Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 299

Index

Abbas, Maulavi Abul, 71 U.S. support for, 6, 31 Abdullah, Crown Prince, 130 Afghan self-determination Abdullah Abdullah, 69, 111, 169, lack of, 12, 23, 25, 50 172, 178–179, 190 Tomsen’s support for, 37, 50, 54 Abkhor massacre, 229 Afghan Trade Development, 65 Abramowitz, Morton, 22 Afshar campaign, 53, 53n Abu Bara al Yemeni, 207 Ahmad, Mufti Rashid, 238n Abu Jandal (Nasir Abdallah al-Bahri), Ahmed, Mahmoud, 185, 198–200 86n, 98n, 143, 143n, 209 Aidi, Farah, 96n Abu Jindal training camp, 144 aid programs. See humanitarian aid academic recommendations on U.S. Air India plane, hijacking of, 192, policy, 173 242 Achakzai, Mansur, 66 Akhund, Abdul Jalil, 152, 159, 200 Afghan civil war Akhund, Mohammad Hassan, impact of aid cuts on, 57–60 191n, 237 regional players in, 51–52, 59, Akhund, Obaidullah, 188 71–73, 83, 103, 116 Akram Zaki, Muhamed, 105n start of, 49 Aktar, Saifullah, 185 Afghan Communist Party, 24 al Badr complex, 83, 128, 144 Afghan culture al Bashir, Omar Hassan Ahmed, destruction of, 235–236 84, 88 role of war in, 58, 102, 182 Albright, Madeleine, 5, 50, 108 Afghan government-in-exile, 27 as advocate of women’s rights, Afghan interim government, 26–27, 119, 119n, 125 34, 52–53, 58 al Shifa plant attack, 144 composition of, 27–28 declaration of war against bin fatal blow to, 33–34 Laden, 143, 161 formation of, 12 disconnect between Inderfurth fragmentation of power during, 61 and, 162–163 Jalalabad siege, 28–29 lack of focus on Asia, 165 security vacuum during, 62–64 on Massoud, 221 shura (council), 27, 31 Mazar massacre, 149 Taliban threat to, 69–71 reflections on policy decisions, U.S. policy on, 37 259–260, 260n Afghanistan Justice Project, 222 Russian bombing threat, 200 Afghan nationalism, 50, 94 sanctions against Taliban, 161n Afghan National Liberation Front, six-plus-two forum, 123n 21n Taliban war crimes, 229 Afghan resistance. See also Fadl, Jamal al, 11, 88 mujahideen al-Farouk camp, 10, 209, 248 disunity of, 12–17 al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya, 86, 122n military aid to, U.S. terms on, 24 Ali, Abdul, 225 U.S. aid to, 19–21 Ali, Said, 227 U.S. ambassador to, 30–31 al-Jihad (magazine), 14 U.S. special envoy to, 26–30 al Ma-asada (the Lion’s Den), 15

