flNiTflRCililCl A NEWS BULLETIN published quarterly by the NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC)

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Nine noses pointing home. A team of New Zealand huskies on the way back to Scott Base after a run on the sea ice of McMurdo Sound. Black Island is in the background. Pholo by Colin Monteath

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,-TERRE , LAND \y ADELIE ,'J GEORGE VLrJ --Dumont d'Urville france Leningradskaya USSR ,- 'BALLENY Is ANTARCTIC PENIMSULA 1 Teniente Matienzo arg 2 Esperanza arg 3 Almirante Brown arg 4 Petrel arg 5 Deception arg 6 Vicecomodoro Marambio arg ' ANTARCTICA 7 Arturo Prat chile 8 Bernardo O'Higgins chile 9 P r e s i d e n t e F r e i c h i l e : O 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 K i l o m e t r e s 10 Stonington I. uk |?i 1 1 A d e l a i d e I . u k j I abbreviations j 12 Argentine Is uk. p ARG ARGENTINA 13 Palmer usa AUST. AUSTRALIA 14 Bellingshausen ussr ■ * SA SOUTH AFRICA UK UNITLt) KINGDOM USA. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 0 1 0 0 m USSH UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST I Ice Shelf REPUBLICS flN.THRCiTjIC (successor to 'Antarctic News Bulletin') Vol. 9, No. 8. 104th Issue. December, 1981 Editor: J. M. CAFFIN, 35 Chepstow Avenue, Christchurch, 5. Address all contributions, inquiries etc. to the Editor. CONTENTS ARTICLES MINERAL RESOURCES 283-285 RESEARCH COMMUNITY 248 POLAR ACTIVITIES NEW ZEALAND 250-259 AUSTRALIA 260-262 UNiTED STATES 263-268 UNITED KINGDOM 269-272 SOUTH AFRICA 272 JAPAN 273-277 CHINA 277 SOVIET UNION 278-280 CHILE 280 WEST GERMANY 281-282 NORWAY 282 GENERAL TRANSGLOBE 286 TOURISM 287 ANTARCTIC BOOKSHELF 288-289 OBITUARIES 289-291 NEW AIR SERVICE 292 ISSN 0003-5327 © New Zealand Antarctic Society (Inc) 1978. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any way without the prior permission of the publishers. ANTARCTIC December 1981 NEW ZEALAND FIELD mi ,#■' an WORK BEGINS

New Zealand's Antarctic research programme for 1981-82, which began officially on October 5, was not materially affected by bad weather and severe solar flares which caused a communications black-out and delayed flights from Christchurch to McMurdo Sta tion in the first weeks of the season. By the middle of this month field parties were at work in the mountains of Northern Victoria Land 600km north of Scott Base, on Mt Erebus, in the dry valleys of Vic toria Land, at Cape Bird, and around McMurdo Sound.

Early this month the Royal New goodbye to their leader and presented Zealand Air Force completed 10 flights him with a painting of Scott Base and from Christchurch using Hercules Mt Erebus seen from the pressure ridges. wheeled aircraft to provide logistic sup The painting by Maurice Conly had been port for the New Zealand and United carried south for the occasion by Mr States programmes. This was the 17th McPherson. season that the RNZAF had carried passengers and cargo between New RETURN DELAYED Zealand and Antarctica. The Royal . Although eight members of the team Australian Air Force also made four expected to return to New Zealand on Hercules flights between Christchurch October 12 they had to wait until and McMurdo Station this month as its October 16 because of the delay to air contribution to the logistic pool, and craft flights caused by the communica one training flight late last month. tions black-out, and did not reach New Zealand's summer programme Christchurch until the early morning of began as soon as three New Zealanders October 17. The last of the winter men on the first flights of the season by to leave Scott base were the senior United States Air Force Starlifters technical officer, Stan Whitfield, who reached Scott Base. They were Mr N. C. returned at the end of October to McPherson, executive officer, Antarctic prepare for a year in the sub-Antarctic at Division, Mr A. E. Newton, officer-in- the weather station on Campbell, and charge for the summer, and Mr Martin the dog handler, Allan Taylor, who Taylor, who flew south to conduct passed on his charges to his successor, psychological tests of the 1981 winter Gary Bowcock. team. By the beginning of the third week in On the clear and sunny afternoon of October the summer support staff had October 10 and in a temperature of settled in and was busy preparing for the minus 15.6deg Celsius the 10 men who dispatch of field parties and engaged in spent last winter at Scott Base completed its duties at Scott Base. The first event of their Antarctic service. The leader, Mr the new season was a reconnaissance of John Sims, hauled down his New a route for two fuel train journeys Zealand flag, which had flown at the 120km across the sea ice of McMurdo base since February 16, and handed over Sound to Marble Point. to Tony Newton. During the last two weeks of October In the evening the winter team said two combined United States and New ***£*

Dr Chris Adams (left), of the Institute of Nuclear Sciences, and Dr John Bradshaw (right), of the University of Canterbury geology department, tighten the harness ropes of their Nansen sledge before their departure flight from Scott Base to Nor thern Victoria Land on November 7. They are members of one of five New Zealand geological expeditions which will work in the area this season. Antarctic Division Photo Zealand tractor trains carried diesel fuel return to Scott Base. The round trip across the sea ice for Vanda Station, fuel took the three men 13 hours. for United States Navy helicopter opera tions, and equipment for the establish SECOND PARTY ment of a small scientific camp in New On October 14 a second recon Harbour at the mouth of the Taylor naissance party left Scott Base in two Valley. On both journeys the New tracked vehicles. Plans were to reach Zealand teams made ice thickness Marble Point, and also to give new measurements at various points along arrivals experience in sea ice travel. One the western side of McMurdo Sound to of the Army construction team, Bob just north of Marble Point. Dunnachie, replaced Tony Rossiter, and Led by Garth Varcoe, the Antarctic the party was accompanied as far as Division's buldings and services officer, Cape Bernacchi by the snowcraft and the first reconnaissance from Scott Base survival team, Jon Prosser, Lindsay was made on October 11 in one tracked Main, and Nick Cradock. vehicle. Also in the team were Gary Ice measurements were taken on the Bowcock, and Tony Rossiter, one of the journey, and on the first night the party Ministry of Works and Development camped at the Butter Point survival hut. construction team engaged in the It had to be righted before it could be rebuilding of Scott Base. occupied, having been blown over on its As in recent seasons there was a large side during the winter. tide crack in the area of the Strand An early start was made on October Moraines which forced the party to 15, but after patches of broken ice on deviate from its planned route, and the early stages of the journey there was 'tTOy*5rrfl

ANTARCTIC December 1981 evidence of rougher ice to come, par sea ice journey. With Garth Varcoe were ticularly outside New Harbour. There Peter Breen, one of the summer support was much upthrust ice at Cape Bernac- staff at Scott Base, Gary Neale, a Lands chi, but the snow cover was reasonably and Surveyor Department surveyor good. Access to the northern ice thick working with the programme this ness station from Marble Point on was season, and Keith Wayman, of the New limited, however, because of large Zealand Fire Service, who had com stands of upthrust ice. pleted a fire safety inspection of Scott When the beach area below the Base. Marble Point airstrip was reached, the Once under way the faster auger rig leading vehicle was driven ashore moved on, and the 22-year-old New through rough ice. As the snow cover in Zealand D4C was soon passed by the the area was relatively heavy the vehicle more powerful D6s. After crossing the was driven over the top of Marble Point Strand Moraines the United States party Peninsula, saving several kilometres of eventually delivered the scientific equip return journey. Eventually the lead ment for the New Harbour camp at 10 vehicle joined the second which had p.m. and remained for the night. The developed suspension problems. New Zealanders kept going. This time the going around Cape Ber- ICE THICKNESS nacchi was extremely rough as the snow At this point on the evening of had been blown off the broken ice, and October 15 the party decided to return to winching was needed. Eventually the Scott Base. Test bores were taken of the area below the Marble Point airstrip was ice which ranged from .76m to 1.5] reached, and the D4C was driven across the rough shoreline ice. Then the

the ice so the D4C dropped the load and weary team arrived back at base. towed it across. Before the main fuel train of two New Zealand and five United States tracked There were only a few kilometres to vehicles departed on October 21 the go to reach the airstrip but the distance route established by the ice party was took more than an hour. First the D4C checked by helicopter on October 19. It did not have the power or weight in the was confirmed as the best possible. deep snow to tow up the steep hillside, and therefore the driver had to run After final checks the fuel train mov ahead and winch for the whole of the ed out from the sea ice in front of land journey. McMurdo Station at 8 a.m. and headed across the sound. It was led by a Scott Base D4C bulldozer driven by Garth Varcoe. The D4C towed a large sledge DIFFICULT DRIVING with nearly 9000 litres of drummed Sixteen hours after leaving McMurdo diesel fuel, and a smaller vehicle carried Station the New Zealanders finally the four members of the party and tow reached the old airstrip at 12.30 a.m. on ed a ski-equipped trailer with tents, October 22. The fuel was unloaded, and food, and clothing. after a few hours' sleep the party began In the American contingent were two the return journey to Scott Base at D6 bulldozers which towed sledges load 11 a.m. ed with 45,425 litres of helicopter fuel. Just off Cape Bernacchi a spring The other three vehicles were a D4, an broke on the escort vehicle. A snow escort vehicle, and a large ice auger rig to bank was formed by the D4C and the drill diving holes in the ice for the scien vehicle was loaded on the empty sledge. tists working at New Harbour. A few kilometres further on the United States party was sighted again still on its ROUGH ICE way to Marble Point. Four New Zealanders took part in the For the last 30km of the return journey Garth Varcoe and Peter Breen, Glaciers. Then they returned along their who shared the D4C driving, en outward route to camp again on the countered very bad light and virtual "Dirty Ice" before coming back to base. white-out conditions. But the party finally reached Scott Base at 3 a.m. on SHELF MOVEMENT October 23. The Americans returned to McMurdo Station without difficulty ear Among the early teams in the field during the first month were the two ly on the evening of October 24. Lands and Survey Department sur A second combined fuel train took veyors, Gary Neale and Pat Tinnelly. more fuel to Marble Point in the last One of their first tasks was to monitor week of October. The New Zealanders the McMurdo Ice Shelf movement carried 8601 litres of fuel for Vanda Sta study. They found that the rate of move tion, which had been opened for the ment of the shelf was now up to 100m a season on October 26, and for a science year. project on the sea ice in McMurdo Sound. Training of United States and New Zealand staff in snowcraft and survival In the party were Gary Bowcock, began soon after Jon Prosser (field Peter Nelson, the winter team's leader), and his field assistants, Lindsay mechanic, and Michael Dimond, one of Main and Nick Cradock, had tested the Army construction team. They car their search and rescue eqipment. ried out ice thickness measurements dur Among those attending-%he courses last ing their journey, and also relocated the month were RNZAF and RAAF air survival hut at Butter Point. crews who took part in the New Zealand DOG TRANSFER and Australia logistic flights between November 17 and early December. Before the arrival of the summer con tingent the winter dog handler, Allan MAJOR SURVEY Taylor, made his last journey with nine of his charges. In September he and the New Zealand's contribtion of 16 scientists and support staff to the major leader, John Sims, made a trip over the sea ice to Cape Evans and Cape Royds geological study of Northern Victoria where the two men inspected the historic Land began early last month when the huts. first of five geological field parties left Scott Base and flew to the base camp on A three-day trip over the sea ice to the the Evans Neve. This party was headed Daily Islands and then towards the en by Dr Malcolm Laird, of the Geological trance to the Koettlitz Glacier completed Survey, and included Dr John Brad the transfer of the 22 huskies at Scott shaw, head of the geology department, Base in the last week of October. Three University of Canterbury, Dr Chris men, Colin Monteath, field officer, An Adams, Institute of Nuclear Sciences, tarctic Division, Gary Bowcock and and Ken Sullivan, field leader. Allan Taylor, took 13 dogs on their trip. Dr Laird and his party are studying Left behind with their nine elders were the Bowers Supergroup sequence in two pups born in September and only six which are found marine fossils of the weeks old. Two other pups did not sur type called Archaeocyatha. These same vive the winter; they froze to death on fossils were discovered in the Beardmore September 5 when the temperature drop Glacier area by Scott's last expedition, ped to minus 51 deg Celsius. and are also known to occur in On the run to the Dailey Islands where Australia. they camped on the first night the three This expedition is investigating the men experienced very cold temperatures relationship and possible connection ranging from minus 26deg to minus between the rock formations of Antarc 37deg Celsius. After leaving the camp tica and Australia. The purpose is to ob they travelled on a line running towards tain more evidence to support the theory Mt Discovery until they approached the of drift and the existence of the ancient entrance to the Koettlitz Glacier about southern supercontinent of Gond- opposite the Miers and Marshall wanaland.

■ ;'>TOK ANTARCTIC December 1981

By the end of last month the five Back at Scott Base New Zealand Ar New Zealand field parties, supported by my and Ministry of Works and Develop three United States Navy helicopters ment construction teams, some of whom from the base camp, were engaged in ex have been there since late August, have tensive studies in the Bowers and Admir almost completed the interior finishing alty Mountains, travelling by motor of the new accommodation and ablu toboggan to different areas from their tions block, which will have space for 42 field camps. One party included United people. It is expected to be ready for oc States and Australian scientists. cupation by the end of this month. Work is also in progress on the next phase of the rebuilding programme — WORK ON EREBUS the construction of the new kitchen and Six New Zealanders were at work this mess block. Foundations have been month around the summit area of Mt prepared, and the building is planned to Erebus with United States and Japanese be finished to the shell stage when the scientists in the International Mt Erebus season ends in February. Seismic Study (IMESS). They are Peter Otway (Geological Survey), Dr Ray Dibble (Victoria University of Well ington), Dr Keith Thompson and Neville Sun power for Rogers (Waikato University), Pat Tin- nelly (Lands and Survey) and Nick radios Cradock (field assistant). Seismic activity on Erebus is the con Wind, sunshine, and nuclear fuel, cern of Peter Otway and Dr Dibble. have all been used in Antarctica to pro Earth deformation associated with vide heating, lighting, and communica variations in the level of volcanic tions at bases. Now the Antarctic Divi activitiy is being surveyed for the second sion, Department of Scientific and time by Peter Otway. Dr Dibble, who is Industrial Research, is studying the a seismologist, is continuing the seismic feasability of using solar cell panels to audio and magnetic studies he made on provide power for radio sets at remote Erebus last season, and checking seismic field stations. recording stations established on the Three American-made panels are volcano. under test this summer. One panel, In the" 1977-78 season Dr Thompson which cost $470 has been installed at and Neville Rogers began botanical Vanda Station in the Wright Valley, and research at the summit area. This season provides power for the station and scien they are studying mosses, algae, and tific equipment. A larger panel, which fungi which live in the fumaroles and has an output of 72 watts, and cost warm soil of Erebus. $5000, has been placed at Crater Hill Vanda Station, which provides base about 1km from Scott Base to power a support for parties working in the 'dry very high frequency repeater station. valleys of Victoria Land, is now playing Early next year a smaller panel, which host to guest scientists from the People's cost $225, will be taken to Cape Adare. Republic of China and Japan. The It will provide power for the radio which Chinese, Dr Sheng-Yuang Wang, a 44 will link a New Zealand party working year-old geochemist, and Mr Dezan Ye, there with Scott Base 725km to the a 31-year-old microbiologist, are the south. first scientists from their country to If the panels are as successful as the work with the New Zealand programme. Antarctic Division hopes they will be, For the 15th season a Japanese scien they will save man hours, flying time, tific team is carrying out geological and and money. Once teams are equipped geochemical studies in the dry valleys. with solar cells United States Navy air The team is led by Dr Tetsuya Torii, and craft and helicopters will not have to fly the others are Dr Yuki Yusa, Dr Genki to remote field stations to replace flat Matsumoto, and Mr Haruta Murayama. batteriees in radio sets. December 1981 ANTARCTIC 25 years of N.Z. research in Antarctica

New Zealand will celebrate 25 years of scientific research in Antarc tica next year. Scott Base, its first and principal station, was established on Ross Island on January 20, 1957. Since then its name has become synonymous with New Zealand's internationally- recognised contribution to Antarctic research and exploration.

