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UER Tourisme UER Tourisme UER Tourisme UER TOURISME Analyse historique du régime institutionnel du secteur aérien en Belgique (1899-2010) Working Paper N° 2 - 2011 François Lohest & David Aubin UER TOURISME Analyse historique du régime institutionnel du secteur aérien en Belgique (1899-2010) Working Paper N° 2 - 2011 François Lohest & David Aubin François Lohest et David Aubin Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) Institut de Sciences Politiques Louvain-Europe (ISPOLE) Centre Montesquieu d’études de l’action publique (CMAP) 1 boite 7 Place Montesquieu 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgique Tél : 00 32 10 47 42 16 Fax : 00 32 10 47 46 03 Email : [email protected]; [email protected] Web : http://www.uclouvain.be/centre-montesquieu.html 5 Table des Matières Table des Matières ................................................................................................................................ 5 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. Cadre conceptuel ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Structure du rapport .................................................................................................................. 20 2. Description diachronique de l’évolution du réseau aérien belge ......................................... 21 2.1. Description des éléments constitutifs du réseau ...................................................................... 21 2.1.1. Les éléments constitutifs de l’infrastructure ....................................................................... 22 2.1.2. Les éléments constitutifs de l’infostructure ........................................................................ 29 2.2. Evolution d’ensemble du réseau et modes de financement ..................................................... 32 2.2.1. Evolution d’ensemble du réseau ........................................................................................ 32 2.2.1.1. Les phases de développement des aérodromes/aéroports ........................................ 32 2.2.1.2. Evolution des lignes aériennes au départ de Belgique ............................................... 35 2.2.2. Evolution des modes de financement ................................................................................ 37 2.3. Principales rivalités d’usage potentielles .................................................................................. 40 3. Analyse diachronique du régime institutionnel régulant le secteur aérien en Belgique ... 43 3.1. Phase 1 (1899-1919) : la phase pré-aéronautique. Absence d’aviation commerciale. ........... 43 3.2. Phase 2 (1919-1944) : Les débuts de l’aéronautique en Belgique. La Convention de Paris (1919) et les premières réglementations aériennes nationales. Création de la Sabena (1923). .................................................................................................................................. 45 3.2.1. Composants internationaux du régime .............................................................................. 45 3.2.1.1. La Convention de Paris de 1919 (droit international public) ....................................... 45 3.2.1.2. La fondation de l’International Air Traffic Association (IATA) ...................................... 46 3.2.1.3. La Convention de Varsovie de 1929 (droit international privé) ................................... 47 3.2.2. Composants nationaux du régime ..................................................................................... 48 3.2.3. Analyse en termes de régulation par les droits de propriété, de disposition et d’usages.. 50 3.2.4. Analyse en termes de régulation par les politiques publiques ........................................... 51 3.2.5. Impacts sur les 8 fonctions de régulation .......................................................................... 53 3.2.6. Analyse en termes d’impacts sur la configuration des acteurs .......................................... 54 3.2.7. Commentaire de la phase 2 ............................................................................................... 55 3.3. Phase 3 (1944-1960) : Le régime de Chicago, la création de la Régie des voies aériennes et le début du monopole de la Sabena. ................................................................................... 56 3.3.1. Composants internationaux du régime .............................................................................. 56 3.3.1.1. La Convention de Chicago (7 décembre 1944) .......................................................... 56 3.3.1.2. Transformation de l’IATA ............................................................................................. 57 3.3.2. Composants nationaux du régime ..................................................................................... 58 3.3.3. Analyse en termes de régulation par les droits de propriété, de disposition et d’usages.. 59 3.3.4. Analyse en termes de régulation par les politiques publiques ........................................... 60 3.3.5. Impacts sur les 8 fonctions de régulation .......................................................................... 62 3.3.6. Analyse en termes d’impacts sur la configuration des acteurs .......................................... 64 3.3.7. Commentaire de la phase 3 ............................................................................................... 64 3.4. Phase 4 (1960-1989) : Développement et croissance du secteur et première initiatives européennes ........................................................................................................................ 66 3.4.1. Composants internationaux du régime .............................................................................. 66 3.4.2. Composants européens du régime .................................................................................... 67 3.4.2.1. La Commission (aujourd’hui Conférence) européenne de l’aviation civile (CEAC) .... 67 3.4.2.2. Eurocontrol – Organisation européenne pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne .. 68 3.4.3. Composants nationaux du régime ..................................................................................... 69 3.4.4. Analyse en termes de régulation par les droits de propriété, de disposition et d’usages.. 71 3.4.5. Analyse en termes de régulation par les politiques publiques ........................................... 72 3.4.6. Impacts sur les 8 fonctions de régulation .......................................................................... 75 3.4.7. Analyse en termes d’impacts sur la configuration des acteurs (APA) ............................... 77 3.5. Phase 5 (1989-2004) : Régionalisation de la compétence aéroportuaire (infrastructure) et libéralisation européenne. Réforme de la RVA. Faillite de la Sabena. ................................ 78 3.5.1. Composants internationaux du régime .............................................................................. 78 3.5.2. Composants européens du régime : le « troisième paquet » libéralisation (1992) ........... 80 3.5.3. Composants nationaux du régime ..................................................................................... 85 6 3.5.4. Analyse en termes de régulation par les droits de propriété, de disposition et d’usages.. 89 3.5.5. Analyse en termes de régulation par les politiques publiques ........................................... 90 3.5.6. Impacts sur les 8 fonctions de régulation .......................................................................... 93 3.5.7. Analyse en termes d’impacts sur la configuration des acteurs (APA) ............................... 96 3.6. Phase 6 (2004-…) : Le projet de Ciel unique européen (infostructure) et la privatisation de BIAC ..................................................................................................................................... 98 3.6.1. Composants européens du régime .................................................................................... 98 3.6.1.1. Le paquet Ciel unique de 2004 ................................................................................... 98 3.6.1.2. Accord « Ciel ouvert » avec les Etats-Unis (2007) .................................................... 100 3.6.1.3. Règlement (CE) 216/2008 du 20 février 2008 .......................................................... 102 3.6.1.4. Règlement (CE) 1008/2008 du 24 septembre 2008 ................................................. 103 3.6.2. Composants nationaux du régime ................................................................................... 104 3.6.3. Analyse en termes de régulation par les droits de propriété, de disposition et d’usages 105 3.6.4. Analyse en termes de régulation par les politiques publiques ......................................... 105 3.6.5. Impacts sur les 8 fonctions de régulation ........................................................................ 107 3.6.6. Analyse en termes d’impacts sur la configuration des acteurs (APA) ............................. 108 4. Analyse ..................................................................................................................................... 109 4.1. Evolution du couple acteurs-fonctions (avant/après libéralisation) ........................................ 109 4.2. Evolution de l’étendue et de la cohérence du régime ...........................................................
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