299 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 300

300 Index

al Makki, Jihad Mohammad Ali, 133 joining Taliban, 98, 120–121, Alony,Taysir, 239 121n, 127, 132–133, 186, al Qaeda. See also bin Laden, Osama 189–191, 203, 205n, 205–206, committees, 11, 110 215–219, 241–244 communications systems, 211 Arab-Israeli conflict, bin Laden’s decentralized power structure, views on, 15, 129 212 Arabization, 121, 233–253, 257, failed attacks by, 191, 196, 206, 262 211–212 Arab lunar calendar, 233 formation of, 11 Arab migration to Afghanistan, frontline troop numbers, 205 234–235, 242 funding, 133n, 205, 211 Arafat, Yasir, 215 Iran as conduit for, 199, 205n, Ariana (airline), 89, 187 205–206 Arif, Mohamed, 247 listed as terrorist organization, Armacost, Michael, 23 176, 187 Army of Liberation of the Islamic in Sudan, 16, 84–86 Holy Lands, 134 training camps, 16, 83, 91, 144, Arnett, Peter, 82, 97 200–202, 205, 208–209, 243n, Asiaweek, 155 243–244, 248 Atef, Muhammed (Abu Hafs), 110, U.S. plans for destruction of, 207–208, 250 245–246 Atta, Muhammad, 208–209, 248 U.S. underestimation of, 88, 255 Atwan, Adelbari, 96 al Qaeda operatives Atwood, Brian, 55, 57 appearance of, 11, 209 Atyani, Baker, 250–251 recruitment, 206–209, 243–244, Ayub, Arif, 202 250, 257 Ayub Khan, Gohar, 105, 105n, 108, training of, 208–209, 209n, 248 124, 184, 187 travel arrangements for, 208, Azar, Masood, 243 248 Azerbaijan, 85 Al Quds al Arabi, 122 Azhar, Maulana Muhammad al Shehhi, Marwan, 208–209 Masood, 192, 242 al Shifa pharmaceutical plant, Aziz, Sartaj, 184, 184n 143–148, 167, 167n Aziz, Sultan, 108n Alwaer, Rachid Bourawi, 252–253 Azzam, Abdullah, 11, 14, 83 Amin, Hafizullah, 41 Amin, Haron, 169 Babar, Naseerullah, 65, 94, 150 Amin, Rasul, 233, 233n link with Malik, 108n Amnesty International (AI), 149n on Taliban, 67, 67n, 95 Anderson, Frank, 12 Badakhshan, 221, 252 Andropov, Yuri, 21–22 Badawi, Jamal al, 213 Annan, Kofi, 109, 115, 150, 153, 191, Baghlan province, 215 229, 232 Bagram Air Base, 94, 103, 107, anti-American demonstrations, 179–180 144–145 Bahri, Nasir Abdallah al- (Abu Arab fighters Jandal), 86n, 98n, 143, 143n, bin Laden’s recruitment of, 209 134–135 Baker, James, 19, 33, 37, 55, 257

300 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 301

Index 301

Balkans, U.S. policy on, 5, 119 fortune, 92, 133n, 205 Bamiyan goal of installing Muslim govern- Buddha statues in, 150, 238–241, ments, 11, 16 246 as guest of Afghanistan, 124, 146, massacres in, 224, 226–229 148, 159–160, 249 Taliban capture of, 159, 177, 180, impact of, 16 182, 189 manipulation of Omar by, 239, Bangi, 217 242–244 Banshiri, Abu Ubaidah al, 11, 110 media campaign, 15–16, 90–91, Bara, Abu, 211 96, 98n, 129, 153, 157–158, Bashar, Haji, 63 204, 206, 250–251 Basra, Riaz, 185 meeting with Atyani, 250–251 bayat (loyalty oath), 10–11, 134, military preparations, 85–86, 209–210, 248 122, 128 BBC, 154 opinion of Taliban military style, Bearak, Barry, 180 188–189 Bearden, Milton, 10, 12, 26 personality changes, 35 beards, 77, 131, 138 political aims, 15, 121–122, Beg, Aslam, 48–49 128–129 Beit ul-Ansar (House of the political leadership, 3, 84–85 Supporters), 14 relations with Omar, 129, Benjamin, Dan, 88 152–153, 159–161, 204 Bergen, Peter, 82, 192 relations with Taliban, 93, 96, Berger, Sandy, 88, 146n, 167n, 184, 110, 120–121, 130, 159 186, 213, 244 reports of illness, 157 Berlin Wall, fall of, 10, 64 resources, 14–15, 86 Betts, Richard, 255n response to Mazar executions, Bhutto, Benazir, 26, 28, 62, 65, 83, 95 109–114 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 20 return to Afghanistan under Bibi Mariam School, 119n Taliban, 79, 87, 89–93 Binalshibh, Ramzi, 208–209, 248 role in Afghan jihad, 9–10, bin Attash, Tawfiq (Khallad), 207, 13–17, 35–37, 93, 159 210–211, 213–214 role in Taloqan offensive, 218 bin Laden, Osama. See also al Qaeda in Saudi Arabia, 35 assassination of Massoud, Saudi assassination attempt, 86, 252–253 86n combat experience, 15, 35, 101, side switching by, 259 110 in Sudan, 16, 84–86 declarations of jihad, 91, 97, 122, Taliban attempts to control, 157, 212 251–252 departure from Saudi Arabia, 36 Taliban gag order on, 129, deportation from Sudan, 86–87 157–158, 204 destruction of Afghan culture by, Taliban used as cover by, 130, 236–237, 241 159–193, 204–210, 255 disavowal of USS Cole attack, 212 temporary disappearance of, fatwas, 85, 91, 97, 121–122, 160 129–130, 148, 148n U.S. indictment for bombings, financing of Mazar assault by, 133 153 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 302

