papet(Intema- Rastorgueva,V.S. 1963.A ShortSketchofTajikGrammar, fans anded It is probably impossible to offer a purely linguistic definition of a Jewish "language," tional Joumal ofAmerican Linguisticr 29, no part 2) Bloominglon: Indiana University; The - 4, as it is difficult to find many cornmon linguistic criteria that can apply to Judeo- Hague: Moulon. (Russiu orig 'Kratkij oderk grammatiki lad;ikskogo jzyka," in M. V. Rax- Arabic, Judeo-Spanish, and Yiddish, for example. Consequently, a sociolinguistic imi & L V Uspenskaja, eds,Tadiikskurusstj slovar' lTajik-Russian dictionary], Moscow: Gosudustvennoe Izdatel'stvo Inostrmyx i Nacional'tryx SIovarej, r954 ) definition with a more suitable term, such as ethnolect, is in order. An ethnolect is an Sjoberg, Andr€e P. t963. Uzbek StructuraL Grammar (Indiana University Publications, Uralic and independent linguistic entity with its own history and development that refers to a lan- Altaic Series r8). -
Processing Judeo-Arabic Texts
Processing Judeo-Arabic Texts Kfir Bar, Nachum Dershowitz, Lior Wolf, Yackov Lubarsky, and Yaacov Choueka Abstract. Judeo-Arabic is a language spoken and written by Jewish communities living in Arab countries. Judeo-Arabic is typically written in Hebrew letters, enriched with diacritic marks that relate to the under- lying Arabic. However, some inconsistencies in rendering words in He- brew letters increase the level of ambiguity of a given word. Furthermore, Judeo-Arabic texts usually contain non-Arabic words and phrases, such as quotations or borrowed words from Hebrew and Aramaic. We focus on two main tasks: (1) automatic transliteration of Judeo-Arabic Hebrew letters into Arabic letters; and (2) automatic identification of language switching points between Judeo-Arabic and Hebrew. For transliteration, we employ a statistical translation system trained on the character level, resulting in 96.9% precision, a significant improvement over the baseline. For the language switching task, we use a word-level supervised classifier, also showing some significant improvements over the baseline. 1 Introduction Judeo-Arabic is a set of dialects spoken and written by Jewish communities living in Arab countries, mainly during the Middle Ages. Judeo-Arabic is typically written in Hebrew letters, and since the Arabic alphabet is larger than the Hebrew one, additional diacritic marks are added to some Hebrew letters when rendering Arabic consonants that are lacking in the Hebrew alphabet. Judeo- Arabic authors often use different letters and diacritic marks to represent the same Arabic consonant. For example, some authors use b (Hebrew gimel) to represent (Arabic jim) and b˙ to represent (ghayn), while others reverse the h. -
Revised Proposal to Encode Old Uyghur in Unicode
L2/19-016 2019-01-07 Revised proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode Anshuman Pandey [email protected] January 7, 2019 Document History This proposal is a revision of the following: • L2/18-126: “Preliminary proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode” • L2/18-333: “Proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode” It incorporates comments made by the UTC Script Ad Hoc Committee and other experts in: • L2/18-168: “Recommendations to UTC #155 April-May 2018 on Script Proposals” • L2/18-335: “Comments on the preliminary proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode (L2/18-126)” The major changes to L2/18-333 are as follows: • Correction to glyphs for initial and medial beth, previously shown erroneously using forms for yodh • Revision of glyphs for aleph and nun to reflect distinctive forms from the 9th century • Revision of representative glyph for zayin for stylistic uniformity • Unification of gimel and heth into a single letter, and addition of a letter for final heth • Addition of an alternate form letter for both aleph and nun • Expansion of description of the orientation of terminals for specific letters A previous version of this proposal was reviewed by the following expert: • Dai Matsui (Graduate School of Letters, Osaka University) 1 Revised proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode Anshuman Pandey 1 Introduction The ‘Old Uyghur’ script was used between the 8th and 17th centuries primarily in the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, located in present-day Xinjiang, China. It is a cursive-joining alphabet with features of an abjad, and is characterized by its vertical orientation. -
G-Quadruplex Interaction Choreograph DNA Damage Responses and Cancer Growth
cells Communication HO-1 and Heme: G-Quadruplex Interaction Choreograph DNA Damage Responses and Cancer Growth Giacomo Canesin 1,† , Anindhita Meena Muralidharan 1,†, Kenneth D. Swanson 2 and Barbara Wegiel 1,*,† 1 Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02214, USA; [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (A.M.M.) 2 Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02214, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-617-735-2846 † Current address: Vor Biopharma, 100 Cambridgepark Dr, Suite 400, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA. Abstract: Many anti-cancer therapeutics lead to the release of danger associated pattern molecules (DAMPs) as the result of killing large numbers of both normal and transformed cells as well as lysis of red blood cells (RBC) (hemolysis). Labile heme originating from hemolysis acts as a DAMP while its breakdown products exert varying immunomodulatory effects. Labile heme is scavenged by hemopexin (Hx) and processed by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, Hmox1), resulting in its removal and the generation of biliverdin/bilirubin, carbon monoxide (CO) and iron. We recently demonstrated that labile heme accumulates in cancer cell nuclei in the tumor parenchyma of Hx knockout mice and contributes to the malignant phenotype of prostate cancer (PCa) cells and increased metastases. Additionally, this work identified Hx as a tumor suppressor gene. Direct interaction of heme with Citation: Canesin, G.; Muralidharan, DNA G-quadruplexes (G4) leads to altered gene expression in cancer cells that regulate transcription, A.M.; Swanson, K.D.; Wegiel, B. -
