The First Public Transport in Vilnius
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TRANSPORT ISSN 1648-4142 / eISSN 1648-3480 2017 Volume 32(1): 94–100 doi:10.3846/16484142.2016.1167124 REVIEW PAPER REVIEW KONKĖ: THE FIRST PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN VILNIUS Jurgis Vanagas Dept of Urban Design, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania Submitted 26 December 2015; accepted 14 February 2016 first published online 12 April 2016 Abstract. The first public rail transport in the world started functioning in 1820. Like everywhere at that time, horse- drawn coaches heaved on tracks were the most popular. The first horse-drawn tram started carrying passengers in the industrial region of Wales, England. Starting from 1893, three the so called konkė lines of such a tram started operating in Vilnius. Although the ticket was expensive to the city residents of those days, however, they intensively used this kind of transport: in 1909, 2.6 million passengers were transported. Although attempts to replace horse drawn-vehicles by internal combustion engines after the First World War were made, this form of transport was found to be irrational and soon gave the way to buses. Initiative for the trams equipped with electric motors was shortly defeated in Vilnius: lack of funds was felt, and confusion in the administration of the city was predominating. For the period 1915–1920, the local government changed very frequently. In 1926, konkė tracks were dismantled. Its remains still can be seen at the enclosures of the embankment of the Vilnia (Vilnios upė) confluence. The coaches were sold for suburban residents that erected small cattle-sheds for domestic animals. Keywords: horse-drawn tram; konkė; public transport; bus. Introduction Public transport in Vilnius has counted for more than a hundred years. Under conditions of a free market economy, the forms In the light of inevitable changes, it is worth open- of residential construction have dramatically changed: ing the first pages of its history. instead of creating large residential districts of the blocks of flats predominant in the post-war decades in Vilnius as well as in other towns of Lithuania, the pace of low- 1. Analytical Part rise housing with gardens has substantially increased. The researchers of urban passenger transport make links The urban area has spread to outskirts, and the network to the early origins of its first forms that covered long of streets has expanded. existed transportation of industrial goods and regularly Compared to the Soviet times, a relative number of running omnibusses1. A stagecoach is supposed to be cars have substantially risen. Consequently, traffic inten- the earliest type of transport that carried passengers on sity exceeds their conductivity without the possibility of a regular basis rather than followed non-charter (i.e. increasing it in the major part of the streets of the city. booked) routes. Stagecoaches were not rented. At the The pace of transport service is decreasing (Burinskienė beginning of the 19th century, the coaches drawn by et al. 2011). horses (Fig. 1) were hoisted on iron or steel tracks and For more than a decade, discussions on how to called trams2. This greatly facilitated the efforts of trac- radically improve the public transport system have been held. The proposed scale of suggestions is very wide – from improvements in the qualitative indexes of the 1 Omnibus (omnibus the Latin for ῾for all’) refers to a multi- seater passenger-carrying horse-drawn vehicle. available transport – shortening journey times, increas- 2 ing passenger comfort and attempts at making it more A tram (also known as tramcar; in North America known as streetcar, trolley or trolley car), is a coach that runs on tracks attractive to fundamental reforms, including building along public urban streets. In the 4th decade of the 19th cen- the lines of above ground (trams) and underground tury, the tram was drawn by horses. Later, electric traction (subway) transport. started to be used. Electric current used to reach the motor through a stripper sliding along the wires over the coach. Corresponding author: Jurgis Vanagas E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2016 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press http://www.tandfonline.com/TRAN Transport, 2017, 32(1): 94–100 95 tion compared with rolling on the pavement of round stones3. From about 1852, the tracks of horse-drawn trams were replaced by flange rails rolling on which rub- ber wheels made coaches non-ear-splitting, silent, easy to use in any weather and under traffic control when the rule of the right (or left) side of the street carriageway was spontaneously followed: the wheels of coaches used REVIEW PAPER REVIEW to roll steadily from their intended route. The first horse-drawn crews on tracks