302 Index

bin Laden, Osama (cont.) Burns, John, 28, 262 U.S. missile attacks on, 143–148, Burns, Nicholas, 78 159, 160n, 185, 187 burqa, 76, 105, 131 U.S. plans to capture, 90n, 128, Bush, George H. W. 161, 170, 184 policy on Afghanistan, 19, 33, views on Arab-Israeli conflict, 37, 48, 55 15, 129 response to Kuwait invasion, 5 views on Bosnia-Herzogovina, Bush, George W. 85, 198n decision to invade Iraq, 4 9/11 warnings, 250–251, 251n foreign policy failure, 3–4, 6, warnings about Iraqi invasion of 244–249, 260–261 Kuwait, 35 lack of accountability, 4–5 Black, Cofer, 245 on USS Cole attack, 212 “Black Hawk Down” incident, 96, 9/11 warnings, 249–253 96n buzkashi, 124 books, burning of, 234 Borjan, Mullah, 66, 70, 92 calendar, Arab, 233 Bosnia-Herzogovina Carney,Timothy, 87 bin Laden’s view on, 85, 198n Carpenter, Margaret, 55–56, 58n ethnic cleansing in, 81, 134, 198, Carter, Jimmy, 19–20, 25 257 Casey, William, 20 power vacuum in, 81 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) U.S. intervention in, 5–6, 166, 168 al Shifa plant attack, 144 Brader, Mullah, 228 animosity between FBI and, 88, Bradsher, Henry, 29 88n Brahimi, Lakhdar, 115 assessment of Taliban, 92, 133, background, 115n 164 conflict with bin Laden, 122 attempts to locate bin Laden, diplomatic efforts, 176, 178, 146n, 153, 167, 196 186–187 bin Laden’s return to Afghanistan human rights abuses investigated and, 87, 91 by, 117, 120, 127, 149–150, “Blue Sky” memo, 245 153–154 covert operations, 20–21, six-plus-two forum, 123, 123n 245–246 Bremer, Paul, 255 failure to provide warning, 3, Brezhnev, Leonid, 21 133, 251 Bridas, 187 involvement in coup attempt, Brigade 055, 205 31–32 Brzezinski, Zbigniew,25 ISI cooperation with, 19 Bucherer-Dietschi, Paul, 236–237, Malaysian surveillance operation, 240 211 Buddha statues mujahideen contempt for, 29 in Bamiyan, 150, 238–241, 246 plans to capture bin Laden, 90n, in Kabul Museum, 235, 237 128, 161, 170, 184 Bureau of Intelligence and Research quality of intelligence gathered (INR), 22, 161 by, 167 Burke, Jason, 182 relief assistance used by, 55 Burleigh, Peter, 149n reports on bin Laden illness, 157 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 303