A simple flag-raising ceremony will Sir Edmund Hillary was leader of the mark the anniversary of the dedication New Zealand section of TAE, and the of the base a quarter of a century ago. In first leader at Scott Base. His deputy, Sir 1957 the youngest member of the first Holmes Miller, will be at Scott Base on expedition, Able Seaman Ramon Tito, January 20 as chairman of the Ross of H.M.N.Z.S. Endeavour, raised the Dependency Research Committee which New Zealand flag. Next year's ceremony is responsible for the co-ordination of will be held at the same time, 3 p.m., New Zealand's research programmes in and the youngest New Zealander at the the Ross Dependency. base will perform the same duty. Dr E. I. Robertson, who retired last Nine official guests have been invited year as Director-General of the DSIR, to attend the ceremony. They are the played a leading part in the preparations Prime Minister (Mr R. D. Muldoon), the for New Zealand's first summer of Leader of the Opposition (Mr W. E. science in Antarctica 25 years ago, and its contribution to the IGY which was Rowling), Mr B. C. Beetham, M.P., Leader of the Social Credit Party, the carried out by five scientists led by Dr T. Minister of Science and Technology (Dr Hatherton, now director, Geophysics I. J. Shearer), Sir Edmund Hillary, Sir Division, DSIR. He was chairman of the Holmes Miller, Dr E. I. Robertson, New Zealand IGY Committee, and a Wing Commander W. J. Cranfield, and member of the Ross Sea Committee Mr H. H. Ayres. Mr R. B. Thomson, which was responsible for planning New superintendent, Antarctic Division, Zealand's part in the TAE, and Department of Scientific and Industrial establishing Scott Base. Research, will be host to the official par One of the 23 men who were the first ty during its stay in Antarctica, which to winter at Scott Base was New will probably include visits to New Zealand's noted guide and mountaineer, Zealand's mainland station, Vanda, in Mr Ayres. He was the first man to be the Wright Valley, and to scientific field named for the New Zealand party, and parties. was selected as dog expert and moun When Scott Base was established at taineer. In the 1955-56 summer he ac Pram Point, Ross Island, it had a double companied the Australian National An role initially. It was a scientific station to tarctic Research Expedition to Mawson, support New Zealand's contribution to and obtained 21 adult dogs and five the International Geophysical Year pups for the use of the New Zealanders. (1957-58), and a staging point for the Wing Commander Cranfield was a New Zealand section of the Common 22-year-old flying officer when he was wealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition chosen as second pilot for the Royal (TAE). Five members of the official New Zealand Air Force Antarctic Flight. party contributed to the dual purpose of He and the chief pilot, Squadron Leader the base, and four helped to build it. J. R. Claydon, flew the expedition's two ■\ v Mtv^.'v -^T^W^FM-i1^! | !!•.:.!■' .5"

ANTARCTIC December 1981 aircraft to support the scientific field parties, Hillary's journey to the South Pole, and the crossing of Antarctica by the team led by Sir Vivian Fuchs. voters New Zealand's most southerly voters There have been many changes at in last month's General Election were Scott Base since the hectic days of the men and women at Scott Base and January 25 years ago when New Zea Vanda Station, in the dry valleys, and in landers — and Americans from nearby Northern Victoria Land. Probably the McMurdo Station — worked together first New Zealanders to vote outside during the 24 hours of Antarctic summer their country were five who left Scott daylight to erect the original huts. A Base on November 7 to work with the complete rebuilding programme was started in the 1976—77 season to pro international geological expedition in vide accommodation for larger scientific Northern Victoria Land. and support teams, and to enable New Because of the distance from Scott Zealand to maintain its greatly expanded Base to the base camp on the Evans scientific programmes. Neve — about 600km — it was not possible for voting to be carried out at By 1985 Scott Ba^e will be an entirely remote field camps in Northern Victoria 16 New Zealand scientists and field buildings. One is the completed accom assistants working there to cast special modation and ablution block for 42 votes at Scott Base. people; the other is a mess hall, kitchen, and lounge block, which will have reach Special voting papers had been ed the shell stage next month. delivered earlier by air from Christchurch. After nominations closed To commemorate the anniversary, in New Zealand on November 6 Scott and the completion of 25 years of scien Base was notified of the candidate's tific research an enlarged framed names by telex. Special voting papers photograph of the first ceremony on were also flown by helicopter to Vanda January 20, 1957, will be presented to Station in the Wright Valley where New Scott Base. On behalf of the New Zea Zealanders working in the dry valleys land Antarctic Society, of which he is a were able to vote. past president, Sir Holmes Miller will Before the day of the election, present a bound copy of a list of the 347 November 28, the officer-in-charge at men and one woman who have wintered Scott Base, Tony Newton, who was the at New Zealand bases in Antarctica, and returning officer, made a special trip by at the South Pole. Of these 307, in helicopter to collect the voting papers cluding the 1981 winter team, have lived from Vanda Station. Most of the elec at Scott Base. . tors in the Ross Dependency, including A first day commemorative cover has New Zealanders working at McMurdo been produced by the Antarctic Division Station with the United State pro for the historic occasion. It has been gramme voted at the Scott Base polling designed by the division's official artist, booth. Mr R. M. Conly. A pictorial date stamp has also been prepared by the Post Of fice for use on the covers. Coincidentally, the New Zealand Post Office will issue a new definitive set of stamps for the Ross Dependency on January 20. The stamps, which replace the existing set issued in 1972, have been designed by Mr Conly. They show Scott's hut at Cape Evans, tracked snow vehicles, Scott Base, Adelie penguins, Vanda Station, and a field party.

■ ^^H Aerial census of Ross Dependency Adelie penguins As part of New Zealand's contribution to the International Survey of Antarctic Seabirds (ISAS) two scientists made an aerial photographic survey and census of penguin colonies in the Ross Dependency early this month. Mr R. H. Taylor and Dr P. R. Wilson, Ecology Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Nelson, surveyed about 1600km of coastline in the Ross Sea from Ross Island to Cape Adare during a flight between Christchurch and McMurdo Station on December 6 by a Royal Australian Air Force Hercules. ISAS is designed to monitor in the Cape Adare is estimated to have the 1981-82 and 1982-83 seasons the status largest population — 289,500 breeding of krill stocks, and to improve pairs. The largest colony of Emperors is knowledge of birds and penguins in the believed to be on Coulman Island Antarctic and sub-Antarctic. Penguins (25,000 breeding pairs), and the colony — Adelies around the Antarctic coast on Cape Roget at the southern end of and the Macaroni (or Royal) on the sub- Adare Peninsula has another 11,700. Antarctic islands — have been chosen as the principal species to be studied in the Possession Island, north of Cape main ISAS field seasons of 1981-82 and Hallett, where James Clark Ross -83 as their diet is made up mostly reported "inconceivable myriads" of of krill. penguins in 1841, now is estimated to have a population of 130,000 breeding If krill stocks in the Southern Ocean pairs of Adelies. An estimate in 1957 was increase, then the numbers of penguins 50,000 pairs. should increase for their main food sup Seventeen years ago Rowley Taylor ply will be abundant. A fall in krill published in "Antarctic" the results of a numbers will produce a decrease in the search of early Antarctic literature and number of penguins because there is less accounts of most recent expeditions for food. Therefore close monitoring of references to Adelie penguin rookeries penguin populations will allow the status and population estimates. He found of krill stocks to be monitored — the references to 22 rookeries in the Ross primary aim of ISAS at this time. Dependency between 1841 and 1964. Priority has been given to three There have been interesting changes in regions during the two seasons: (1) the last 140 years. The Cape Hallett Scotia Sea-Antarctic Peninsula; (2) Adelie rookery held 62,000 breeding Enderby and MacRobertson Lands; (3) pairs in 1964. Now the population is Ross Sea. estimated at 50,000 pairs. Cape Crozier In a paper this year on the distribution had an estimated 250,000 pairs in 1957; and numbers of penguins in the Ross the latest estimate is 102,500. Ross Dependency, Rowley Taylor, who began Island also has 35,500 breeding pairs at his penguin studies at Cape Royds in the Cape Bird and 1500 at Cape Royds. 1959-60 season, estimated that in all When Rowley Taylor and Peter irnrtwn areas between 160deg E and Wilson left Christchurch on their flight :g W there were 790,650 breeding south they planned to photograph >airs of Adelies, and 50,000 breeding Adelie penguin colonies on Beaufort, pairs of Emperors. Franklin, and Possession Island as well This distribution covers 31 areas for as those along the Victoria Land Adelie penguins, including the Balleny coast.In 1960 Beaufort Island's rookery Islands, and seven areas for Emperors. was reported to have 15,000 pairs. A ANTARCTIC December 1981

( 3 ) B A L L E N V I S L A N D S

O ADELIE PENGUIN ROOKERY D E M P E R O R P E N G U I N R O O K E R Y

ATUSEVICH GLACIER TONGUE

AVIATION ISLANDS

•SCOTT ISLAND t , S P U T N I K I S L A N D S

[••, LYALL ISLANDS

, C A P E A D A R E

VICTORIA LAND DISPOSSESSION ISLANDS { t S C A P E H A L L E T T

IJCOULMAN ISLAND

' C A P E WA S H I N G T O N ROSS SEA

FRANKLIN ISLAND

@ BEAUFORT ISLAND JCC) ROSS ISLAND W "

\i ROSS/ ICE SHELF / December 1981 ANTARCTIC

very large rookery — more than 25,000 photographs from the Hercules wile fly pairs — was reported on Franklin Island ing at 300m. When the pictures are in the same year. analysed and head counts made, the cen Because of the large number of sus will allow valid comparisons to be penguin colonies the only way a census made between different penguin col of birds can be made quickly is to onies, and provide an objective baseline photograph them from the air. Rowley from which to monitor trends in the Taylor and Peter Wilson took oblique Ross Sea region.

Robert Falla Memorial Award A memorial to recognise Sir Robert establish the award has met with a Falla's long and distinguished contribu favourable response money is still needed. tion to the study and protection of birds Mr R. B. Sibson, president of the Or has been established by the Or nithological Society, hopes members of nithological Society of New Zealand. the New Zealand Antarctic Society The memorial takes the form of a might be interested in the appeal. substantial annual award of a book token and a suitably designed Sir Robert Falla, who died in 1979, is remembered as a distinguished or bookplate. nithologist and conservationist. His con When the council of the Ornithological tribution to Antarctic research, par Society Society names the recipient of ticularly on seabirds, was equally the Robert Falla Memorial Award it will outstanding. He was president of the be guided by the winner's contribution Antarctic Society in the early 1950s, and to the study of birds in New Zealand and was associated with Antarctica and the the Southern Ocean, his or her service to sub-Antarctic islands for 50 years. the society, and concern for the welfare Antarctic Society members can send of New Zealand's birds. The society has their donations marked "Robert Fal;la mnrte an award for 1980, the first reci- Memorial Appeal" to Mr G. M. H. I Mr H. Ross McKenzie, a naturalist and author of "In Peterson, honorary treasurer, Or nithological Society of New Zealand, Search of Birds in New Zealand." P.O. Box 22-230, Auckland 6, New Although the appeal for funds to Zealand.

Remote TV viewers New Zealand television programmes Major film on Scott — and even the commercials — now have a small but enthusiastic viewing A multi-million dollar film about audience nearly 2500km away at Scott Captain Scott is planned by the British Base. Men and women working there director and producer, David Hemm- this summer are able to watch overseas ings. He announced in Christchurch last and New Zealand-made programmes, month that the film would probably be and news and sports programmes which shot in the Southern Alps of New have been video taped in Chirstchurch. Zealand, and the Pisa Range in Central Air New Zealand provided video and Otago in September and October next television equipment at Scott Base in year. recognition of the work done there after Mr Hemmings, who directed the film the DC 10 crash on Mt Erebus, and video "Race for the Yankee Zephyr" in equipment has been installed at the Queenstown last year, said he would like A n t a r c t i c D i v i s i o n ' s o f fi c e i n to take a small second film crew down to Christchurch. Since early September 40 Antarctica next season. It was unlikely video tapes have been sent to Scott Base. that he would be directing the film. '.T^TI ^ vHiwm<(ip

ANTARCTIC December 1981

ANARE REPORTS Ice-core drilling on Law Dome

As part of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) summer research programme an ice-core drilling project designed to obtain ice samples from deep beneath East Antarctica's ice-cap is being carried out on Law Dome, near Casey Station. Four members of the Antarctic Division's glaciology section were flown to Casey early last month by way of Christchurch and McMurdo Sta tion, and will work at the drilling site for three months. Two holes will be drilled at Cape Drilling, will be carried out around Folger, 30km north-east of Casey, using the clock by two-man shifts. The reason thermal drilling equipment. The first is that the drill site is close to the coast, hole is expected to yield a core 260m to and the ice is expected to be moving 300m long; the second a core around quickly. Internal ice movement at dif- by the Antarctic Division's thermal drill during drilling. ing equipment is 488m in 1977 on the Members of the drilling team are summit of Law Dome. Tony McCray and Peter Hicks (glacio- logists) Egon Wherle (diesel mechanic) Samples of ice obtained will be used to and Adrian Blake (electronics techni study the ice-cap and climate of the cian). Tony McCray carried out the ice region over the last 20,000 years, and to radar survey for the drilling programme continue investigations of the way ice when he was at Casey last summer, and moves within the ice-cap. After drilling Egon Wherle made extensive modifica the bore-holes will be logged for inclina tions to the drill rig before it was shipped tion, diameter, and temperature, and south. evidence of natural and man-made at mospheric fall-out. They will be Peter Hicks wintered at Casey last monitored for several seasons to obtain year. He will check the drill holes for more knowledge of the ice-cap. natural and man-made atmospheric fall out trapped in the ice. Adrian Blake Sites for the holes were chosen after wintered at Mawson in 1979, and after an ice radar survey of the bedrock in the the drilling project will winter at Casey as a radio technician. Cape Folger region last summer. The van housing the drilling equipment, dnd In addition to the glaciological team a refrigerated core storage van were 17 other men arrived at Casey several taken to Casey by ship last January. The weeks before the rest of the relief party. refrigerated van, which will be used to They were flown from Christchurch to take the ice cores back to Australia, is McMurdo Station in a United States Air needed because temperatures at Cape Force Starlifter, and then to Casey by a Folger often exceed 0 deg Celsius. United States Navy ski-equipped Her cules aircraft. The 1982 winter party of Alter the glaciological party arrived 11 and the summer party both included from McMurdo Station on November 7 construction workers from the Depart the drill van, refrigeration van, and liv ment of Housing and Construction who ing and support vans, were towed to the will continue the replacement of existing drill site over a proven crevasse-free facilities at Casey. There was also a route. Assistance was provided by botanist from the University of members of the 1981 winter party. Melbourne in the summer party.

