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Political Elite Formation and Change in the Kwazulu-Natal Provincial Legislature Francis, Suzanne

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Political Elite Formation and Change in the Kwazulu-Natal Provincial Legislature Francis, Suzanne Institutionalizing elites : political elite formation and change in the KwaZulu-Natal provincial legislature Francis, Suzanne Citation Francis, S. (2011). Institutionalizing elites : political elite formation and change in the KwaZulu-Natal provincial legislature. Brill, Leiden [etc.]. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18561 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18561 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Institutionalizing elites: Political elite formation and change in the KwaZulu-Natal provincial legislature Afrika-Studiecentrum Series /2011 Institutionalizing elites: Political elite formation and change in the KwaZulu-Natal provincial legislature Suzanne Francis Brill Editorial board copyright Dedication In memory of Thomas, a dear friend, who sadly passed away in Canada during the period in which I wrote this book Contents List of graphs and tables ix Acknowledgements x Glossary and abbreviations xi INTRODUCTION 1 1 A THEORY AND METHODOLOGY FOR THE STUDY OF ELITES 10 The context of KwaZulu-Natal – methodological problems 18 Methodology of the study 22 2 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS AND POLITICAL ELITE FORMATION IN KWAZULU AND NATAL 32 Defining political ideas and political spaces 33 The roots of political elite formation 34 Political elite formation during ‘the struggle’ 41 Contested elite formation during the transition 57 Key factors and contexts in elite formation prior to 1994 71 3 SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMERGING POLITICAL ELITE 73 Social characteristics among the political elite 75 Social clusters of the political elite 131 Conclusion 133 4 POLITICAL, ORGANISATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND OF AN EMERGING POLITICAL ELITE 135 Initial political involvement 138 Extent of former political involvement: Veterans and newcomers 144 Types of former political involvement 147 Patterns of party political identification 161 Conclusion 173 vii 5 INTRA-PARTY DYNAMICS AND POLITICAL ELITE CIRCULATION 175 The structure of opportunities within the provincial legislature 177 Intra-party dynamics in the IFP and ANC 179 Recruitment and circulation 184 Volatility in political elite circulation 196 Conclusion 200 6 INTER-PARTY DYNAMICS, COALITION POLITICS AND CROSS PARTY ELITE BONDING 202 The first term: Strengthening institutionalizing rules and procedures 203 The 1999 IFP-ANC coalition: Institutionalizing certainty 210 The IFP-DA alliance: Syncretic relationships 236 Conclusion 247 7 THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY 249 Institutional factors that define the institutional capacity of political elites 251 The provincial legislature and the committee system 255 Case study: The National Council of Provinces Standing Committee in the KwaZulu-Natal provincial legislature 264 Streams of political elites: Policy, politics and institutional capacity 274 Conclusion 283 CONCLUSION: THE POLITICAL ELITE OF KWAZULU-NATAL 285 Theoretical development 295 References 297 Index 313 viii List of graphs and tables Graphs 3.1 Percentage of MPPs by race and party, 1994-2004 77 3.2 Time series of MPPs, 1994-2004 80 3.3 Time series of MPPs by race, 1994-2004 81 3.4 Percentage of MPPs by gender and party, 1994-2004 90 3.5 Time series of MPPs by gender, 1994-2004 90 3.6 Timeline of percentages of MPPs by gender, 1994-2004 92 3.7 Percentage of MPPs by educational qualification held 115 3.8 Comparison of incumbent and new IFP MPPs in 1999 118 3.9 Number of graduate MPPs by specialisation 122 3.10 MPPs by post-high school diploma specialisation 123 3.11 MPPs by occupational class 124 3.12 Percentage of types of businesses owned by MPPs 126 Tables 3.1 Percentage of MPPs by district municipality and political party, 1994-2004 99 5.1 Recruitment and circulation by political party affiliation 185 5.2 Volatility in circulation of seats by political party 198 6.1 The total number of MPPs by party and political ideas 221 ix Acknowledgements I am deeply indebted to Alexander Johnston for his extensive comments and sage advice on all stages of the original manuscript and his unwavering encour- agement during the long process of problem formulation, fieldwork research and writing. I am grateful to Nwabufo Okeke-Uzodike for his confidence in me and for providing me with the motivation that I needed to complete this book project. I would also like to thank all the interviewees, the subject of this book, who gave up their time freely and provided me with candid insights into the inner workings of the provincial legislature and their respective political parties. This book could not have been written without such a rich empirical understanding