Index 303

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) domestic political pressure on, (cont.) 163, 195 response to Soviet withdrawal, 10 Feminist Majority and, 174–176 Sudan station, 87 foreign policy, 3, 125–126, 150, support for Afghan resistance, 19, 166, 195 31 foreign proxies for United States, support for Massoud, 32, 170, 198–202, 204, 258 245–246 human rights focus, 6, 125, 149 support for Najibullah regime, 12 Lewinsky scandal, 143, 152, 155, USS Cole attack, 213–214 162, 167, 174, 195 9/11 warnings, 249, 251 Massoud and, 167–170 Charikar, 103, 107, 179, 190 missile attacks on bin Laden, Chechen units, in Afghanistan, 242, 143–148, 159, 160n, 185, 187 242n Pakistan visit, 198 Chechyna, 85, 134, 168n, 192–193, plans to capture bin Laden, 90n, 199, 257 128, 161, 170, 184 Chernenko, Konstantin, 22 policy on Afghanistan, 6, 49, 55, Chernyshev, Albert, 74 81, 87–88, 98–99, 113–114, child mortality, in refugee camps, 256 230–231 policy on Pakistan, 48 China policy on Taliban, 71, 77–78, 84, counterterrorism measures, 203 151–152, 159–160 in six-plus-two forum, 123, 123n reflections on policy decisions, Chirac, Jacques, 246 259–260 Christopher, Warren, 55, 77, reluctance to use force, 196–198, 97–100 205 civilian displacement. See displaced response to bin Laden, 195–204, civilians; refugees 244, 256 civilian property, destruction of, 182, Richardson’s negotiations sup- 223 ported by, 123–128 civilian targets Russian bombing campaign and, of Taliban, 181 199–200 of terrorism, 122 UN speech, 151–152 Clark, Kate, 201n, 235, 238 USS Cole attack and, 212–214, Clarke, Richard 244, 261 counterterrorism team, 165–166, clothing, rules on, 77, 131 167n, 214 Cohen, William, 214 on opium trade, 221n Coldren, Lee, 77–78, 92, 99 support for Massoud, 172 Cold War, end of, 10, 13, 17, 37, 81, warnings about bin Laden, 256 244–245 Coll, Steve, 221n Clemenceau, Georges, 256 Colonel Imam (Amir Sultan Tarar), Clinton, Bill 46, 64–75 animosity between FBI and, 88 on Babar, 95–96 bin Laden’s return to Afghanistan background, 64 and, 87–88 bin Laden and, 100–102, 184 counterterrorism policy, 5, on destruction of antiquities, 239 165–166, 256, 258 Herat siege, 72 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 304

304 Index

bin Laden and, (cont.) foreign fighters in Afghanistan, links with United States, 64 242n on Mazar executions, 109 Massoud, 40, 76, 168, 222 view of Taliban, 101–102 Mazar assault, 132n, 132–133, Colville, Rupert, 149n, 150, 155, 157n 155 communications systems Pakistan’s role, 94, 127, 132n al Qaeda, 211 on Raphel, 51n Massoud, 42, 44, 171 on Rasool, 103 Taliban confiscation of, 136, 136n Taloqan offensive, 217 Congress, support for missile attacks on Tanai, 108n on bin Laden, 145 United Front, 132 Cooper, Anthony, 155 U.S. policy, 71 Cordovez, Diego, 21–22, 25, 50 dead Council of Resolution and Settle- mutiliation and desecration of, ment, 53 225–226 counterterrorism policy Sufi tradition honoring, banning after bin Laden’s return to of, 234 Afghanistan, 92 de Borchgrave, Arnaud, 249, 250n, China, 203 252 Clinton administration, 5, Declaration of Jihad on the Ameri- 165–166, 256, 258 cans Occupying the Country versus foreign policy, 7, 256 of the Two Sacred Places, 91 successful, elements of, 256–258 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), counterterrorist operations, 213 165–166, 196, 205, 214 Deobandi School, 233 covert actions, against al Qaeda, Destroying the Destroyer Cole (video), 20–21, 245–246 215, 250 Cressey, Roger, 172 diplomatic operation, construction Croatia, 81 of, 258 Cross-Border Aid program, 55–57 displaced civilians. See also refugees Crowley, P. J., 162, 174 Arab settlement and, 234–235 curriculum, Taliban changes in, from Bamiyan, 180 233–234 drought and, 243 Czechoslovakia, 10 humanitarian disaster created by, 229–232 Dadullah, Mullah, 228 during Soviet invasions, 44 Dahmane, Abdelsattar, 252–253 Taliban abuse of, 84, 103, Daoud, Mohammad, 41 223–229 Darra Souf, 181–182, 216 Dostum, Abdul Rashid Darul Aman Palace, 235 alliance with Massoud, 94, 132, Dasht-i-Leili, 140, 224 247 Dasht-i-Qala, 168 animosity between Malik and, Davies, Glyn, 77 103, 116 Davis, Anthony background, 59 Afghan civil war, 241 coup attempt, 59–60 al Qaeda training camps, 243n escape from Mazar, 104, 104n Arab migration to Afghanistan, Hekmatyar’s attacks on, 52 235n Maimana assault, 131–132 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 305