Pwiw-flii M«* December 1981 ANTARCTIC

A winter and summer diving pro department, Unversity of New England, gramme to study the marine ecosystem Armidale, New South Wales. in the waters off Davis Station will begin Australian members of the 1981-1982 this season, and is expected to run for Northern Victoria Land project are: Dr the next three years. Since 1973 the Andrew Gleadow, geology department, biological programme at Davis has con University of Melbourne; Dr Jim Jago, centrated on the Vestfold Hills (in School of Applied Geology, South cluding the highly saline lakes) and near Australian Insititute of Technology; Dr by islands just offshore. Robin Oliver, geology department, The aim of the new programme is to University of Adelaide; and Dr John survey the botany and zoology of the Sheraton and Bob Tingey, Bureau of waters to a distance of two to three Mineral Resources (geology and kiolometres offshore. Very little is geophysics), Department of National known about the ecology of this close in Development and Energy, Canberra. shore area of Antarctica, not only near An expedition to survey the seabed Davis but also around the whole of East around Macquarie Island in January is Antarctica. being prepared by the Division of Na Studies will be made of algae found tional Mapping, Department of Na on the underside of sea ice. They are tional Development and Energy. The ex believed to play an important part in pedition will use the vessel Cape Pillar, winter cycle of such zooplankton as which made a similar survey of Heard krill. When the survey is completed com Island two years ago. parisons" und in thewill salinebe made lakes between of the theVestfold biota Soundings will be made near the island, and the positions of the Bishop Hills and that now found offshore. and Clarke rocks, and Judge and Clarke These lakes are known to have been rocks, to the north and south will be formed some 6000 years ago when the determined. In addition four surveyors land rose, cutting off arms of the sea at from the Tasmanian Lands Department that time. The lakes contain a flora and will carry out observations on the island fauna that have been separated from for a 1:25,000 map, which will be four present-day communities in the ocean times more detailed than the present for 6000 years. map. Six Australian geologists have begun A group of seven from the Division of work in Northern Victoria Land with the National Mapping will take part in the international geological survey organis expedition. The leader will be a ed by the United States National Science surveyor, John Corcoran, who wintered Foundation. Three of them are with at Casey in 1980. Present plans are for New Zealand field parties. One of the the Cape Pillar to leave Hobart on six, Dr Barrie McKelvey, is actually a January 14, spend about 10 days near New Zealander, who is with the geology the island, and return on February 4.

Plans to replace R.R.S. Shackleton Tenders for the replacement of the with a University of Birmingham expedi Royal Research Ship Shackleton at a tion. cost of £4 million for delivery in two Built in Sweden in 1954 the years have been issued by the Natural Shackleton was bought by BAS in 1955 Environment Research Council. The and made her first Antarctic voyage that Shackleton was used for Antarctic relief year. The decision to replace her with a and research duties from 1955 to 1969, new ship — the Bransfield — was made in 1968. She was then transferred to the and last season made a geophysical Natural Environment Research cruise in the Scotia and Weddell Seas Council's research vessels unit. ANTARCTIC December 1981 Research expedition to Commonwealth Bay

A second Antarctic research expedition organised by the Oceanic Research Foundation was expected to leave Sydney this month in the 21m auxiliary schooner Dick Smith Explorer. The expedition, led by Dr David Lewis, will spend more than two months in Antarctica, and will work off the French station, Dumont d'Urville, and around Commonwealth Bay where Mawson established the main base of his Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911-14).

Dr Lewis, the New Zealand-born Jeni Bassett, who have both spent navigator and ocean voyager, led the several summers in Antarctica. They will Oceanic Research Foundation's first ex- study marine life, keep whale and pedition in the 17.3m yawl Solo. During seabird logs, and examine krill, the 1977-78 summer the expedition plankton, and seals, worked around the Balleny Islands and in the Cape Adare region. A proposed itinerary for the expedi- a steel aimliarv vessel the Dick tion Printed in an Oceanic Research Sc m • i tu h c E i x pauxUiaH l o r e r, w lT'JcLh„! h i c h w Fundation a s d e s i g publicity n e d b y brochure J > £ . provided, f r Q m Herreschoff has a 120'^.diesel motor December 12, reach Hobart ^teirwotMM^mfa * Member 18, remain there about shaped^JS^jte^J^^Jf to withstand three ice pressure days, band hf- tVthen Dumont head d'Urville south. was The ex- tingif she iscaught >.the; pack. She is ^ v/ 3 k lhe uipped with an echo sounder, radar, * . . . „ ., , j„*„u«.;«« i„„„J„ m and a powerful radio set. estimated arrival date being January 14. There are five other New Zealanders After a week at Dumont d'Urville the in the expedition. Mrs Dorothy Smith, a expedition planned to leave on January mountaineer, did most of the cooking 21 for Commonwealth Bay and arrive with the Solo expedition, Dr Harry there on January 24. Ice conditions per Keys, a geochemist, has spent six seasons mitting, expedition intended to remain in Antarctica with the New Zealand and there for about four weeks, sailing on United States research programmes, and February 23. his assistant, Karen Williams, was infor One of the major projects in the ex mation officer at Scott Base in the pedition's scientific programme is a 1978-79 season. detailed study of an iceberg. When the Other members of the crew include Dick Smith Explorer leaves Common Margaret Huenerbein, a founder wealth Bay the expedition plans to find a member of the Oceanic Research Foun suitable iceberg for study, and the ship dation, who has had climbing experience will remain with it for about three in the Himalayas Dick Heffernan, assis weeks. tant oceanographer, who has climbed on Tierra del Fuego, Garry Satherley, diesel On March 6 the Dick Smith Explorer mechanic and yachtsman, Don Richards is expected to leave the iceberg and sail (radio operator), Malcolm Hamilton for Sydney. She may call at Macquarie (cameraman), and Barbara Muhvich Island as Solo did in 1978 on her way (journalist). Two New Zealand back to Australia. Her arrival date in biologists in the crew are Paul Ensor and Sydney has been fixed at April 8. December 1981 ANTARCTIC U.S. science projects this summer

United States expenditure on research in Antarctica next season could be affected by budgetary restraints. Scientific projects and logistic support for the 1981-82 season have been planned on an ex pected budget of $71 million. Included in the cost of the programme, which is financed and co-ordinated by the National Science Founda tion, is about $47.8 million to support the research with aircraft ice breakers, and cargo ships, and to maintain the four American inland and coastal stations.

Expenditure this season can be con Texas Tech, and the Colorado School of tinued up to the limit of last season's Mines, will be transported to the James budget of slightly more than $55 million. Ross Island area from Punta Arenas on But any additional amount could be February 14 by the United States Coast affected by the United States Govern Guard icebreaker Glacier, and will be ment's proposal to cut by 121/2 per cent picked up again on March 14. The main spending by all government agencies. A party, led by Dr William J. Zinsmeister, reduction of $8.8 million would affect of Ohio State University, will study the planning for the 1982-83 seasons and the sedimentology and invertebrate paleon number of projects in the programme. tology of the area on James Ross, Seymour, Cockburn, and Dundee This season more than 270 scientists, Islands. including 21 women, and representatives of nine countries, are engaged in PLANT GROUPS research on the continent, and in Another party led by a New Zealand southern waters. With air and sea sup geologist, Rosemary Askin, now at the port they are at work around the Antarc Colorado School of Mines, will co tic Peninsula, in Ellsworth Land, at the ordinate its work on the same islands, South Pole, on the East Antarctic ice- and on Snow Hill and Vega Islands, with sheet at Dome C, in the mountains of the work of the other party. The two Northern Victoria Land, on Mt Erebus, scientists will examine fossil palyno- around McMurdo Sound, and in the Ross and Weddell Seas. morphs (pollen, spores, and dino- • There are 81 projects in the United flagellates) from sedimentary rocks. It hopes to provide new data on the origin States Antarctic Research Programme of various southern plant groups, and (USARP) and they include evaluation of the paths and rates of dispersal during Antarctica's mineral and marine living the final Gondwanaland fragmentation. resources. One of the major projects — To gain understanding of the evolu the first on the eastern side of the An tion of the northern Antarctic Peninsula tarctic Peninsula is the study of fossils in relation to the development and on islands in the Weddell Sea to learn breakup of Gondwanaland the scientists more about the history of Gond- will go to the James Ross Island area wanaland, the southern supercontinent, because it contains the Southern and to look for the fossil tracks of Hemisphere's best fossil record of the marsupials. geologicl period between the late Scientists from Ohio State University, Cretaceous and early Ternary — from the University of California, Riverside, 100 million to 30 million years. In the rcrnt ir '■•w'

ANTARCTIC December 1981

1974-75 season a United States- and the Antarctic Shield which consists Argentine research team discovered that of rocks up to 4000 million years old. rocks in the area were liberally sprinkled Northern Victoria Land is an ideal site with plant and animal remains. for study because its mountain ranges Among the fossil remains on Seymour form a belt of exposed rock up to 400km Island are those of giant, penguins about wide. 1.8m tall. Emperor penguins now Better knowledge of the geology of average 1.1m in height. Fossil remains of Northern Victoria Land is expected to whales, large marine reptiles, sharks, provide a basis for possible resource clams, snails, and starfish, have also evaluation in future seasons. One been found. Seymour Island is treeless resource and radioactivity survey is now but on it are fossilised tree trunks .9m in carried out in the region this season. diameter. Another major goal of the scientists is to look for traces of marsupials to test a URANIUM SURVEY hypothesis that these mammals, now This survey was begun in the 1975-76 common in Australia, originated in season to assess the potential resources North America, and migrated through of uranium and thorium in the exposed South America to Australia. If this hap rocks of Antarctica. A team from the pened, these mammals had to cross An University of Kansas is using an airborne tarctica when it was part of Gond gamma-ray spectrometer to survey rock wanaland. To find fossil traces of the types and geological formations which in marsupials would be one of the major other areas have had concentrations of paleontological discoveries in Antarc radioactive elements. tica, and would give much credence to Of particular interest are the Wilson the marsupial migration theory. Group outcrops, the Cambrian Bowers Group in the Bowers Mountains and GEOLOGICAL STUDY Lanterman Range, Granite Harbour in- trusives in the Freyberg Mountains Another major project is the (which may have radioactive deposits geological study of Northern Victoria similar to those found in the Darwin Land. About 60 scientists from 10 Glacier area) and the Ferrar Group universities, and from New Zealand, dolorites and basalts. After completion Australia, and West Germany have been of the survey in helicopter range from at work in mountain areas since early the Evans Neve base camp the Univer November and will finish their studies sity of Kansas team will transfer opera about the middle of January. tions to the area where the second West This project is the fourth major Geman expedition, GANOVEX 81, is remote helicopter-supported geological operating. As part of a co-operative study of Antarctic regions in recent agreement the team will make use of the years. Similar studies have been made in five West German helicopters to extend Marie Byrd Land, the Ellsworth Moun the area of its survey. tains area, and the Darwin Glacier A survey of a portion of the Antarctic (glaciology). In Northern Victoria Land continental margin in the Northern about 37 United States scientists, in Weddell Sea and Bransfield Strait, cluding two women, are working in which is expected to provide informa remote areas to which they have been tion about the hydrocarbon potential, taken by helicopter from a base camp on will be made by a marine geological field the Evans Neve 700km from McMurdo team from Rice University, Houston, Station. Texas, during the voyage of the United As well as gathering evidence to sup States Coast Guard icebreaker, Glacier, port the theory of continental drift, and from McMurdo Station to Palmer Sta the links between Antarctica and Aust tion. Last season a team from the same ralia, the geologists are attempting to university made a similar survey in the find out more about the relationship bet Bellingshausen Sea and along the An ween the Trans-Antarctic Mountains tarctic Peninsula, and in the 1979-80

■ y,f »"''}.(" season a geological survey was con In another krill study which will last ducted on the continental margin of the two seasons biologists from the Univer d'Urville Sea between 140deg E and sity of California, Los Angeles, will ex 150degE. amine the behaviour of krill in patches, This season core samples of ancient a phenomenon that has broad implica sediments will be taken, and the team tions at all levels of the Antarctic food will examine glacial and non-glacial chain. Divers will use photography to sedimential processes, survey iceberg obtain detailed information on the den sediment transport, and conduct bottom sity, orientation, and size if krill within sampling of benthic foraminifera. The patches. Some krill will be captured for continental margin survey will also in use in laboratory studies to determine clude detailed bathymetric maps, plot how they respond to varied physical and ting of ice fronts, and the acquisition of chemical stimuli. geological samples. Another team from the University of California, Santa Barbara, working MARINE SEDIMENTS primarily in Bellingshausen Sea and in Scientists from the University of Bransfield Strait will sample and observe Maine will study marine sediments from live, spawning krill. The purpose is to the Weddell, Amundsen, and Ross Sea determine the seasonal and area varia continental shelves to test a model of tions in daily egg production. Another glacial formation, growth, and recession objective is to indcntify the time scale as well as the extent of the last maxium for the nutritional history of krill. glacial period — from 17,000 to 21,000 years ago. Glacial geologists support dif KRILL FEEDERS ferent models for ice dynamics. The • As part of a three-year project a team maximum model looks on marine pro cesses as the primary cause of the ad from the University of Maine at Orono vance and retreat of ice sheets extending has obtained detailed information on the over continental shelves of bordering food preferences and feeding behaviour of echinoderms, including starfish, oceans; the minimum model envisions land-based ice sheets whose dynamics found on the Antarctic shelf. This are governed by atmospheric processes. season the team will concentrate on the Verification of one or the other is essen extent to which these echinoderms feed tial to understand the role of cold directly and indirectly on krill, other regions in climate variation. zooplankton, and animals on the sea floor. Field research in the Antarctic penin sula area this season is related again to To obtain data the team will use the Antarctic ecosystem, and studies of trawls, plankton traps, nets, and under krill, birds, and penguins. Marine water photography along the Antarctic biologists from the University of North Peninsula, and off the South Shetland Carolina are studying the growth and Island. It will be supported by the Hero metabolism of krill and other deep-sea in the Argentine Islands, Melchior crustaceans, and how they adapt to their Islands, Dallman Bay, Neumayer Chan environments. The study is being con nel, and the Palmer Station area. ducted from Palmer Station on Anvers Biologists from the Point Reyes Bird Island aboard the research vessel Hero. Observatory, California, will make a Among the objectives are determination comparative study of the behaviour and of how species have adapted to tempera ecology of krill-consuming penguins tures, and how pressure affects the early (Adelie, Chinstrap, and Gentoo) at embryo of krill. Point Thomas, Admiralty Bay, on King George Island in the South Shetlands. Previous research suggests that changes in the breeding success of these species may reflect changes in the abundance of krill. Data will be gathered on the feeding preferences of adults, and ef forts will be made to determine the ANTARCTIC December 1981 amount of food required by birds to and Bell Laboratories. Rockets and raise their chicks. satellites will be used forfuture studies. • Studies of protein metabolism in An Surface features of the sun such as tarctic marine organisms, principally supergranules, which are specks each fish and krill, that live at extremely low about 1609km in diameter, will be temperatures all the year round, which observed with a telescope set up in a were carried out at McMurdo Station tower 8.2m high and 6.4km from the and in the Ross Sea for the last seasons Pole Station. The telescope has been in by a biological team from Hunter Col stalled in an observatory built last year. lege, New York, are being continued at Scientists from the Bartol Foundation at Palmer Station this season. The team is the University of Delaware, and the collecting live fish samples to evaluate solar observatory of the Royal Swedish synthetic demands for metabolism, Academy of Science, will make the growth and reproduction, and will com observations. One of the American team pare the changing patterns of liver pro is a Chinese scientist, who has been do tein synthesis, particularly anti-freeze ing graduate work in the United Sates, glycoprotein and egg proteins, to Mr Chang-hua Tsao is the first scientist seasonal and reproductive stages. from the People's Republic of China to work at the South Pole. SIPLE STATION CLIMATIC CHANGES Siple Station in Ellsworth Land about 2045 km from McMurdo Station, which Geophysical monitoring for climatic was closed at the end of last season, was change will be continued at the Pole Sta reopened last month. This season a team tion this summer and next winter by a from Stanford University's electrical team from the National Oceanic and At engineering department is conducting mospheric Administration. The team active and passive VLF wave-particle will make long-term measurements of experiments on the magnetosphere. trace atmospheric constituents that may Other upper atmosphere studies include influence climate. Two winter staff next the installation of a computer-controlled year will measure carbon dioxide, sur ionospheric sounder by a Utah State face ozone, winds, pressure, air and University team. It will be used to deter snow temperature, atmospheric mois mine the amplitude, phase, polarisation, ture, and other trace constituents from doppler shifts, and arrival direction of the clean air facility at the Pole. radio signals reflected from the During the summer a 200-250m ice ionosphere. core will be obtained at the Pole Station There will be a winter team of eight at by a team from the University of Siple next year. Upper atmosphere Nebraska. A New Zealand scientist, Dr studies will be continued to investigate Gerald Holdsworth, of Environment VLF transmission induced particle Canada, who has designed the drill, will interactions. Additional work on be in charge of the drilling. After samp "coherent wave instabilities" will be ling at the Pole the ice core will be prepared through transmissions to the returned to the United States for Dynamics Explorer satellite during the analysis by individual research projects. winter. • United States and French glaciologists Scientists at the Amundsen-Scott will work together again at Dome C on South Pole Station will study the the East Antarctic ice-sheet about magnetospheric cusp, a unique region 1158km from McMurdo Station. A geo where solar wind plasma or ionised gas physical investigation of the area will be can freely enter the earth's magne conducted by a University of Wisconsin tosphere and produce instabilities in the team, which began the project in the ionosphere. This is the second year of a 1978-79 season. It included a gravity and long-range study of the cusp. It will be magnetic survey, radar profiling along made by scientists from Utah State gravity and seismic lines, and tests and University, Stanford University, Univer modification of a new computer- sity of Minnesota, and New Hampshire, controlled radar system. Deep seismic December 1981 ANTARCTIC

