Visual Kei Tra Estetica, Gender, Fandom E Società

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Visual Kei Tra Estetica, Gender, Fandom E Società Corso di Laurea magistrale ( ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004 ) in Lingue e civiltà dell'Asia e dell'Africa Mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Il visual kei tra estetica, gender, fandom e società. Relatore Prof.ssa Paola Scrolavezza Correlatore Prof. Pierantonio Zanotti Laureando Stefania Viol Matricola 818838 Anno Accademico 2012 / 2013 INDICE ヴィジュアル系 ― 美学、ジェンダー、ファン層と社会……… 5 INTRODUZIONE ………………………………………………………… 8 1. COS 'È IL VISUAL KEI ?.......................................................................... 13 1.1 IL TERMINE ………………………………………………………………… 13 1.2 LE CARATTERISTICHE ……………………………………………………… 16 2. NASCITA E SVILUPPO DEL VISUAL KEI ………………………………. 26 2.1 LE ORIGINI …………………………………………………………………. 26 2.1.1 Il sound………………………………………………………………. 27 2.1.2 L’estetica……………………………………………………………... 29 2.1.2.1 Correnti occidentali……………………………………… 30 2.1.2.1.1 Glam rock…………………………………. 30 2.1.2.1.2 Heavy metal……………………………….. 34 2.1.2.1.3 Punk……………………………………….. 38 2.1.2.2 l’influenza estetica della cultura giapponese……………. 39 2.1.2.2.1 Il teatro kabuki e Takarazuka……………… 40 2.1.2.2.2 Lo sh ōjo manga …………………………… 44 2.1.2.2.3 Lo heavy metal giapponese………………... 47 2.1.3 Lo spirito che anima il visual kei ……………………………………... 49 2.2 DA FENOMENO UNDERGROUND A BOOM : LO SVILUPPO DEL VISUAL KEI …. 51 2.2.1 Il boom degli anni Novanta…………………………………………… 52 2 2.2.2 Una fase di transizione: il ritorno all'underground................................ 61 2.2.3 La ribalta del visual kei : il neo visual kei .............................................. 63 2.2.3.1 Le caratteristiche delle band neo visual kei ........................ 66 2.2.3.2 L'espansione verso l'estero.................................................. 76 2.2.3.2.1 Il visual kei in America.................................. 76 2.2.3.2.2 Il visual kei in Europa.................................... 79 2.2.3.2.3 Il visual kei in Asia e Oceania........................ 82 2.2.3.2.4 Artisti occidentali di ispirazione visual kei .... 84 2.2.3.2.5 Le basi per l'espansione verso l'occidente...... 88 2.2.3.3 Neo visual kei : mainstream o ancora underground?............ 93 3. IL GENDER NEL VISUAL KEI ........................................................................................ 99 3.1 IL MASCHILISMO NEL MONDO DEL ROCK ANNI SETTANTA E OTTANTA .................. 99 3.2 RAPPRESENTAZIONI DI GENERE NEL VISUAL KEI ..................................................... 106 4. NARITAI ZOKU : UN FANDOM “WANNABE ” ......................................................... 113 4.1 LE RAGAZZE COSPLAY ............................................................................................ 113 4.2 I BAN ’YARO : FACCIAMO UNA BAND ! ...................................................................... 119 5. PERCHÉ PROPRIO IN GIAPPONE ? E CHE EFFETTI HA AVUTO SULLA SOCIETÀ ? ........................................................................................................................ .... 125 5.1 COS ’HA RESO POSSIBILE IL BOOM DEL VISUAL KEI IN GIAPPONE ? ........................... 