started boarding passengers between Oystermouth, Mumbles and Swansea Docks in Wales, UK in 1807 (Fig. 2). On 26 November 1832, the first horse-drawn trams in Harlem, New York, United States started running. Fig. 1. The first horse-drawn coach (1872) John G. Stephenson from New Rochelle was an Ameri- (source: Wikipedia 2015c) can coachbuilder who invented and patented coaches that were produced in his own manufactory and adjust- ed to the traction of horses or mules. Horse-drawn trams soon became popular. In the 9th decade of the 19th century, the cities of the US counted 415 tram companies. Tram lines made more than 6 thousand miles, and 188 million passengers were carried out annually. Horse-drawn trams in the Bleecker Street Line, NY, US were functioning up to 1917, and in Pittsburgh – up to 1923. The last mule-drawn line in Mexico City was dismantled only in 1932, whereas in the Mexican city Celaya, it was functioning even up to 1954. In 1892, Toronto in Canada was the first city in the New World where horse-drawn passenger coaches were Fig. 2. Horse-drawn tram in Manchester (1877) replaced by electric trams. (source: Wikipedia 2015b) The first horse-drawn trams in Europe started run- ning between Czech city České Budějovice and Austrian Linz in 1828. At the moment, horse-drawn trams are functioning as a pleasure ride in a number of city parks worldwide and Disneylands within tourist seasons. 2. The First Public Transport in Vilnius How did Tramvaju street (Tramvajų g.) in Antakalnis district, Vilnius appear if the city has never had the tram, at least the one we can imagine today? However, it appears that the street is a relic of the horse-drawn tram (konkė), heritage from the past that has not left the trace. The old Vilnius plans of the tsa- Fig. 3. The konkė coach at the beginning of the Georgijevsky prospect (now Gedimino pr.) rist area called this short lane ‘an iron street of horses’ (source: Inna Wileńszczyzna jest… 2014) (конно-железная городская дорога), because, with ref- erence to one source, at the end of it on the other side of the present V. Grybo street (V. Grybo g.), and according waiting for the electric tram. Yet in 1823, horse-drawn to the other – between Smelio (Smėlio g.) and V. Grybo omnibuses were running in the bumpy streets of Paris streets, a land plot where the large stables of the so- (Fig. 4) thus carrying up to 50 passengers (Wikipedia called konkė and coach stands were built stretched. This 2015a). is the place from which passenger coaches were driven The first horse-drawn tram line started function- into the present Antakalnio street (Antakalinio g.) and ing in New York, Harlem on 14 November 1832. On other konkė routes. this day, such coaches carrying respectable passengers, The horse-drawn tram was functioning in Vilnius including the Mayor of New York and the members of for 22 years (Fig. 3). Unfortunately, the city has still been municipality went to the opening route. The new type of urban transport took its roots: following 50 years from opening the first line of it coaches were running in 525 3 The Polish language vividly defines such pavement ‘cat’s fore- US cities and towns (even in Fort Mide, the smallest of head’ (‘kocie łby’). those having only 105 inhabitants). 96 J. Vanagas. Konkė: the first public transport in Vilnius REVIEW PAPER REVIEW Fig. 4. A horse-drawn tram in Paris Fig. 5. The konkė at the Cathedral Square (source: Wikipédia 2016) (source: Inna Wileńszczyzna jest… 2014) In 1854, a horse-drawn railway was opened in On 16 May 1891, the Vilnius City Duma approved Paris, and in 1856 – it was established in Berlin and this document, and its chairman secret adviser N. Rub- Hamburg. In the 9th decade of the 19th century, similar cov handed it to sign to contractor A. Gorchakov. public transport was available in 18 thousand cities of Tram routes had to operate from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. the US (Wikipedia 2015b). It was provided that the coaches would move 12 versts4 The first horse-drawn railway in Russia was found- at a speed of 13 km per hour. Due to a low width of the ed in Nevsky Prospect (Невский проспект), St. Peters- street, the route from the Green Bridge to the railway burg, in August 1863. 30 years later, on 15 June 1893, a station was decided to be targeted along Gendarme side- similar railway was set up in Vilnius. street (present Jogailos street) and Pylimo street. Only Six years past from proposing an idea to putting it seven years later after the initial proposal, the first konkė into practice: yet at the beginning of 1887, state advisor line the Green Bridge – Railway Station was completed. engineer A. Gorchakov appealed to the City Duma (Mu- A. Gorchakov made a few changes in the contract – nicipal Council) and suggested building the first konkė mainly found the need to change the intended width of line.