tests, magnetotelluric studies, and com tific objectives include determination of pletion of a gravity and magnetic net the thickness of glacial and pre-glacial work are included in this season's pro sediments in the McMurdo sedimentary gramme which will last nearly two mon basin, and determination of the ths. crystalline basement in the basin. ■ Ice flow changes, using a linked strain network, will be recorded by a team SEAL BEHAVIOUR from Ohio State University, which will A long-term project — monitoring the make another traverse to a site 100km Weddell seal population in McMurdo from Dome C established in the 1978-79 Sound — begun several seasons ago by season. Snow stratigraphy and tempera ture profiles will provide data on climate University of Minnesota biologists, will effects on ice near the surface. Research be continued this summer, but the focus will be conducted in conjunction with will be on the interaction between the the University of Wisconsin's Antarctic cod (Dissostichus mawsoni) and the seal. Special consideration will geophysical project, a French glacio be given to factors in the late summer logical project, and airborne radar soun and winter ecosystems that may contri ding investigations. bute to the life cycles and distribution A field team from the French patterns of both species. Glaciology Laboratory at Grenoble will Four scientists who studied the winter use a melting probe (climatopic) boring behaviour of Weddell seals in White device which allows continuous ice Island and in McMurdo Sound com sampling. The team will also recover pleted their observations in December. samples from the previous 905m coring, conduct some surface tests, and examine They were joined at the end of August by four other members of the team who French equipment at the site. had worked on the project last summer. The distribution data they have obtained MAJOR PROJECT by direct observation and remote samp A major project on Ross Island will be ling with time-depth recorders attached the continuing study of Mt Erebus by to the seals, will provide new informa United States, Japanese, and New tion on important aspects of Weddell Zealand scientists. Their purpose is to seal ecology, behaviour, and physiology. obtain a better understanding of the • During the last two seasons a team volcano's magma lake in the active from the University of Illinois led by Dr crater, and to obtain a long-term record Arthur L. DeVries has discovered sev of seismic activity. eral aspects of the way that certain An With Japanese and New Zealand co tarctic fish synthesize a unique glycopro operation scientists from Ohio State tein anti-freeze which enables them to University, the New Mexico Institute of live in ice-laden waters. This season, Mining and Technology, and the Uni working in McMurdo Sound and at the versity of Alaska, will instal a fourth Dailey Islands, the team will continue to permanent seismic recording station on examine why two Antarctic fish, the east flank of Erebus. Three such sta Trematomus and Dissostichus mawsoni tions with radio telemetry links to Scott apparently maintain constant levels of Base were established last year. Monitor the anti-freeze even at higher ing the four stations will help to provide temperatures. a more complete record of seismic activity. AGE OF SKUAS As in past seasons most of the Surveys in past seasons have indicated research in the McMurdo Sound area that south polar skuas live to be between will be concentrated on seals and fish, 40 and 50 years old, and their age struc but seismic and gravity measurements of ture is affected by weather and other the earth's crust and upper mantle will environmental factors. Last season be made between the Dailey Islands and ornithologists from Point Reyes Bird the Nordenskjold Ice Tongue by a team Observatory, California, found 216 from Northern Illinois University. Scien skuas at Cape Crozier aged from 10 to ANTARCTIC December 1981

19 years. About 60 per cent were 18 which are not well-documented the in years old and had been tagged during the stallation of four automatic weather sta 1962-63 season. tions in an area between 60deg W and This season the scientists will continue 69deg W will be completed this year. their survey of previously banded birds Two new sites for automatic weather to estimate survival, longevity, and stations are proposed east and north of Ross Island. One will be at the eastern emigration. Besides visiting skua rook end of the island (77deg 30min S/170deg eries in the McMurdo Sound are the team will travel by icebreaker later in the E) and the other on either Franklin season to visit skua rookeries on Island or Beaufort Island. Both islands lie to the north of McMurdo Station in Beaufort, Franklin, and Inexpressible the Ross Sea. Islands, and at Capes Hallett and Adare. Eighty years after Scott used a wind High concentrations of meteorites mill on the Discovery to generate power have been found in the Allan Hills a study of the feasibility of using wind region of Victoria Land, and two power to produce a significant part of members of a University of Pittsburgh the electricity needed at McMurdo Statio team will conduct ice movement and ablation studies there, and extend a will be conducted by scientists from the University of Arizona. Their engineering previously-established triangulation and economic study will examine the grid. A second group will search for meteorites at the principal concentration possiblity of using wind turbines to share site at Allan Hills, and at two ice patches the load with McMurdo Station's pre further west. This group, if not fully oc sent generators, and so reduce fuel costs. cupied at the Allan Hills site, will also Information will be provided on such visit another concentration site at questions as the availability of winds and Elephant Moraine. the best site for the wind turbine, the Endolithic micro-organisms — life in availability of suitable commercial wind side rocks — which exist in snow-free turbine generator designs, and the cost arid areas of Antarctica, will be studied of a wind power and diesel combin ation again in the season by a team led by Dr compared with the present all-diesel E. Imre Freidmann, of Florida State system. The study will take six months, and the contract wil cost the National University. The team, which includes Dr Friedmann's wife, will work in the dry Science Foundation $67,558. valleys near the Asgard Range and the Walcott Glacier. Its research will include lichen taxonomy, the chemistry, Sub-Antarctic leaching, and biological weathering of rocks, non-photosynthetic endolithic defector bacteria, micro-meteorology, and the A Soviet scientist, Dr Vladimir yearly nitrogen accretion in rocks. Sankovich, who headed a team engaged in upper atmosphere research at Port- LAKE STUDIES aux-Francais, lies Kerguelen, this A search for algae specifically adapted winter, asked the French scientific team to cold temperatures, high salinity, low there for asylum on August 6, one day light, low phosphate, and other nut before his team was to be relieved by a rients, will be coniinued by a team from Soviet ship. His action was announced the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and by the French Foreign Ministry, and he State University in the lakes of the dry is now in Paris. valleys. Last season the team identified A Franco-Soviet scientific agreement, five types of living stromatolites in which has been in force for several years, Lakes Bonney, Hoare, Vanda, and Fry allows Soviet scientists to work on lies xell. It will work at these lakes again to Kerguelen, the French sub-Antarctic ter sample organisms, especially at greater ritory. Results of joint cosmic rays depths with scuba diving equipment. research have been transmitted to the To obtain data on the weather and University of Leningrad, using the climate of the Antarctic Peninsula, Franco-Soviet satellite, ARCAD III. December 1981 ANTARCTIC

BAS NEWS Halley Station will be replaced Halley, the British Antarctic Survey station on the Brunt Ice Shelf off Coats Land, which was built in 1973, is coming to the end of its useful life and is to be replaced in the 1982-83 season. By that time it will be about 19.8m below the surface and considerably nearer the front of the ice shelf, which is now moving about 3.6m a day. Plans to rebuild the station on a site about 24km from the present buildings have been approved by the Natural Environment Research Council which is responsible for B.A.S. research activities in Antarctica. The estimated cost is £1 million. First established in the 1955-56 It was accompanied by two builders who season, Halley was completely rebuilt in are constructing a hut in which three of 1967. A new base was built in the the biologists will winter. They will be 1972-73 season, and became fully opera first BAS winterers at Bird Island, but a tional in the next season. The 1967 three-man United States research pro buildings have now been finally aban gramme party was on the island doned, all remaining useful equipment throughout 1963, and BAS has sup and materials having been retrieved. ported summer work there since 1971. As an economy measure the station at Then the ship sailed along the north Grytviken is to be moved this season coast of South Georgia to Grytviken from its main building to a smaller one Station. On the way back to Bird Island, at Kind Edward Point. The winter com she landed two women — wildlife plement will be reduced from 18 to photographers Cindy Buxton and Annie eight. Price — at St. Andrews Bay, where they Both buildings are remnants of a will film King penguins and elephant government settlement abandoned in seals. They have previously made films 1969 after the whaling stations closed. on wildlife in the Falkland Islands. The main building has always been much too large for BAS requirements. It Unloading at Bird Island was delayed has been very difficult to maintain, hav for two days by rough seas, but once ing been built originally as an started was quickly completed. Two administrative centre and hospital for more biologists were then established at the whalers. the Schlieper Bay (South Georgia) fur On September 16 the new season seal colony and the ship proceeded to the began when the Royal Research Ship Falkland Islands, encountering a strong John Biscoe sailed from Southampton gale en route. under the command of Captain C. R. With more men on board, the John Elliott. After a brief call at Rio de Biscoe sailed south again, this time to try Janeiro the ship proceeded direct to Bird to land a geological party on James Ross Island at the western end of South Island on the southern side of the north Georgia, arriving there on October 15. eastern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. The approaches to it were blocked by WINTER TEAM ice, but the men were landed at Hope A party of biologists was landed to Bay and were able to travel by motor toboggan over the Tabarin Peninsula r'jFir^iw^'^ ai

ANTARCTIC December 1981 and down Prince Gustav Channel to the up and automatic meteorological equip island. ment installed. Once this work had been completed, other journeys were under STORES LANDED taken in southern Adelaide Island and to Plans to establish a party there last several adjacent islands, using dog teams year by air were thwarted by the and motor vehicles. The automatic unusually late arrival of the Twin Otter weather station is one of five being aircraft in the Antarctic, but the ship deployed for a climatological study of had succeeded in placing a depot on the the southern part of the Antarctic Penin island in February, 1980. sula by BAS and the Universities of Leaving the area, the John Biscoe Stanford and Wisconsin. headed for Damoy air facility, Wiencke SHORT JOURNEYS Island, on the west coast of the Antarc tic Peninsula, arriving there on Several short journeys were also November 6. Men and stores were landed undertaken from the other stations. On for onward transport by air to Rothera South Georgia the advent of better and southern field-work sites, and the weather encouraged parties further afield. Two visited the Nordenskjold ship returned to the Falklands by way of the Chilean station Presidente Frei in the Glacier, one reaching the Ross Pass on South Shetlands. The next voyage will the island's central ridge, 40km to the be to relieve Signy, in the South Orkney south-east, from which it had an ex cellent view of Annenkov Island. A third Islands, and resume work on the long- term Offshore Biological Programme party visited some of the old whaling sta around South Georgia. tions. R.R.S. Bransfield sailed from On Signy Island, the men took advan Southampton on October 28, under the tage of the combination of good sea ice command of Captain M. J. Cole. and longer days in September to travel to the neighbouring Coronation Island. NEW AIRCRAFT One parly also travelled to the eastern end, and to the Robertson Islands 24 km Two Twin Otter aircraft are again in the east. service this season. One which had been badly damaged at the end of last season A number of islands was visited from and had been shipped home, was Faraday — including Petermann Island repaired and flown south in early where the French yacht Kim with its October, arriving at Rothera in the mid four-man crew was still based. Two par dle of the month. ties also travelled to the mainland, one of them climbing Mt. Demaria. After a brief visit to Puma Arenas, Chile, dropping supplies at Faraday, and Work continued on fitting out the visiting Presidente Frei en route, the air new Faraday building. A fire in a small craft arrived back at Rothera in early outbuilding in August unfortunately November. The second aircraft, a new destroyed most of the remaining meat one, arrived from De Havilland's, supplies, but these were partially Toronto, two days later. replenished when the aircraft flew over in October. An airlift of men and supplies from Damoy began immediately. The snow RETURN OF SUN runway at Damoy was found to be in At Halley, the return of the sun on excellent condition, and although, as August 11 enticed more men outside usual, some delay was caused by bad and, as the days lengthened, they were^ weather, the first of the field parties able to begin sea ice observations again' were soon established at work-sites in and visit the local Emperor penguin northern Marguerite Bay. rookery. Manhauling journeys for Preparation for the aircraft's arrival physiological research were stoically en had begun in Scpiember, when the run dured by a number of men in October ways 4.8km inland on the piedmont and November, while their more for- glacier had been marked out and provid uinaic colleagues travelled in vehicles to ed with fuel, the refuge caboose jacked the hinge-zone, to reconnoitre a route December 1981 ANTARCTIC up from the Brunt Ice Shelf to the inland REINDEER STAMPS ice. A depot — including a caboose Four Falkland Islands Dependencies refuge — in the area was located stamps depicting the introduced reindeer although both depot and markers had of South Georgia, will be released at been buried by snow and bad weather Grytviken this month. Fifteen reindeer, hampered the party's progress. of which 10 survived, were introduced Initial Advanced Ionospheric Sounder by Norwegian whalers in 1911 and seven programmes at Halley are now well more in 1912. The population now totals established and producing enormous about 2,000 but is limited by the amount quantities of data. The A.I.S. generator of food available. caboose has been successfully jacked up In contrast to their traditional diet in to keep pace with the accumulating the Northern Hemisphere, the South Georgia reindeer have adapted to feeding mainly on the coastal tussock HUT DESTROYED grass, Poa flabellata, and the burnet, Acaena magellanica, of the low-lying All scientific programmes have been areas. Foraging for food, especially dur maintained at the stations, with the ing the winter when the ground is thickly exception of the radiosonde programme covered in snow, has had a deleterious at Halley which unfortunately came to a effect on the vegetation. halt in August when fire destroyed the balloon hut. As with the small fire at The few lichen species have been Faraday, it served to make the men even severely affected, the delicate moss more vigilant in the main buildings. banks have been trampled and the burnet over-grazed. Fortunately the In conjunction with the marine main winter forage is tussock grass, biological work on Signy, research is which has a high productivity and being continued into the physiological effect of repeated aqualung dives in very recovery rate in comparison with the cold water. It has shown that divers are other vegetation. unable to judge how cold they are, and Rabbits, horses, sheep and rats were this is of particular importance to Bri also introduced by the whalers (the rats tain's North Sea operations in which accidentally, of course) but of these only several diving fatalities have been at the rats survived. ("Antarctic", tributed to undetected hypothermia. September, 1981). British ice patrol ship for sale

H.M.S. Endurance, the Royal Navy's ice patrol ship, which has sup ported the British Antarctic Survey's research programme since 1968, has become a victim of recent economies by the Ministry of Defence. She is among surplus ships that have been put up for sale.