Index 305

Dostum, Abdul Rashid (cont.) Europe. See also specific country mass graves uncovered by, humanitarian aid from, 246 116–118 Massoud’s visit to, 246–247 militia, 34, 49, 93 executive branch, systemic failure political ambitions, 58 involving, 6 provincial control by, 61 Executive Council of the North, return from Turkey, 116, 247–248 106 side switching by, 53, 58 Taliban and, 71–73, 94 Fahd, King, 20, 87 talks with Richardson, 124 Faizabad, 127 Downey, Wayne, 255n Fatah Mohammad, 63 drought, 232, 239, 243, 246 fatwas drugs trade. See opium trade anti-American, 85, 91, 97, Dupree, Nancy Hatch, 235–236, 121–122, 129–130 239–241 Omar’s view on, 122, 249 Durand line, 20, 40 requiring Muslims to protect bin Durrani, Asad, 32 Laden, 148, 148n on Shia killings, 139n East Africa bombings, 133–135 ulema endorsement of, 122, bin Laden’s statement on, 157 125–126, 129 failure of U.S. policy after, 5–6, Fayez, Sharif, 181n 146–147, 162, 255, 259 Fazil, Mullah, 227 news coverage of, 154 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) participants in, 16, 133–135 animosity between CIA and, 88, preparations for, 85, 110, 110n, 88n 122 counterterrorist operations, 196, Eastham, Alan, 153, 157–158, 205 171–172 dysfunction, 3 education system, under Taliban, inattention to terrorism, 88, 251 76–77, 105, 233–234 9/11 warnings, 249 Egypt, 85–87 Feminist Majority, 174–176, 176n, Ehsanullah, Maulvi, 97 187 elections, free, goal of, 37, 50–51, Filkins, Dexter, 155 111 Finn, Robert, 169n émigrés, abandonment of, 56 Fisk, Robert, 90, 97 empire collapse, power vacuum Fontaine, Nicole, 246 created by, 81, 81n, 256 foreigners Encyclopedia of the Afghan Jihad, 16 new settlements of, 234–235 Engineer Mahmoud, 89–90 rules regarding, 131, 136, English, Otilie, 247 229–230 English, Phil, 247 foreign policy Eritrea, 85 Bush administration, 3–4, 6, Erwa, Elfatih, 87 244–249, 260–261 Eshaq, Mohamed, 42 Clinton administration, 3, ethnic cleansing, 53–54, 224–229 125–126, 150, 166, 195 in Bosnia, 81, 134, 198, 257 versus counterterrorism policy, Mazar massacre as, 138–140, 7, 256 156–157 default approach to, 5 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 306

306 Index

foreign policy (cont.) Gul, Colonel, 66 strategic failure of, 3, 7, 260–261 Gul, Hamid, 28, 32, 48, 75, 108 successful Gul, Major, 68n elements of, 5, 257–261 Gul Agha Shirzai, 61 examples of, 5 Gulbahar, 107 foreign proxies, for U.S. aims in Gulbudin, 226 Afghanistan, 198–202, 204, 258 Hadda Farms, 89 Franks, Tommy, 214 hadith, 35, 257 Freeh, Louis, 88 Hadley, Steve, 245–246 Frey, Christian, 240 Haidar, Gul, 190 Friendship Bridge, 9, 34, 47 Haider, Moinuddin, 202 Fuladi massacre, 226, 228 Hairatan, 143 Furth, Leon, 164n, 165 Hamza, Mir, 122n Hani, Abu, 252 Gailani, Pir Sayed, 21n Hanjour, Hani, 209–210, 248 Gall, Sandy, 31, 52, 54 Hanson, Brad, 100 Gannon, Kathy, 53, 109, 156, 156n Haq, Abdul, 21n, 28–29, 32, 173, gas pipelines, 74, 113, 174, 187 186 gender apartheid. See women’s Haqq, Fazl al, 90 rights Haqqani, Jalaluddin, 16, 33, 83, genocide. See ethnic cleansing 110–111 Gereshk siege, 72–73 Haqqani, Maulana Abdul Baqi, Germany 237–238 al Qaeda volunteers from, Haqqani, Syedur Rahman, 142n, 208–209 147, 157 reunification of, 10 Harakat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM), 83 scheme to rescue museum collec- Haram al Sharif ( Jerusalem), 128 tions, 237 Harikat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami (Islamic Ghafoorzai, Abdul Rahim, 89, 111 Revolutionary Movement), Ghaus, Muhammad, 67n, 99–100, 21n 106–108 Harkat-ul-Ansar (HUA), 183n Ghazi, Habibullah (Bacha-i-Saqao), Harkat-ul-Mujahideen (HUM), 69 182, 183n Gingrich, Newt, 145 Harrakat al-Jihad, 122n Glassman, Jon, 12 Hatch, Orrin, 145 Glenn, John, 163 Haz, Abdul, 172, 201 Goodwin, Philip, 106n Hazarajat, 124, 125n, 177–178 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 9–10, 19, 22, Hazaras, 94, 112, 116, 177. See also 24, 33 Hezbi Wahbat Gore, Al, 163, 167n, 212 massacre of, 53, 135–143, 147, Gosfandi massacres, 215, 224 150, 156, 222, 224–227 Gouttierre, Thomas, 56 Hazmi, Nawaf al, 207–208, 211 “Great Game,” 40 Hazrat Ali mosque, 105, 135, 138 Gromov, Boris, 9, 33 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 16, 257 Gromov, Maksim, 9 alliance with Rabbani and Mas- guesthouses, 16, 89 soud, 73 Guevara, Che,39 cease-fire terms, 25 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 307