1דwriting Hebrew
Writing Hebrew ד1 Reading Biblical Hebrew Chapter 1: Consonants John C. Beckman 2016-08-08 Goal: Learn to Write the Hebrew Alefbet 2 General comments • Stroke order and direction are suggested but optional. • Precise letter shapes are optional. • Only certain features are required (e.g., foot on nun) • All letters are full height, unless otherwise noted. Dot (Dagesh or Mappiq) is shown with all letters. • It is not part of the letters. • Don’t add it when writing the alefbet. • Chapter 3 discusses when the dot is added. • It is shown now so that you know where it goes. 3 א ל ָ֫ ָ֫ ף Alef 1 2 3 4 בֵּ ית Bet 1 2 כ from Kaf ב Bump on lower right distinguishes Bet 5 ג ימֵּ ל Gimel Optional hook 1 in top left 2 6 ד לת Dalet 1 2 ר from Resh ד Bump on upper right distinguishes Dalet 7 הֵּ א He 1 2 ח from ḥet ה Gap in upper left distinguishes he 8 וו Vav Optional hook in top left 1 .extends below . ן is half height. Final nun י is full height. Yod ו Vav 9 ז ין Zayin 1 2 ו from vav ז Bump on upper right distinguishes zayin 10 חֵּ ית Ḥet 1 2 ה from he ח Lack of gap in upper left distinguishes ḥet 11 טֵּ ית Tet 1 12 יֹוד Yod Optional hook in top left 1 .is full height ו is half height. Vav י Yod .extends below the baseline . ן Final nun 13 כף Kaf 1 ב from bet כ Round lower right distinguishes kaf 14 כ ףָ֫סֹופית Final Kaf 1 Alternately, final kaf can be a single curved line 2 ן from final nun . -
Romanization of Arabic 1 Romanization of Arabic
Romanization of Arabic 1 Romanization of Arabic Arabic alphabet ﺍ ﺏ ﺕ ﺙ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﺩ ﺫ ﺭ ﺯ ﺱ ﺵ ﺹ ﺽ ﻁ ﻅ ﻉ ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ﻙ ﻝ ﻡ ﻥ ﻩ ﻭ ﻱ • History • Transliteration • Diacritics (ء) Hamza • • Numerals • Numeration Different approaches and methods for the romanization of Arabic exist. They vary in the way that they address the inherent problems of rendering written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script. Examples of such problems are the symbols for Arabic phonemes that do not exist in English or other European languages; the means of representing the Arabic definite article, which is always spelled the same way in written Arabic but has numerous pronunciations in the spoken language depending on context; and the representation of short vowels (usually i u or e o, accounting for variations such as Muslim / Moslem or Mohammed / Muhammad / Mohamed ). Method Romanization is often termed "transliteration", but this is not technically correct. Transliteration is the direct representation of foreign letters using Latin symbols, while most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually transcription systems, which represent the sound of the language. As an example, the above rendering is a transcription, indicating the pronunciation; an ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ :munāẓarat al-ḥurūf al-ʻarabīyah of the Arabic example transliteration would be mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf alʻrbyḧ. Romanization standards and systems This list is sorted chronologically. Bold face indicates column headlines as they appear in the table below. • IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet (1886) • Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (1936): Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential Hans Wehr dictionary (ISBN 0-87950-003-4). -
Old Phrygian Inscriptions from Gordion: Toward A
OLD PHRYGIAN INSCRIPTIONSFROM GORDION: TOWARD A HISTORY OF THE PHRYGIAN ALPHABET1 (PLATES 67-74) JR HRYYSCarpenter's discussion in 1933 of the date of the Greektakeover of the Phoenician alphabet 2 stimulated a good deal of comment at the time, most of it attacking his late dating of the event.3 Some of the attacks were ill-founded and have been refuted.4 But with the passage of time Carpenter's modification of his original thesis, putting back the date of the takeover from the last quarter to the middle of the eighth century, has quietly gained wide acceptance.5 The excavations of Sir Leonard Woolley in 1936-37 at Al Mina by the mouth of the Orontes River have turned up evidence for a permanent Greek trading settle- ment of the eighth century before Christ, situated in a Semitic-speaking and a Semitic- writing land-a bilingual environment which Carpenter considered essential for the transmission of alphabetic writing from a Semitic- to a Greek-speakingpeople. Thus to Carpenter's date of ca. 750 B.C. there has been added a place which would seem to fulfill the conditions necessary for such a takeover, perhaps only one of a series of Greek settlements on the Levantine coast.6 The time, around 750 B.C., the required 1The fifty-one inscriptions presented here include eight which have appeared in Gordion preliminary reports. It is perhaps well (though repetitive) that all the Phrygian texts appear together in one place so that they may be conveniently available to those interested. A few brief Phrygian inscriptions which add little or nothing to the corpus are omitted here.