Officially the reason for selling the the Antarctic Treaty, but its Antarctic Endurance is that the Royal Navy can interests have not been evident except in not afford the £3m a year cost of main 1972 when there were reports of plans taining the ship and its complement of for a privately sponsored scientific 119 officers and men. It has been sug expedition to the Antarctic Peninsula. gested that her withdrawal from service According to a Rio de Janeiro would save £3.5m to £4m if the cost of newspaper report in 1973 the Brazilian an annual refit is included. Merchant Marine intended to buy a An unconfirmed report from London Norwegian laboratory ship for work in suggests that the Brazilian Navy is a Antarctica. potential buyer. Brazil has acceded to Both Sir Vivian Fuchs, director of the ANTARCTIC December 1981

BAS for more than 20 years, and Rear- carried scientists to BAS bases, acted as Admiral Edmund Irving, former a base for iceberg research by British and Hydrographer to the Navy, have pro Norwegian scientists, and provided tested publicly at the Ministry of search and rescue facilities with her two Defence decision. They say in a letter to Wasp helicopers. "The Times" that some economies In addition to her complement of 13 which appear of minor importance to officers and 106 men the Endurance has day can have very serious implications for Britain's long-term future. Any quarters for a small detachment of Royal Marines which has been carried to reduction of British interest in the pre and from the Falkland Islands (Islas sent international activity in the Antarc Malvinas). She also has 12 spare berths tic and the sub-Antarctic is one of these. for scientists. H.M.S. Endurance was originally the Like other ships operating in Antarc Anita Dan, one of the J. Lauritzen ice- tic waters the Endurance is fitted with a strengthened polar ships which the com Marisat satellite communications pany has operated in Arctic and system. This was installed during her Antarctic waters since 1952. She was refit in 1978. built in West Germany at a cost of There is one feature of H.M.S. £ 1.8m, and commissioned in Endurance which distinguishes her from December, 1956. In 1967 she was sold to other ships of the Royal Navy — her col the Ministry of Defence. our. It is vivid red, not battleship grey. Since she was converted for ice opera All the J. Lauritzen polar ships ar red tions at Belfast the 3600-tonne En for easier observation in the ice. The durance has been used by the Royal first of the red ships was the Kista Dan, N a v y f o r o c e a n o g r a p h i c a n d now the Benjamin Bowring, which made hydrographic surveys, and as the BAS her first Antarctic voyage in the 1952-53 support ship and guard vessel. She has Agulhas to relieve SANAE 22 team After her voyages to the sub-Antarctic She left Cape Town again on February weather stations on Gough Island and 10 with scientists from the Institute of Marion Island the South African relief Sea Fisheries, the University of Cape ship Agulhas is expected to leave Cape Town, and the National Research In Town about the middle of this month to stitute for Oceanology to take part in the relieve Sanae III, the base in Queen First International BIOMASS Experi Maud Land. She will bring back the ment (FIBEX). SANAE 22 winter team and also make Between April and June the Agulhas an oceanographic cruise. made two voyages to Marion Island. Her When the Agulhas returned to Cape next voyage was to Gough Island, and she returned from her third visit to Town at the end of January with the Marion Island at the end of last month. SANAE 21 team she brought back ex cess equipment from the British Tran Her predecessor, the R.S.A., which sglobe Expedition which has been stored was withdrawn from service early in at Fimbulisen, the expedition base near 1978 after 17 round trips to Sanae, and Sanae III. Arrangements had been made many voyages to Marion Island and for the equipment to be picked up after Gough Islands, has been in dock at Cape the completion of the Antarctic crossing Town for several months being modified to Scott Base. for a new role. Earlier this year she was handed over to the Seamen's Training On her way back to Cape Town last Centre. In future she will be a floating season the Agulhas stopped at Bouvet classroom for the training of deck of Island to replace the batteries of the ficers, engineers, and catering staff for automatic weather station established by the South African merchant fleet and the Norwegian expedition two years ago. fishing industry. December 1981 ANTARCTIC

JARE-23 Ice studies in eastern Queen Maud Land Japan's future research programmes will place more emphasis on glaciology over the next five years. From next year a more extensive glaciological survey will be conducted in the east of Queen Maud Land, and a traverse will be made along the 2000m contour from Mizuho Station between the Yamato and Sor Rondane Mountains by way of the Belgica Mountains. Ice core drillings at Mizuho Station and on the traverses are planned.

Geological surveys in the Yamato Fremantle. She is expected to reach the Mountains, a traverse in the upstream pack ice late this month. The transport area of the Shirase Glacier, and a search of JARE-23 to Syowa by helicopters is for meteorites on bare ice areas near the expected to begin early next month, and Yamato Mountains, are among the pro the relief of the JARE-22 winter party jects of the 23rd Japanese Antarctic will take place in February. Research Expedition (JARE-23) this season. The programme will be con SUMMER SURVEYS ducted at Syowa Station and Mizuho Last month the JARE-22 teams at Station, about 300km to the south-east Syowa and Mizuho were preparing for on the inland ice sheet, and from the summer field surveys. A party from icebreaker Fuji. Syowa left for the Yamato Mountains For this summer JARE-23 will have during the month. It is expected to meet the Fuji's three helicopters — two Sikor a party from Mizuho about the middle sky G-61As, and one Bell 47GA — of this month. available in the Syowa Station area. Upper atmosphere research will be They will be used on support operations continued at Syowa this season. The in January and February. Trials will be continued at Syowa with the Mitsui ex programme includes the reception of geophysical data from the scientific perimental hovercraft, which was satellites ISIS I and II, and NOAA VI designed for ship to shore use, and in and VII. Four balloons fitted with detec land transport over the ice. It carries a tors for minor constituents (nitrogen driver and a crew of two and has a dioxide and ozone) in the atmosphere payload of 600kg. will be launched from the station. This season's programme began of Among other projects are aurora and ficially on November 25 when 44 ionosphere studies, meteorological and members of the JARE-23 winter and seismological observations, gravity and summer parties, including Masaki aero-magnetic surveys, and tide observa Sakurai, of Nara Women's University, tions. left Tokyo on board the Fuji. The leader Limnological studies wil be made of of the expedition and of the 1982 winter fresh and saline lakes, and samples will party of 34 is Dr Takao Hoshiai, marine be taken of soil algae and bacteria. biologist in the National Institute of Another environmental science project Polar Research. Aglaciologist, Dr Shinji will be the continuous measurement of Mae, is deputy-leader of the summer atmospheric carbon dioxide and party of 10. nitrogen compounds. Under the command of Captain Marine biologists will make ecological Syuichi Takewchi the Fuji called first at studies of phytoplankton, zooplankton, ANTARCTIC December 1981 and benthos, including demersal fish. surface sea water, and make ecological Routine oceanographic observations will studies of phytoplankton. A Japanese- be made in Ongul Strait, and a census of speaking Australian exchange scientist, the Adelie penguin and Weddell sea Mr G. A. Duff, of the botany depart populations will be conducted. ment, University of Tasmania, will work on the Fuji for part of the cruise. He will GLACIER TRAVERSE do research on various aspects of Glaciological projects are prominent phytoplankton. in the programme planned form February, 1982 to January, 1983, at ICE FLOWS Mizuho Station, and on the Mizuho From 1982 the J ARE glaciological Plateau. These include sampling of firn programme will be concentrated in snow cores along traverse routes, and eastern Queen Maud Land where there the use of laser-radar equipment to has been little exploration in past make a surface micro-relief of the seasons. The main purpose of the pro Mizuho Plateau. gramme is a comparative study of ice Ice radar will be used for radio-echo sheet behaviour on the Mizuho Plateau sounding during a stream-line traverse in where the ice flows out through the the upstream area of the Shirase Glacier Shirase Glacier while the Queen Maud along the line of 40deg E from 71 deg S Land ice is supposed to be dammed up to 73deg 5min S. A trilateration network by a chain of mountains stretching from about 120km long will be established the Yamato Mountains to the Sor Ron- from the southern end of the Yamato dane Mountains. Mountains southward. In the first five years of the pro gramme Mizuho Station will be the cen Ice-core drilling to be a depth of tre for glaciological field studies of an 100km will be carried out at 71 deg/ area between 20deg E and 50deg E, and S/40deg E, and another hole will be from the coast to about 80deg S. An in drilled near the Yamato Mountains. land station will be maintained for one Medium depth drilling at Mizuho Sta winter at about 75deg S/30deg E. tion will be tested. Ice-core drillings down to 500m will be Scientists at Mizuho will make a sur carried out at Mizuho Station. Shallow face synoptic observation and ice coring will be done during the glaciological study in the station area. traverses. Small aircraft will be used for Records of blowing snow will be made at observations and logistic support activ the station, at 73deg lOmin S/53deg ities in the area to be covered by the pro 30min E, and at 69deg 50mins S/47deg gramme. 40min E. Members of JARE-23 and their duties (sur DRIFTING SNOW names firsl) arc:— Summer staff aboard Fuji (1981-1982) — ..o-meteorological observations Mae Shinji, Dr, (deputy-leader glaciologist), e made from a 30m tower erected Fuchinoue Seiji, (physical oceanographer), at Mizuho in January, 1979. A micro- Oka Kalsujiro, (chemical oceanographer), meteorological sensor on the tower will Ino Yoshio, Dr, (biologist), Okuyama enable the scientists to observe the radia Shuichi, (surveyor), Matsucda Hiroharu, Dr, tion regime, air temperature profiles, Motoyoshi Yuichi, (geologists), Takeuchi wind profiles, vapour pressure, and drif Sadao, Watanabe Yasuhiro, (construction engineers), Umeki Kawaioshi (general assis ting snow. tant). Shipboard programmes on the Fuji Winter staff (1981-1982), Syowa and Mizuho from November to April next year will Stations — Hoshiai Takao, Dr, (leader cover upper atmosphere physics, marine marine biologist), Yoshihira Tamotsu, Shudo meteorology, temperature, salinity, and Yasuo, Kajihara Ryouichi, Sasaki Masahiko, current measurements, and a geodetic (meteorologists), Abe Kaoru, (geophysicist), control survey of ice-free areas of the Kuratani Yasukazu, Igarashi Kiyoshi, Fujii Ryoichi, Kikuchi Masatoshi, (upper at Soya Coast. mosphere physicists), Chubachi Shigeru, Biologists aboard the Fuji will (meteorologists), Nishio Fumihiko, measure the chlorophyll content in the December 1981 ANTARCTIC

Takahashi Shuhei, Dr, Ishikawa Masao, Sakurai Masaki, Kano Kenzo, (general Omae Hirokazu, (glaciologists), Datsushima assistants). Takayoshi, (geologists), Fukuchi Mitsuo, Dr, Three members of JARE-23 will take part Tanimura Atsushi, Ohtsuka Hideaki, in the United States research programme (marine biologists), Shimaoka Kiyoshi, again this season. Messrs Kei Terai, Kazuo (physiologist), Kaneko Seiichi, Okada Hikco, Shibuya, and Muneo Okayama will make Shimizu Morio, Kaneko Shuzo, Morita geophysical surveys of Mt Erebus in co Tomoya, (mechanics), Sone Kosuke, (radiio operation with United States and New engineer), Yamazoe Keiichi, lino Shigeru Zealand scientists. They will also help in the (radio operators), Endo Yukio, Watanabe maintenance of existing and additional Hisayoshi, (cooks), Koyama Fumitaka, seismological recording stations on the flanks Tanaka Hiroyoshi, (medical officers), of the mountain.

A model of Japan's new research ship Shirase which was launched on December 11. She cost SNZ126 million.

Voyage to Adelie Land deferred Three French mountaineers, who were Isatis toPalmerStation where they arriv the first to sail a yacht from New ed on January 15, 1979. They visited Zealand to Antarctica in the 1978-79 several bases in the Antarctica Peninsula season, have deferred their plans to area, and climbed mountains on the make a voyage from Ausiralia to Adelie mainland before sailing on lo Chile. Land this summer. The reason? Claudine Last season trio arrived in Antarctica Lescure, wife of Jean Lescure, became again sailing a new yacht, Isatis II. They pregnant in the Antarctic earlier this called at Faraday in the Argentine year, and their yacht, Isatis II, had to be Islands, and Palmer Siation. Their sailed to Port Stanley, Falkland Islands intention was to winter at Adelaide (Islas Malvinas) where better facilities Island, and then sail to Australia. for the birth were available. Bui Claudine's pregnancy forced a In the 1978-79 season Jean Lescure, change of plan, and Isatis II headed for Claudine, and her brother, Jean-Marie Port Stanley where the child was to be Pare, left Lyttelton on December 3, born. So far,"Antarctic" has not been 1978, to sail their 10m aluminium yacht advised of the happy event. §*r y*r=s**z?T^

ANTARCTIC December 1981 Japanese oil survey in Weddell Sea A survey for geological indications of oil in the Weddell Sea will be made this season by the Japanese Metal Mining Agency's geological survey ship Hakurei Maru. The survey of an area between 60deg and 74deg S and Odeg to 70deg W is being carried out by the Japan Na tional Oil Corporation for the National Agency of Natural Resources and Energy. A similar survey was made last season in the Bell ingshausen Sea between 60deg S and lOOdeg to 75deg W, and the final survey of a three-year programme will be made in the Ross Sea in the 1982-83 season. With a crew of 35 and 17 scientists where she is expected to arrive on March from the National Oil Corporation and 13. research institutions the Hakurei Maru Leader of the research staff aboard sailed from Funabashi near Tokyo on the Hakurei Maru is a geophysicist, Mr November 24. She is expected to arrive Takashi Yamazaki, who is the chief in Valparaiso on December 22 and sail scientist. Principal members of the again for the Weddell Sea on December scientific staff are Dr Tomoyuki 26, arriving in the area on January 5. On Moritani, a geologist and co-chief scien January 31 she will depart for Val tist, Dr Shunji Sato and Mr Yoshihisa paraiso. After three days there she will Okuda (geochemist) and Mr Takao Saki leave on February 12 for Funabashi (geophysicist). Dr Sato, of the National