based upon this knowledge. I am also grateful to the National Research Foundation which provided financial support to me in the form of a Competitive Research Grant. I owe a great deal to the many people who assisted with the review process and pro- duction of this book. In particular, I would like to thank Harry Wels, Sabine Plantevin, Franca de Kort, Mieke Zwart and Dick Foeken as well as the three anonymous reviewers of the manuscript. Finally, a special thank you to Michael Francis who created the photograph for the cover and provided me with much support during the writing of the book, and to Anastasia Elizabeth for some much needed distraction during the final editing process. x Glossary and abbreviations ACDP African Christian Democratic Party Amakholwa intellectuals, educated Amakhosi chiefs, chieftaincy ANC African National Congress AZAPO Azanian People’s Organisation BPC Black People’s Convention CI Christian Institute CODESA Conference for a Democratic South Africa COSAS Congress of South African Students COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CPSA Communist Party of South Africa CST Colonialism of a Special Type DA Democratic Alliance DP Democratic Party FOSATU Federation of South African Trade Unions GEAR Growth, Employment and Redistribution Strategy IAM Independent African Movement IFP Inkatha Freedom Party Isolomuzi eye of the township Izikhulu the great ones of the pre-Shaka period Izingwevu An older and more respected, higher court or assembly of leaders JEA Joint Executive Authority JORAC Joint Rent Action Committee JSB Joint Services Board JTM Joint Tagging Mechanism KLA KwaZulu Legislative Assembly MAWU Metal and Allied Workers Union MF Minority Front MINMEC Intergovernmental Relations Committee of Ministers and Members of Provincial Councils MK Umkhonto we Sizwe MPPs Members of the Provincial Parliament NA National Assembly NCOP National Council of Provinces NCOPSC National Council of Provinces Standing Committee NIC Natal Indian Congress NNC Natal Native Congress xi NNP New National Party NP National Party NPA Natal Provincial Administration NPC Natal Provincial Council NRP New Republican Party NRT Native Republic Thesis NUMSA National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa NUSAS National Union of South African Students PAC Pan-Africanist Congress SACP South African Communist Party SADSM South African Democratic Students Organisation SADTU South African Democratic Teachers Union SDU Self-Defence Unit SPU Self-Protection Unit TEC Transitional Executive Council TGWU Transport and General Workers Union TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission Ubuntu A form of African humanism, respect of one another UDF United Democratic Front UDM United Democratic Movement UP United Party UWUSA United Workers Union of South Africa xii Introduction When I began this study I had two aims. My first aim was to contribute to a better understanding of political elite formation in an African context through an empirically rich and detailed study of the realisation, accumulation and exercise of political power. Whereas ethnicity and social class are ever present in the political life of the state they are not the key to understanding the institutional life of politics (cf. Bayart 1993). In this book I use the framework of political elite formation to aid an understanding of power. This project is a study of the agents that construct, define and bring about change through the exercise of institutionalized political power. Thus, the following questions are considered. How are political elites formed? Does the process of political elite formation affect the way political elites exercise power in KwaZulu-Natal? In what ways and with what implications do attitudes and value systems held by the political elite impact upon political institutions in KwaZulu-Natal? In what ways do parties and institutions constrain their behaviour? Second, I wanted to find out what happened to the prolific writing on the state and political parties in what is now the Province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. In the 1980s and early 1990s politics between the Inkatha Free- dom Party and the African National Congress gripped political scientists, sociologists, historians and social anthropologists alike. Politics was primarily reduced to the frameworks of “ethnic conflict” and/or “class struggle” and de- scribed as youthful comrades pitted against a bureaucratic bourgeoisie and removed from any institutional context. Yet in 1994, after the first multi-party elections, this prolific writing stopped. Yes, there are some remnants of the earlier period with politics described as ethnic nationalist in normative termi- nology, but for the most part academics have turned elsewhere. Why is this? Is it because all the questions about politics in the province have now been ans- 2 INTRODUCTION wered? I do not think so. Rather, the frameworks which were
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