125 5.2 L’ INFLUENZA GIOCATA DAL VISUAL KEI SULLA SOCIETÀ E LA CULTURA POPOLARE ... 132 APPENDICE .......................................................................................................................... 139 3 INDICE IMMAGINI ............................................................................................................. 147 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................... 152 4 ヴィジュアル系系系 ― 美学、、、ジェンダー、ジェンダー、、、ファン、ファン層層層と層ととと社会社会 「ヴィジュアル系」とは、80 年代末に現れた日本独自のロックジャンルであり、音楽性 ではなく、視覚的なインパクトを強調したアンドロジナスで奇抜な外見が特徴である。こ の現象の一番興味深いところは、音楽ジャンルとしてのオリジナル性より、そのサブカル チャー的な要素と、90 年代に迎えたブームによって社会に与えた影響である。また、ブ ームになったこと自体が、意外な事実である。概して、奇抜さが強調される現象は、社会 やメディアに拒絶されがちである。しかし、ヴィジュアル系が、90 年代にブームを迎え てお茶の間で騒がれるほど知られるようになり、そのブームが衰退して一時的にアンダー グランドの音楽シーンに戻ったにもかかわらず、2004 年から、「ネオ・ヴィジュアル系 」と名つけられたヴィジュアル系の新世代アーティストが台頭の兆しを見せている。また 、新千年紀に入ると、世界規模のアニメ、マンガ・ブームによって、日本のポップカルチ ャーへの関心が高まり、ヴィジュアル系もその一つの現象として注目を引いて、「Cool Japan 」の一面になったという。 しかし、世界中で人気を高め広げているヴィジュアル系について、西洋人の研究者 による評論はごく限られている。日本も、この現象に関する研究はあまり豊かではないが 、2003 年に井上貴子編の『ヴィジュアル系の時代 ~ ロック、化粧、ジェンダー』とい うエッセイ集が出版され、大学紀要に載せられた記事と共に、ヴィジュアル系の基本的な 参考文献となっている。 本論文は、ヴィジュアル系の歴史から、ジェンダー、ファン層、社会に与えた影響 まで、この現象を全体的に検討することが目的となっている。 第一章では、まず、「ヴィジュアル系」という単語の由来とその変遷について検討 し、または、90 年代のブームにおけるヴィジュアル系の特徴について述べる。すなわち 、ヴィジュアル系の創始者バンドとして知られている X のキャッチコピーに由来がある 「ヴィジュアル系」という言葉の歴史を明らかにし、現在の名称論争について述べる。ま た、ヴィジュアル系の特徴を探り、90 年代を三つの時期に分けて概説する。最初に述べ たとおり、このジャンルの音楽性は非常に幅広いため、サウンド的な特徴はヴィジュアル 系に属する判断の基準とならない。そのため、本章は美的な特徴を中心に据える。 第二章は、ヴィジュアル系のルーツを探り、90 年代から現在に至るまでのこのジャ 5 ンルの歴史を述べる。ルーツについては、特に、ヴィジュアル系のアーティストがグラム ・ロックから直接的な影響を受けたことには時代的に無理があるという、森川卓夫の仮説 の支持する。加えて、ヘビメタ、パンクというアメリカとイギリスに生まれた外見のイン パクトを強調するロック・ムーブメントを取り上げる。また、歌舞伎、宝塚劇場、少女マ ンガ、ジャパメタ、すなわち、ヴィジュアル系に美的な影響を与えたと考えられる日本文 化も検討する。最後に、ヴィジュアル系の精神的な面のルーツも探り、パンク、ゴス・カ ルチャー、傾奇者、ヤンキーといった現象から受けた影響を考察する。歴史的には、90 年代のブームとその衰退、そして、「ネオ・ヴィジュアル系」という新世代アーティスト による再台頭について明らかにする。「ネオ・ヴィジュアル系」の分類と美的な特徴を概 説してから、その海外進展を述べる。 第三章は、ジェンダーを中心に据える。とりあえず、アメリカ、イギリスの 70 ・80 年代のハード・ロックとヘビメタの世界におけるマッチョの要素と男性性シンボルの強調 について述べる。次に、ヴィジュアル系におけるジェンダー表現を検討する。不良なマッ チョのイメージをコンセプトとした西洋ロックミュージシャンに対し、ヴィジュアル系の アーティストは男性性シンボルと女性性シンブルの組み合わせによるアンドロジナスなイ メージが特徴であり、西洋ロックとの大きな違いとなっている。 第四章は、「なりたい族」というヴィジュアル系の独特なファン層を紹介する。英 語の「Wannabe 」の訳語であり、バンドコスプレとバンヤロという 2 つのタイプがある。 バンドコスプレファンはほとんど女性であり、好きなアーティストの衣装、髪型、メイク 、しぐさの完全コピーによって、その人物への崇拝を表す一方、現実逃避し、自分のアイ デンティティを構築する。これに対して、バンヤロとは、好きなヴィジュアル系アーティ ストの影響でバンド活動を開始する男性ファンのことである。その興味の中心は音楽性で あるこの少年たちが、コスプレファンと異なる点は、ミュージシャンのファッションを解 釈した上、自分の独特なスタイルをつくり上げることである。 最後に、第五章は、なぜヴィジュアル系が日本に現れたのか、そして、社会にどの ような影響を与えたのかという問題に取り組む。第一の問題には、日本社会における服装 の役割、芸界における女装と男装の長い歴史、アンドロジナスなイメージの美少年への憧 れという三つの点をあげて解釈する。次に、社会に与えた影響という問題には、男性エス テ業界の発達、ヴィジュアル系風のストリート・ファッション、そして、マンガにおける 極めて中性的なイメージとヴィジュアル系バンド・メンバーを中心にしたやおい同人誌と 6 いう三つの点で述べる。 7 INTRODUZIONE Il visual kei ヴィジュアル系 è un filone nato intorno alla fine degli anni Ottanta nel Giappone underground della musica rock, caratterizzato più che dal un sound particolare, dall’estetica trasgressiva e androgina dal forte impatto visivo interpretata dai suoi esponenti, quasi esclusivamente di sesso maschile. Quello che spinge a prendere in considerazione questo fenomeno non è solo il fatto che si tratta del primo esempio di movimento musicale rock made in Japan , che rielabora il sound e le estetiche degli artisti occidentali, unendovi