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Oil Corporation's technology research geologist last season, and in charge of centre, took part in the Bellingshausen the research team. The chief scientist for Sea survey. th esecond leg of the survey was Mr This season the research team will Tadashi Asakawa, manager of the conduct seismic refraction and sono- geology and geochemistry laboratory of radio buoy refraction surveys in the the National Oil Corporation's Weddell Sea. They will also take core technology research centre. samples from the seabed, measure ter restrial heat flows, and carry out When the Hakurei Maru called at magnetometer and gravimeter surveys. Wellington Dr Ishiwada said that the report on the Bellingshausen Sea survey Last season the Hakurei Maru con would go to the Ministry of Interna ducted the Bellingshausen Sea survey in tional Trade and Industry, which had two stages, and core samples were taken provided 530 million yen for one of its from four holes drilled in the seabed. In divisions, the Agency for Natural 47 days she covered a distance of 9713 Resources and Energy. Results of the nautical miles. survey would be published, and data Dr Yasafumi Ishiwada, of the Nat could be made available to other coun ional Oil Corporation was the chief tries on a reciprocal basis. China's plans for permanent research station China's future plans for Antarctic research include the establish ment of a permanent scientific station on the continent as soon as possible, according to the official Chinese news agency, Xinhua. An agency report in October quoted Mr Guo Kun, deputy-director of the National Antarctic Research Committee as saying that China is plan ning an expedition to Antarctica. Although the People's Republic of season, then wintered this year with the China has not acceded to the Antarctic Australians at Casey. Another Treaty, it has been interested in Antarc oceanographer worked aboard the Nella tic affairs since 1977. It has been in Dan on the Australian section of the touch with Australia, New Zealand, First International BIOMASS Experi Japan, Chile, and France, and has had ment (FIBEX). observers at recent international meetings dealing with Antarctica. Two This season two guest scientists form observers attended the 16th meeting of the People's Republic of China will take the Scientific Committee on Antartic part in the New Zealand research pro Research in New Zealand last year. gramme. A microbiologist and a In the 1979-80 season a geomor- geochemist will work with New Zealand scientists mainly in the dry valleys of the phologist and an oceanographer from the People's Republic of China spent McMurdo Oasis in Vistoria Land. three weeks at the Australian station, Casey. They also visited McMurdo Sta tion and Scott Base. Last season an oceanographer and a geomorphologist did summer research at Casey as guest scientists with the Australian research programme. The geomorpholgist, Mr Zhang Quing Song, who also visited Casey in the 1979-80

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SAE-27 Weddell Sea pack ice expedition Soviet and United States scientists last month completed an unusual joint expedition in the Southern Ocean to find and explore a large and mysterious "lake" of ice-free water discovered by satellite obser vations in the Weddell Sea pack ice. Their oceanographic expedition aboard the Mikhail Somov, flagship of the Soviet Antarctic fleet, was the first scientific journey into the pack near the time of its max imum extent since the German expedition led by Wilhelm Filchner was trapped there aboard the Deutschland in 1912. Early in October the Mikhail Somov United States Army Cold Regions left Montevideo for the Weddell Sea. Research and Engineering Laboratory in She entered the pack ice near the Green Hanover, New Hampshire. One of the wich Meridian in search of the Weddell Columbia University scientists, David Polynya where the winter sea ice cover is Woodroffe, is a New Zealander. often incomplete, perhaps absent, in an Arrangements for the joint expedition area about 3km by iokm. Late in were made after a meeting of Soviet and November the ship returned to United States scientists in Leningrad Montevideo to put American scientists earlier this year discussed results of joint and their equipment ashore. She then research in the Southern Ocean between began her normal research and supply 1975 and 1981, and the programme for activities with the 27th Soviet Antarctic further co-operation. American par Expedition. ticipation in the expedition was financed In 1973 satellite images revealed the by the National Science Foundation's existence of the polynya (Russian for divisions of polar programmes and unfrozen water surrounded by ice) near ocean sciences, and Dr Gordon co the Greenwich Meridian and 65deg S. ordinated the programme with the The polynya appeared and disappeared Soviet Arctic and Antarctic Research mysteriously in subsequent winters. It Institute in Leningrad. grew to nearly 300,000 square Satellite observations towards the end kilometres, and drifted westward before of the southern winter did not disclose a vanishing in the late 1970s. A satellite polynya, but a slight decrease in ice con photograph of sea ice near the Antarc centration was inferred from satellite tic Peninsula taken in February, 1979, images near 66deg S/5deg E. Scientists however, showed a polynya in about 65 hoped that by October this weakening of deg S/50deg W. the ice cover would develop into a polynya. If no polynya appeared the SOVIET TEAM expedition planned to study en Co-directors of the Weddell Polynya vironmental conditions within the ice expedition were Dr Eduard Sarukha- pack, which has never been done before nyan, who headed a team of 25 Soviet near the period of maximum extent of scientists, and Dr Arnold L. Gordon, the pack. professor of geological sciences at the Lamont-Doherty Geological Obser ICE STRUCTURE vatory, Columbia University. The During the expedition scientists plann American team included nine scientists ed to study the thickness of the snow from Columbia University, and four cover and the structure of the ice, and from Oregon State University and the investigate how the ocean is giving up December 1981 ANTARCTIC

heat to the atmosphere, and is stratified as low as minus 60deg Celsius, and in a according to temperature, salinity, and rarefield atmosphere at an altitude of density. Other projects included ex nearly 3500m. amination of the chemistry and biology So far glaciologists have studied ice of the region, not only in the polynya, cores taken from a depth of less than but also in the surrounding ice. one kilometre and about 50,000 years Since the polynya was first sighted old. One core about 15,000 years old has scientists have been puzzled by its abrupt shown that a notable thaw occurred in Antarctica at that time. appearance and disappearance. Dr Gordon says there are two explanations. Microbiologists have detected in ice One is that a strong wind blows the ice samples bacteria believed to have been away before a significant amount can ac brought into Antarctica by cosmic par cumulate. The other is that for some ticles. They have frozen in the ice for reason enhanced convection is going on thousands of years, but some species of in the region. But basically the scientists micro-organisms have been revived. believe the polynya is caused by upwell- ing of ocean heat rather than the LIFE IN ICE removal of ice by high winds. Earlier studies by scientists at the In To oceanographers and climatologists stitute of Microbiology have shown that the Weddell Polynya is important life existed within the Antarctic ice-cap because it represents an increase in the as well as in the sea. The simplest of vigorous up and down movement of the micro-organisms, about 8000 years old, Antarctic seas. Rising warm water have been found in Vostok ice cores displaced colder water which sinks and is from a depth of 200m, and have been distributed throughout the world's brought back to life. oceans. Because of the heat loss through . A second seasonal station Druzhnaya II, the polynya there is a major cooling of was opened at the base of the Antarctic the abyssal ocean going on. This is im Peninsula for the first time by the 26th portant from a climatic point of view as Soviet Antarctic Expedition last season. much of the waters below 1000m in the Druzhnaya II, on the Ronne Ice Shelf world's oceans are derived from the An near the Lassiter Coast (about 75deg S) tarctic. was established by the Kapitan Markov, Ice in the Weddell Sea has been out of Leningrad. studied by Soviet oceanographers early In addition to this operation the this season. During the past winter Kapitan Markov also established glaciologists at Vostok, far in the in Druzhnaya I on the Filchner Ice Shelf. It terior of Antarctica, have been drilling has been used each season as a summer deep into the polar ice-cap. field station since 1975-76. The Druzh naya operations were assisted by the DEEP DRILLING cargo ship Pioner Onegi, out of Ar Four years ago the deep drilling pro changel, which carried four aircraft gramme at Vostok, which includes a (AN-2s and IL-14s) for use by the field microbiological research project, had parties. reached a depth of 1000m. This year drilling has penetrated the ice to a depth FIRST SHIP of more than 1500m. It is reported to be First of the ships of SAE-26 to reach the first time such a depth of more than Antarctica was the passenger ship 1500m. It is reported to be the first time such a depth has been achieved by ther Bashkiriya, out of Odessa. She supplied Bellingshausen Station on King George mal drilling. Island in the South Shetlands, and then Drilling at Vostok through ice transferred staff to the research ship thousands of years old and almost four Professor Zubov and to the Kapitan kilometres thick, is one of the most Markov. Then, in company with the challenging scientific projects in Antarc Mikhail Somov she called at Molo tica. The drillers have had to work dur dezhnaya and Mirny before heading ing the winter darkness in temperatures home in February. glpp^fSfi -•■■^Jjir-::^/'^X^ . - '^ib^^*k»

ANTARCTIC December 1981

On her sixth Antarctic cruise the new winter team led by L. V. Bulatov Mikhail Somov resupplied Molo replaced Vladimir M. Stepanov's team. dezhnaya and Mirny. Staff and supplies Three other ships took part in the ex were transported by helicopter from the pedition. They were the Estoniya, out of ice edge to the stations. Early in Riga, which delivered 1981 winter teams February the ship resupplied Russkaya to several stations; the research ship at Cape Burks on the stations. Early in Professor Vize; and the tanker BAM, February the ship resupplied Russkaya out of Batum, which delivered diesel and at Cape Burks on the Hobbs Coast. A other fuels to the Soviet stations.

Chilean summer research programme Twenty-four scientists, including three from West Germany, will take part in the Chilean Antarctic Institute's research programme this season. They will work on islands in the South Shetlands and off the Antarctic Penisula, and at the three permanent bases, Arturo Prat, Bernardo O'Higgins, and Rodolfo Marsh. To transport scientists and base staff centre for the Antarctic Peninsula, Chile will use two ships, and six aircraft which was established in 1969. Rodolfo — one Twin Otter, four de Havilland Marsh has a 1200m runway of com Buffaloes, one Hercules, and two naval pacted gravel and permafrost which was helicopters. The 2785-tonne ice- completed in the 1979-80 season. strengthened transport Piloto Pardo, Early last year the runway,then only which carries two Bell Jetranger 915m long, was used successfully for air helicopters, will leave Punta Arenas on operations by Twin Otter and Hercules December 10 and return on January 14. wheeled aircraft. Since then the runway She will be followed on January 4 by the has been extended to 1200m. The air 240-tonne motor vessel Quellon, which field can accommodate two Hercules will be back in Punta Arenas on aircraft, and there is hangar space for February 28. one Buffalo and two helicopters. There After the summer programme ends 55 is accommodation for up to 52 people. men will remain at the permanent bases Three West German scientists from for the 1982 winter. There will be 20 at the University of Hanover will take part Bernardo O'Higgins on the Trinity Pen in geodetic studies at Punta Spring and insula at the extreme north-east end of on Anvers Island. A glaciological pro the Antarctic Peninsula, 11 at Arturo ject will also be carried out at these Prat on Greenwich Island in the South locations. Shetlands, and 24 at Rodolfo Marsh Other projects include regional (62deg 12min S/58deg 55min W) which geology, studies of the ecology of fishes, is also in the South Shetlands on King benthic and plant communities, George Island. A summer station, Gabriel Gonzalez Videla in Paradise Bay seismology and the ionosphere, and oceanography. Four scientists will study on the Danco Coast, the sub-base, marine mammals on Livingston Island Yelcho, on Doumer Island in the Palmer in the South Shetlands. Archipelago, and a refuge at Punta Spring on the Antarctic Peninsula, will also be used this season. Teniente Rodolfo Marsh is Chile's new Antarctic air base. It is close to Presidente Frei, the meteorological December 1981 ANTARCTIC

GANOVEX 81 Second Victoria Land expedition West Germany's second expedition to Northern Victoria Land — the first was in the 1979-80 season — will spend nearly three months in the area on geological and geophysical surveys. Field parties will be supported by five Canadian Hughes 500 helicopters, and an ice- strengthened ship will be used as a floating base off the Pennell Coast of Oates Land. GANOVEX 81 has been planned by November 14, members of the field par the Federal Institute of Geosciences and ties, half of whom were with Ganovex Resources (BRG) and is led again by Dr 79, spent nine days in the Mt Cook area Franz Tessensohn. The expedition's where they took part in a snowcraft and chartered ship is the 2158-tonne Gotland survival course. The course was arrang II, one of three ships used last season in ed by Gary Ball, who is a highly- the establishment of Georg von Neu experienced mountaineer and alpine mayer Station, the first permanent West guide. He was field leader of the German research station in Atka Bay, snowcraft and survival course at Scott Queen Maud Land. The master is Cap Base in the 1976-77 season. tain Ewald Brune. Provided ice conditions are suitable To support 12 geologists and geophys- the Gotland II will remain most of the icists the BRG has chartered the five time in Yule Bay off the Pennell Coast Hughes 500 helicopters from Liftair, of Oates Land. In the summer there is a Calgary. In addition to four Canadian sheltered ice-free anchorage there, and pilots and two engineers there are three there are no katabatic winds. This New Zealand field guides. The leader is anchorage was used by the GANOVEX Gary Ball, who took part in GANOVEX 79 supply ship Schepelsturm for part of 79, and with him are Maurice Conway, the season. who also worked with the first expedi tion, and Andrew Brown, who was in In 1979 the first expedition established the snowcrafi. and survival team at Scott its base camp at the foot of the Lillie Base last season. Glacier near Mt Mulach in the Posey Range. It erected a prefabricated hut One of three guest scientists in the ex about 6m by 3.6m, which was christened pedition, which has a total staff of 25, is Lili Marlene. Tim Stern, Geophysics Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial If the hut has not been damaged it will Research. The others are an American be used for the base camp again. Fuel, geologist, Dr Tom Wright, of Allegheny supplies, and equipment will be College, and Dr Chris Wilson, of the transported from the Gotland II in Yule University of Melbourne, who has work Bay across the Anare Mountains to base ed with ANARE in Enderby Land. Dr camp. Wright, who was with GANOVEX 79, will not travel by ship. He will be flown Helicopter support will enable field parties to work within a radius of 200km to the GANOVEX 81 base camp from from base camp. A geophysical party the base camp of the United States-New will make a survey of the Rennick Zealand-Australia expedition in the Evens Neve area. Glacier, and the main area for the geological party will be the Lanterman Before the Gotland II, which has a Range. As the West German scientific crew of 17, sailed from Wellineton on programme is planned to tie in with the ANTARCTIC December 1981

United States-New Zealand-Australia Present plans are for GANOVEX 81 expedition the geologists will also spend to end its surveys by the beginning of some time in the northern Bowers March next year, when the Gotland II Mountains where a New Zealand sledge will move out of Yule Bay. Field parties party led by Dr Malcolm Laird, of the are expected to return to the ship by the Geological Survey, is at work. end of February. West Germany plans two bases this season West Germany will have two research area where the permanent station was to stations operating in Antarctica this be established about 20km inland on summer. They will be the permanent Ronne Ice Shelf west of Berkner Island station, Georg von Neumayer (60deg near 77deg 68min S/50min W. This area 37min S/8deg 22minW) on the Ekstrom is regarded as more suitable for Ice Shelf in Atka Bay, and another on glaciological research. the Ronne Ice Shelf. In the 1979-80 season the recon Five men who have wintered at the naissance expedition sent south to select permanent station will be relieved this possible sites for the permanent station month when the summer research team established a small base on the Ronne arrives. The relief expedition will also re Ice Shelf where scientists carried out open an unoccupied station on the site glaciological investigations and related originally planned for the permanent studies. station if the weather permits. This season's programme began on November 21-22 when the chartered motor-ship Polar Queen saili Bremerhaven. Her cargo included large stocks of food, and building materials for season for the station and the geophysical observatory located in the annex to it. A programme of iceberg research started by the 1978-79 Norwegian Glaciology will be the main project in this summer's programme, which will be Antarctic Research Expedition will be supported by two helicopters. Holes up continued this summer. The research to 100m deep will be drilled in the will be conducted by one scientist in the Ekstrom and Filchner Ice Shelves. northern Weddell Sea from H.M.S. Endurance, the Royal Navy's ice patrol When the Polar Queen leaves Atka ship. Bay seven men will remain behind to operate the Georg von Neumayer Sta Norwegian research activities are tion next winter. They are a doctor, two limited again this season. No winter meteorologists, a geophysicist, an engi station will be manned next year. During neer, a radio operator, and a chef. the summer one biologist will conduct entomological research on South Ice conditions in the Weddell Sea last Georgia in co-operation with the British season prevented the West German ex Antarctic Survey. pedition from reaching the Gould Bay Last season two scientists from the Norwegian Polar Institute worked with the Scott Polar Research Institute on a joint iceberg research project in the -J/Jr Scotia Sea from H.M.S. Endurance. One biologist took part in the First International Biological Experiment (FIBEX) aboard the United States research ship Melville. December 1981 ANTARCTIC