la linea melodica e le tematiche della tradizione autoctona, e facendo rivivere al proprio interno influenze subite da svariati ambiti della cultura giapponese, quali, ad esempio, le forme teatrali e il manga , elaborando nuovi parametri per la rappresentazione di genere maschile. Il punto di principale interesse nel fenomeno è il suo carattere sottoculturale, e le conseguenze del suo impatto sulla società giapponese a seguito del boom che lo portò a conquistare uno spazio nella musica mainstream del Paese, grazie ad artisti come gli X JAPAN e i LUNA SEA. Considerandone la natura underground, basata su un'estetica di carattere provocatorio e ribelle, l’enorme successo ottenuto da queste band nell’ultimo decennio del Novecento può apparire sorprendente: solitamente, la trasgressività limita i movimenti culturali a un mercato di nicchia o a boom estremamente brevi, come quello del glam rock, riconducendo il genere nel mondo underground, lontano dagli occhi e dai gusti del grande pubblico. Tuttavia, anche dopo la fine del boom degli anni Novanta, il visual kei non si estinse, ma, dopo essere tornato a rappresentare un genere di nicchia per un paio d’anni, a partire dal 2004, cominciò a dare cenni di una imminente, se non già avvenuta, ricomparsa nel mainstream giapponese. Inoltre, con l’ingresso nel nuovo millennio e la diffusione a livello globale dell’interesse nelle culture orientali, il visual kei ottenne una discreta attenzione dai media stranieri, interessati alle esotiche figure dei giovani cosplayer delle band, fino a farne una delle facce del cool Japan . In contrasto con l’aumento dell’interesse mediatico internazionale, la saggistica specifica in lingua occidentale riguardo a questo prodotto della società giapponese relativamente nuovo, è estremamente limitata e non ha ancora al suo attivo pubblicazioni di particolare rilievo, lasciando intendere che il fenomeno non ha ancora destato molto interesse nell’ambito accademico. Anche la produzione giapponese è piuttosto circoscritta: Koizumi Ky ōko e Inoue Takako sono le due saggiste più attive nel settore, e si concentrano rispettivamente sullo studio del cosplay e del gender . Nonostante non sia ancora presente una pubblicazione che mira a esaminare il movimento nella sua complessità, è grazie a Inoue Takako che nel 2003 ha visto la luce il primo volume di carattere accademico sul visual kei , intitolato Vijuaru kei no jidai – rokku, kesh ō, jend ā (L’era del visual kei – 8 rock, trucco e gender ), diventato, insieme a ricerche pubblicate in vari kiy ō 紀要,1 la base per affrontare l’analisi del movimento. Questa tesi si propone di esaminare il fenomeno, dalla sua nascita alla situazione attuale, evidenziandone le influenze occidentali e quelle delle tradizioni culturali autoctone, analizzandone il peculiare fandom e le innovazioni apportate nelle rappresentazioni di genere, nonché le motivazioni che hanno portato alla nascita di questo movimento proprio in Giappone. Il primo capitolo è diviso in due parti e si propone di fornire gli input basilari per la comprensione del fenomeno. La prima sezione è incentrata sull’analisi del termine visual kei , dall’origine, fatta coincidere con lo slogan “PSYCHEDELIC
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