ANTARCTIC TREATY Mineral resources and exploitation Measures to hasten the establishment of an agreed regime to regulate the orderly exploration and exploitation of Antarctica's mineral resources, and to preserve the continent's unique environment, were agreed to by the 11th consultative meeting of representatives of the Antarctic Treaty nations held in Buenos Aires from June 23 to July 7. The representatives recommended to their governments that con clusion of a regime is a matter of urgency, and a special consultative meeting should be held to elaborate it. New Zealand will be the host country mineral resources which were agreed to for the first session of the special con by the representatives. They are: sultative meeting. Representatives of the (a) The consultative parties should other member nations accepted the New continue to play an active and Zealand Government's invitation to responsible role in dealing with the hold the meeting in Wellington towards question of Antarctic mineral the middle of next year. Canberra, resources. where the first Antarctic Treaty Con sultative Meeting (ACTM) was held in (b) The Antarctic Treaty must be 1961, will be the venue for the 12th maintained in its entirety. ATCM in 1983. (c) Protection of the unique Antarctic Fourteen nations were represented at environment and of its dependent the Buenos Aires meeting. They were the ecosystems should be a basic con 12 original signatories of the Antarctic sideration. Treaty — Argentina, Australia, (d) The consultative parties, in dealing Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New with the question of mineral Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Soviet resources should not prejudice the Union, United Kingdom, and United interests of all mankind in States — and Poland and West Antarctica. Germany. New Zealand's delegation (e) The provisions of Article IV of the was led by Mr C. D. Beeby, Assistant Antarctic Treaty should not be Secretary of Foreign Affairs. With him affected by the regime. It should were Messrs R. B. Thomson, ensure that the principles em Superintendent, Antarctic Division, bodied in Article IV are safeguard Department of Scientific and Industrial ed in application to the area Research, J. D. L. Richards, head of covered by the Antarctic Treaty. the South Pacific and Antarctic Divi Article IV refers to territorial sion, MFA, and C. R. Keating, First sovereignty in Antarctica and ' Secretary, New Zealand Embassy, previously asserted rights or clai...* . Washington. contracting parties. There is a ban on FIVE PRINCIPLES asserting new claims or enlarging ex isting claims while the present treaty is in Five principles on which the proposed force, and no activities or acts that take regime should be based were detailed in place can constitute a basis for asserting, the 10 recommendations covering supporting or denying a claim to ter- ANTARCTICA December 1981 ritorial sovereignty or create any rights for co-operative arrangements between of sovereignty. the regime and other relevant interna tional organisations. Article I says that Antarctica shall be PREVIOUS CLAIMS used for peaceful purposes only, and Rights or claims are recognised in the prohibits any military measures. Article sixth recommendation. It says that any IV retains the legal status quo in respect agreement that may be reached on a to previously asserted rights or claims, regime for mineral exploration and ex and bans new claims or enlargements of ploitation in Antarctica elaborated by existing claims while the treaty is in the consultative parties should be accep force. Article VI applies the provisions table and be without prejudice to those of the treaty to the area south of 60 deg, States which have previously asserted but does not prejudice or affect the rights or claims to territorial sovereign rights of any State under international ty. This proviso also covers those States law with regard to the high seas in that which neither recognise such rights of or claims to territorial sovereignty nor, under the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty, assert such rights or claims. DEEP SEABED Seven nations have made formal claims to sovereignty in Antarctica. An agreed regime should apply to all They are Argentina, Australia, Chile, mineral resource activities on the An France, New Zealand, Norway, and the tarctic Continent and it adjacent off United Kingdom. The other consultative shore areas but without encroachment parties either do not formally recognise on the deep seabed. The precise limits of any claims or do not make any. the area of application would be deter Any regime, according to the seventh mined in the elaboration of the regime. recommendation, should include means The regime should include provisions to for assessing the possible impact of ensure that the special responsibilities of mineral resource activities on the Antar- the consultative partices in respect of the tic environment in order to provide for environment of the Antarctic Treaty informed decision-making, and to deter area are protected, taking into account mine whether these activities will be ac responsibility which may be exercised in ceptable. There should also be means for the area by other international organisa governing ecological, technological, tions. political, legal, and economic aspects of In its scope the regime should cover such activities in cases where they would exploration (activities relating to be determined as acceptable. These minerals, involving, in general, retention should include, as an important part of of proprietary data and/or non- the regime, the establishment of rules scientific exploratory drilling) and ex relating to the protection of the environ ploitation (commercial development and ment, and the requirement that mineral production). The regime should pro resource activities undertaken within the mote the conduct of research necessary regime should comply with the rules. to make the environmental and resource Procedures for adherence by States management decisions which would be other than the consultative parties either required. through the Antarctic Treaty or other To improve predicitions of the en wise should also be included in the vironmental impacts of activities, regime. They should ensure that an events, and technologies associated with adhering State is bound by the basic pro mineral resource exploration and ex visions of the Antarctic Treaty, in par ploitation if they occur, the represen ticular Articles I, IV and VI, and by the tatives recommended that the contrac relevant recommendations adopted by ting parties should continue, with the the consultative parties. Entities of that assistance of the Scientific Committee State should be eligible to participate in on Antarctic Research, to define pro mineral resource activities under the grammes with certain objectives. These regime. There should also be provisions should be to retrieve and analyse relative

m\ m\ i ■ December 1981 ANTARCTICA information from past observations and (a) In view of the nature of present research programmes, ensure that effec ship operations in the Treaty area, the tive use is made of existing programmes, application of provisions contained in and identify and develop new program existing international conventions for mes that should have priority because of prevention of oil pollution of the sea time needed for results to become provide for the time being an adequate available. and sufficient basis for minimising risks of pollution. NO EXPLOITATION (b) Ship operations, especially those of tankers, always create some risk of In its final recommendation the pollution and this question should meeting proposed that in elaborating the remain under continuing review by the regime at the special consultative consultative parties to ensue the adop meeting the representatives should take tion of the most appropriate preventive account of the recommendation on An tarctic mineral resources adopted at the measures. ninth ACTM. In this governments were (c) Prevention of pollution of Antarc asked "to urge their nationals and other tic waters by oil, and the best remedial States to refrain from all exploration measures if oil spills should occur, and exploitation of mineral resources would be facilitated by future studies in while making progress toward the timely the Antarctic, and by the results of adoption of an agreed regime concern studies and experience available fom ing mineral resource activities. They will elsewhere. thus endeavour to ensure that, pending (d) The setting up of protective walls the timely adoption of agreed solutions around pil storage tanks where practical pertaining to exploration and exploita was appropriate for some areas on a tion of mineral resources no activity voluntary basis. shall be conducted to exploit such resources." After consideration of the first part of the 1979 recommendation the represen Although the agenda for the Burenos tatives agreed that the Scientific Com Aires meeting listed an extensive range mittee on Antarctic Research should be of issues for discussion in addition to encouraged through its appropriate mineral resources, the problems of working groups and groups of specialists agreeing on a regime to cover mineral ex to develop guidelines for a programe of ploration and exploitation dominated baseline measurements of hydrocarbon proceedings. Substantive issues that content in the Antarctic marine were raised, however, included a range ecosystem. Operating techniques and of technical questions (meteorological other pertinent techniques will be con data, telecommunications, oil con sidered at a SCAR logistics symposium tamination etc.) and a series relating to in Leningrad next year. the future operation of the whole Antarctic Treaty system. Oil contamination of the Antarctic marine environment was considered by the meeting, and particularly the second part of the recommendation on the reduction of the risk of contamination, which was agreed to at the 1979 meeting in Washington. There was an exchange of views concerning applicable existing international conventions for prevention of oil pollution of the sea, and remedial measures which might be taken in the event of a major oil spill in Antarctica. The following conclusions were drawn: ANTARCTICA December 1981

Ice team ends voyage in North-west Passage Aided by the best year for ice in the North-west Passage since 1963 the British Transglobe Expedition has made good progress on the last stage of its planned circumnavigation of the world, using the Green wich meridian as a basic route. The leader, Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Charles Burton were reported by the end of September to have reached Alert at the northern tip of Ellesmere Island, which is the starting point for the attempt to cross the Arctic Ocean to Spitsbergen by way of the North Pole next year. Alert (82deg 31min N/62deg 05min From there the course was north again W) is a Canadian military and research to Eureka, another Ellesmere Land station less than 900km from the North weather and research station at 79deg Pole. Fiennes and Burton will winter 59min N/85deg 57min W. By this time there, and Lady Virginia Fiennes will ice had started to form in the final sec remain with them to handle communica tion of the North-West Passage. To tions after the support team has returned avoid being trapped and locked to a floe to Britain. Fiennes called up the expedition's Twin To prepare for the crossing of the Otter aircraft which guided the Arctic Ocean, planned to begin in whaleboat through the confused ice. February next year, fuel has been By early September the expedition was mt transported by air to Alert and Nord, a established at an abandoned weather Danish weather station in north-west camp in Tanquary Fiord (81 deg 25min Greenland at 81 deg 43min N/17deg N/76deg 55min W) on Ellesmere Island, 50min W. The drums of fuel have been 835km from the North Pole. At the flown by a chartered Hercules aircraft beginning of the second week the team from the United States Air Force base at planned to begin the final stage of Thule (76deg 32min N/68deg 50min W), 240km by land to Alert. and the operation was expected to be completed at the end of October. By the middle of August Fiennes and Burton were at Spence Bay, a Distant dagggi: Early Warning Line station on the Boothia Peninsula. From there they took their 5.4m Boston whaler through Bellot Strait into Prince Regent Inlet where they had to wait three days for proper conditions to get from the end of Somerset Island (73deg 30min N/93deg 30min W) into Resolute Bay. On the next stage the route was down Lancaster Sound, east around Devon Island (75deg N/86deg W), west to the weather station in Grise Fiord, then west and north through a passage known as Hell's Gate between Devon Island and Ellesmere Island, into Norwegian Bay. December 1981 ANTARCTIC

TOURISM Ships will make six cruises to Antarctica

More than 900 tourists are expected to visit Antarctica and sub- Antarctic islands by ship this season. The Lindblad Explorer will make two voyages from New Zealand, and the World Discoverer will end one of its four voyages at a New Zealand port. Society Expeditions, of Seattle, has research stations in the Antarctic Penin planned four cruises by the World sula area. Early in February she will Discoverer between November 19 and cruise off Capes Crozier, Bird, and February 18 next year. About 190 Royds. On the voyage north to Bluff passengers will be carried on each trip. from McMurdo Sound she will pass The first will start from Rio de Janeiro Coulman and Possession Islands. One and end at Punta Arenas, Chile. Cruises day will be spent at Cape Adare where 2 and 3 will begin at Punta Arenas, and the tourists will go ashore. Then the the last cruise from the same port will World Discoverer will cruise past the end at Bluff. Balleny Islands to Macquarie Island and the Auckland Islands. The cruise will On the first cruise, beginning on end at Bluff on February 18. November 19 the World Discoverer will When the Lindblad Explorer makes call at the Falkland Islands (Islas her two voyages to Antarctica from New Malvinas) and then visit research sta Zealand she will carry about 90 tourists tions on King George Island in the South on each trip. On the first trip the ship Shetlands, the United States Palmer Sta will leave Bluff on December 13 and tion on Anvers Island, and Faraday, the return on January 5. She will sail again British Antarctic Survey station in the the same day on the second voyage and Argentine Islands. Calls will also be arrive back in Lyttelton on January 29. made at Paradise Harbour, Port Lockroy, and Deception Island before Both voyages will take the tourists the return to Punta Arenas on December first to the Snares and Auckland Islands. 11. Beyong 60deg South the ship will cruise by the Balleny Islands, and then make its Departing from Punta Arenas on the Antarctic landfall off Cape Adare. Visits same day the World Discoverer's second will be made to McMurdo Station and cruise will take tourists first to the Scott Base, and in McMurdo Sound the Falkland Islands, then to South Georgia ship will cruise past Cape Royds and and the South Orkney Islands. After Cape Evans. that the cruise will follow the same route as the first. The ship will cruise in the Passengers on the first voyage will spend Christmas Day at sea off the Ross Beagle Channel on the way back to Punta Ice Shelf. On the way north to Bluff, Arenas where it will arrive on December and also to Lyttelton, the Lindblad Ex 31. plorer will call at Macquarie Island, Between December 31 and January 20 Campbell Island, and Stewart Island. the World Discoverer will cruise in the An Argentine Navy transport will Antarctic under charter to Trans- make three tourist cruises to Antartica oceanica Santiago de Chile. Then it will next month for Antartur Maritime start the final cruise to New Zealand by Cruises. The Bahia Buen Suceso, which way of the Antarctic Peninsula and the was used on similar cruises in the 1977-78 Ross Sea. season, will visit bases and scientific sta Leaving Punta Arenas on January 20 tions on the Antarctic Peninsula and in the World Discoverer will call at the South Shetlands. ANTARCTIC December 1981

ANTARCTIC BOOKSHELF The New Explorers. Women in Antartica By Barbara Land Dodd, Mead and Co., New York, 1981. 224pp, 82 black and white photographs, drawings and map. $US 8.95. On Febraury 20,20, 1935,1935, CarolineCaroline Mik- Mik- McMurdo Station, and then Palmer Sta- kelsen, wife wife of of a a Norwegian Norwegian whaling whaling tion. captain, became became the first thewoman first to step woman to step n*i»<« * a ■ ashore on on the the Antarctic Antarctic mainland, mainland, 114 114 0ther, women were new to Antarctic yearsyears after after the the first first men men had done had so. done By so. By ™hTXn^l™ £S aSS1Sta"tS 1° 1969,iQAo man m„„ujr„,f had set foot , ,u on uthe . moon, other but scientists, they have gone on to onlyinh ' a T3, handful u f°?1 of °n women, thC m°°n' mostly b,l earn degrees and carry out their own tourists,?n,La hH had had °h gazed gazed W°men' upon upon m°S2y even even theresearch the the Antarctic programmes. forbidding Far or from overwhelm finding periphery of of the the southern southern continent. continent. ingj most of these wom|n have relurned It was was not not for for want want of of trying trying that that year after year, and some are now women were excluded. Since the IGY, veterans of five or six field seasons. scientists had flocked to the Antarctic. WomenWn^nttn,",0?6! scientists had l° lheapplied Antarctic- to go, but Their scientific undertakings are as betweenh!SZZ K them h*d*™hed and their l.° goal g0t' sat but the valid as the opportunities for research tradition-bound2S o!h h g°aI bureaucracy S? £C afforded of the by such a vast and unique land. UnitedKSSi tT States nburea,£racy NavyNavy, the the ofarbiter arbiter the of ofWomen behaviour tJoIogists 0f penguins, have tracked, stu^ied and the logistic support for most scientific work. ^^^^^JSSJ^^^1In 1969, the Navy relented, recorded and, in little the calls of seals and killer more^rh^^ than V a S decade, • ,inilttle women havewhales- ana'ysed the unic*ue becomeZJL} J5 active, h ' and WOmen commonplace, Ve biochemistry par of fjsh that survive in sub- ticipants£S and in commonplace Antarctic research par- and zero sta wa[en/ and'even discovered a, dontion life. life AntarctlC research and sta" that grow inside rocks. From extensive interviews, Barbara Eileen McSaveney was one of the first Land has written an entertaining ac- ac women to work with the United States count of these these "New "New Explorers" Explorers", Antarctic research programme during primarily scientists — the backgrounds'backgrounds 'he 1969-70 season. Then a graduate stu- which led themthem toto polarpolar research,research, their their denl '" geology she was a member of a scientific projects,projects, and and their their experiences experiences leam of women from Ohio State Umver- in the the Antarctic. Antarctic. 5/'0' *£« by Dr Lois Jones, which worked . u c . r i n . t h e W r i g h t V a l l e y f o r 1 0 w e e k s . Among the first groups of women to travel south were scientists who had Women geologists have roamed the already earned solid credentials in An tarctic research, working on projects for dry valleys, sampling the unusual chemistry of their rocks, soil and waters, years without hope of reaching the con collected and analysed fossil pollen to tinent. Dr. Lois Jones had completed a determine the beginning of Antarctica's doctoral dissertation on the isolation from the other continents, col geochemistry of the dry valleys of lected meteorites, mapped the geology Southern Victoria Land, using samples of remote nunataks and mountain brought back by male colleagues. Dr massifs, and sampled material from Mary Alice McWhinnie, an authority on . within the crater of an all-too-active Mt krill, tiny, shrimp-like creatures that are Erebus. Women have carried out pro vital link in the Antarctic food chain, had sailed Antarctic waters aboard the jects in radiation physics, medical epedemiology, atmospheric physics, research ship Eltanin for ten years electrical engineering and psychology. before being allowed to work from a land base, as station scientific leader at The women who have ventured south

■ *> December 1981 ANTARCTIC

into a previously all-male domain have and science writing are evident — the encountered few difficulties. Their most descriptions of scientific projects are common problems have been those clear and accurate, and she manages a familiar to all who have worked in polar balanced blend of information and anec regions — the frustrations of fickle dote. Her book neither contains, nor has weather, clumsy protective clothing, and need of, feminist polemics; the spirit of equipment malfunctions in a place adventure of the women she has inter where the nearest spare parts may be viewed should serve to inspire a new thousands of kilometres away. generation of women. Barbara Land's book is written in a simple and readable style, for a younger EILEEN R. McSAVENEY audience. Her experience in journalism Christchurch, New Zealand

OBITUARIES Morton Moyes served twice with Mawson Captain Morton Henry Moyes, O.B.E., one of the last two sur vivors of Sir Douglas Mawson's Australasian Antarctic Expedition (AAE) of 1911-14, died in Sydney on September 20 at the age of 95. He took part in three Antarctic expeditions between 1911 and 1930, and was the last survivor of the eight men of the AAE Western Party led by Frank Wild who spent a year and a day at a base on the Shackleton Ice Shelf off Queen Mary Land. Only one member of the AAE now Moyes remained at the hut to continue survives. He is a New Zealander, Mr meteorological observations. Wild Eric Webb, now living in England, who agreed that C. T. Harrison should was 92 last month. Webb was the exped accompany the party to the depot 103km ition's chief magnetician, and was a out, which Moyes had helped to lay, and member of the main party based at Cape then return alone. But the sledge left to Denison. In .977 he and Moyes, who make the depot had been carried away were 2200km apart during the expedi by the wind. Wild then decided to take tion, met again in Sydney. Harrison on with the party because he Born in South Australia, Moyes was could not afford to hand back the extra educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide, sledge Harrison had brought for the and the University of Adelaide where he return journey. gained a degree in mining engineering. He began his career as a science teacher ALONE IN HUT at St Peter's College, and then transfer As a result Moyes lived alone in the red to Rockhampton, Queensland. hut for nine weeks, keeping up the From Queensland Moyes was recruited routine meteorological readings. After a by his geology lecturer, Mawson, as a meteorologist with the AAE. He spent /

SfflWi? fc^!**SJc*L ANTARCTIC December 1981 month he packed a sledge with food for returned to his naval duties. In 1929 he Harrison, himself, and the dogs, and went south a second time with Mawson. made a six days' journey in search of his He was seconded at Mawson's request to comrade. When the eastern party return the British, Australian, New Zealand ed on January 6, 1913, and he saw four Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZRE) men instead of three he stood on his and served as cartographer on the head in the snow for sheer joy. Discovery's first voyage in 1929-30. It Moyes returned to Australia in 1913 was the third time he had sailed south and became a navigation instructor at with John King Davis, who was ship's the Royal Australian Naval College. In captain and second-in-command of the 1916 he went south again in the Aurora expedition. with the relief expedition to rescue the In 1946 Moyes retired from the Royal seven survivors of Shackleton's Ross Sea Australian Navy after 32 years' service. Party of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic He was the first RAN officer to become Expedition, who were marooned on an instructor captain, and was the first Ross Island. Director of Education in the service. As it was not known whether a search From 1946 to 1951 he was Common party would be required, Captain John wealth Chief Rehabilitation Officer, King Davis, commander of the expedi directing a rehabilitation scheme for tion, asked the Royal Australian Navy former servicemen and servicewomen. to second Moyes as navigator for any On his retirement Moyes could look sledge journeys that might have to be back on a notable career in the early made. Moyes was in Port Chalmers days of Antarctic exploration — one of selecting material that might be needed only nine men to have served in three or when Shackleton arrived, and he shared more expeditions of that period, and a cabin with him during the voyage. among the few who had been ashore on On the way south Moyes shared in the Ross Island, Adelie Land, Queen Mary navigation duties aboard the Aurora. Land, and Enderby Land. He was When the ship steamed into McMurdo awarded the Polar Medal in silver for his Sound Shackleton, Moyes, and the New service with the'AAE, in bronze for the Zealand ship's surgeon, Dr F. G. Mid- Ross Sea Party relief expedition, and a dleton, went ashore at Cape Royds bar for his cartographic work on the first where there seemed to be no sign of life. BANZARE voyage. In Shackleton's hut they found a note For many years Moyes subscribed to which said that Ross Sea Party was at "Antarctic" as a result of his friendship Cape Evans, 12.8km to the south. with the first editor, L. B. Quartermain. In 1977 the New Zealand Antarctic MEN SIGHTED Society invited him to attend the open Six men with a dog team and sledge ing of the Canterbury Museum's new were sighted on the sea ice as the Aurora wing by the Duke of Edinburgh. He was approached Cape Evans. Shackleton, not able to attend but sent a gift for the Moyes, and Dr Middleton, were quickly Antarctic centre — a book of nautical over the side and hastened across the tables used in the navigation of the ships soft snow covering the sea ice to meet of four Antarctic expeditions which he the six men moving towards them. They had kept for more than 60 years. were Professor A. O. Stevens, E. Joyce, Captain Davis was the original owner H. E. Wild, J. L. Cope, R. W. Richards, of the book which he used when he was and I. O. Gaze. The seventh survivor, A. chief officer in the Nimrod on Shackle K. Jack, had remained at the hut to ton's 1908-09 expedition, and in the complete some tide gauge observations. Aurora with Mawson's first expedition. Later Gaze and Stevens, accompanied On the Ross Sea Party relief expedition by Moyes and A. H. Ninnis, the ship's Moyes had to take sights daily because purser, set off to bring him back to the his nautical tables included information Aurora. from 60deg North to 60deg South only. After the survivors were brought back The captain's gift released Moyes from to Wellington early in 1917 Moyes an onerous task, and he used the book again in the Discovery on his BANZARE covered point fronting on the Shackle voyage. ton Ice Shelf, Moyes Islands, a group of In recognition of the part Moyes small islands at 67 deg Olmin S/143deg played in the mapping and exploration 51min E, also discovered by the AAE, of what is now claimed as Australian and Moyes Peak (67deg 45min S/61deg Antarctic territory Mawson named three 13min E), a small rock peak 19.3km features for him. They are Cape Moyes south-west of Falla Bluff, discovered by (66deg 35min S/96deg 25min E), an ice- the BANZARE in 1931. Quin Blackburn led first ascent of Scott Glacier One of three men who made the first ascent of the Scott Glacier by dog team 47 years ago died in the United States early this year. Quin A. Blackburn was leader of the geological party of the second Byrd expedition (1933-35) which took its dog teams within 333km of the South Pole. Blackburn was also a veteran of discovered fossils of plant leaves and Byrd's first expedition (1928-30) in stems, and even fossilised tree trunks up which he served as a topographer and to 45cm in diameter. Blackburn counted dog driver. Another veteran of the ex 15 seams of coal in the sides of the pedition, the Welsh-born physicist, Dr mountain. Frank T. Davies, also died this year. On the descent of the Scott Glacier at There are now only seven survivors of 86deg S and an altitude of 1524m the the shore party, and eight who served in party found patches of lichens clinging the expedition's two ships. to the northern faces of the rock — the Byrd's geological party made the farthest south life had ever been found longest journey of the second expedition 47 years ago. Safely off the glacier the — 2269km across the Ross Ice Shelf to party then travelled across the Ross Ice the Queen Maud Mountains, up and Shelf to Little America in record time — down the Scott Glacier, and back to Lit 848km in 16 sledging days. tle America. Blackburn and his compa Paine and Russell, who did the bulk nions, Stuart L. Paine and Richard S. of the dog driving to leave Blackburn Russell, jnr., were in the field for nearly free for his geological work, used the three months. wind at their backs to help the dog In December, 1934, the three men teams. They made sails out of a torn made the ascent of the 192km long Scott tent, and bent them to ski poles, using Glacier, then known as the Thorne bamboo trail stakes as booms. Glacier. The journey to the rim of the Blackburn, who came from the State Polar Plateau took them 10 days. Then of Washington, spent 35 years in they climbed Mt Weaver (2780m) at the government service with the Bureau of head fo the Scott Glacier and only Land Management, Department of the 333km from the Pole. Interior. He retired to Boise, Idaho, As its target Blackburn's party had a where he died. His name was given to a geological and paleontological recon massive, flat-topped mountain (3275m) naissance of the unexplored easterly at 86deg 17min S/147deg 16min W, and reaches of the Queen Maud Mountains. just east of the Scott Glacier, which he It discovered and mapped several hun discovered. dred new mountains, and made fossil Frank Davies, known to everyone at finds of prime importance at that time. the first Little America, as "Taffy," was In moraines and gulleys around Mt one of the best-liked men in Byrd's first Weaver at 86deg 58min S/153deg 50min expedition, and in the Antarctic he was W, and on the summit itself the party also one of the busiest. With the help of HPT^-WTW^, y&t$£7

ANTARCTIC December 1981

an assistant, Arnold H. Clark, he made cooling power of air under varying magnetic amd auroral observations right temperatures and wind velocities. through the winter of 1929 from May, After he returned to the United States and continued them until February the "Taffy" Davies had a distinguished next year. scientific career in Canada. His In addition to these duties "Taffy" geophysical research took him several Davies studied glaciological conditions times to the Arctic where he did exten with the second-in-command, Dr sive field work. He made his home in Laurence M. Gould. He also worked Ottawa where he died in September this with Dr Francis D. Coman to record the year. Argentine air service over part of Antarctica Argentina's national airline, its long-range Boeing 747-200B and a Aerolineas Argentinas, has established a newly acquired Boeing 747SP. One regular air route to New Zealand over flight coincided with a visit to Auckland part of Antarctica and the Southern by President Jorges Videla on his way Ocean. The first scheduled flight of a home from South-East Asia. monthly service was made to Auckland Because of a fuel shortage at on September 5-6. Auckland the Boeing 747SP had to Eight years ago a feasibility study of a make the second flight by way of route from Argentina to Europe, Melbourne to Buenos Aires. The Australia, and New Zealand, over the 11,700km flight took 12hrs 45min, and South Pole was made by an Argentine the aircraft flew over the Antarctic Air Force Hercules. The aircraft flew coastline for two hours. from Buenos Aires to Canberra and Aerolineas Argentinas operates its back, crossing Antarctica and refuelling new service with a Boeing 747-200B con at Christchurch and the Air-Force base, figures to carry 32 first-class and 310 Vice-comodoro Marambio, on Seymour economy-class passengers. The flight Island off the Weddell Sea coast of the takes about 12hrs and the direct mileage Antarctica Peninsula. distance between the two cities is Two more flights over the same route 10,370km. were made by Hercules aircraft in Although travel firms refer to the December, 1974. Three years later the trans-polar service, the aircraft does not question of an Argengine air link with fly over the South Pole. Publicity maps New Zealand was raised. Aerolineas show a route over Antarctica which Argentinas proposed a weekly service follows the Antarctic Peninsula and then from Buenos Aires to Christchurch by crosses Ellsworth and Marie Byrd way of Vice-comodoro Marambio in the Lands. summer, and direct in winter from Rio Gallegos in the south of Argentine Patagonia. Antarctic Treaty Since then there have been protracted Three nations — Italy, Papua New negotiations between Argentina and Guinea, and Peru, signed the Antarctic New Zealand on the terms of a bilateral Treaty this year. There are now 11 aviation agreement. Monthly charter acceding parties, and 14 consultative flights began in April this year, followed parties, bringing the full membership to by the first scheduled flight in 25, not 26 as reported in "Antarctica," September. This month and in January September, 1981. two flights will be made to meet traffic South Korea was listed as an acceding demands. parly. Several years ago it indicated its Last year Aerolineas Argentinas made wish to become an acceding party but two proving flights over the route, using did not pursue the mailer.

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is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December. It is the only periodical in the world which gives regular up-to-date news of the Antarctic activities of all the nations at work in the far south. It has a worldwide circulation. Yearly subscription NZ$7.00, Overseas NZ$8.00, includes postage (air mail postage extra), single copies $2.00. Details of back issues available, may be obtained from the Secretary, New Zealand Antarctic Society (Inc.), P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch, New Zealand. Back issues more than five years old are available on request. Overseas subscribers are asked to ensure that their remittances are converted to New Zealand currency.

NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC.) The New Zealand Antarctic Society was formed in 1933. It comprises New Zealanders and overseas friends, many of whom have seen Antarctica for themselves, and all of whom are vitally interested in some phase of Antarctic exploration, development, or research. You are invited to become a member, South Island residents should write to the Canterbury secretary, North Islanders should write to the Wellington secretary, and overseas residents to the secretary of the New Zealand Society. For addresses, see below. The yearly membership fee is NZ$5.00 (or equivalent local currency). Membership fee, overseas and local, including "Antarctic", NZ$11.00.

New Zealand Secretary: P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch

Branch Secretaries: Canterbury: P.O. Box 404, Christchurch. Wellington: P.O. Box 2110, Wellington.

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