Index 307

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin (cont.) UN response to, 229–232 conflict with Taliban, 63, 68–69 U.S. disregard for, 232 coup attempt, 60 human rights abuses, 221–232. See Kabul siege, 73 also women’s rights Khost capture, 33 Clinton’s focus on, 6, 125, 149 Pakistani support for, 21, 31, 33, during Kabul bombardment, 42, 46–49, 52–53, 65, 72, 75 53–54, 58 political aims of, 52 Massoud, 222–223 as prime minister, 74–75 Taliban, 76–78, 102–109, 112, rivalry with Massoud, 29, 36–37, 118, 181, 186–187, 215, 41–42, 46, 49, 52, 54, 56, 68–69 223–229 role in interim government, 27, news focus on, 131 34, 58 UN investigations of, Smyth on, 50 117–119, 119n, 127, 149, supply routes blocked by, 43–45 153–154, 180 training camps, 82–83 U.S. disregard of, 153 U.S. disengagement and, 31, UN investigations, 117–119, 51–52 119n, 127, 149, 216n, 223 Helal, Qutbuddin, 58 UN list of, 224 Helms, Jesse, 55, 145 UN seat for Afghanistan and, 125 Hemat, Toryali, 36 Human Rights Watch, 53, 53n Herat, 65, 72–73, 101, 231 Mazar massacre, 139–140, 149n, Hezbi Islami (Islamic Party), 21, 42, 156 222 Pakistani aid to Taliban, 189–191, Hezbi Wahbat, 94, 107, 107n, 124, 203, 203n, 218n 132, 135, 150, 177, 181, 222 Humphrey, Gordon, 64 Hidal, Abu, 213 Hungary, 10 High Commissioner for Human Hussain, Mushahid, 105n, 143, 184 Rights (OHCHR), 120, 223 Hussain, Sayyed Miraz, 240 High Commissioner for Refugees Hussein, Saddam, 4–5, 35, 91, 167 (UNHCR), 225, 231 Holbrooke, Richard, 5, 127 identification cards, alteration of, 208 Holl, Norbert, 96n, 105n, 108n, Ikle, Fred, 255n 115, 115n immigration policy, al Qaeda opera- Holzman, John, 96n, 99, 108n tives and, 207 Horner, Sarah, 155 Inderfurth, Karl (Rick), 113, Hoshar, Khadr Abu, 191 125–126 Hossain, Kamal, 177, 180, 216n, communications with Taliban, 228, 232 146, 159 Hotak, Abdurrahim, 235, 237, 241 congressional testimony, 147, 173 humanitarian aid, 54–55, 58n, 71 disconnect between Albright and, cutting of, 55–60, 261 162–163 from Europe, 246 goals in Afghanistan, 170 during Kabul siege, 73 lack of attention to, 165 to refugees, 230, 230n, 231–232 meeting with Massoud, 179 Taliban restrictions on, 229 meeting with Musharraf, 186, humanitarian disaster, 57–60, 197–198 229–232 meeting with Muttaqi, 178 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 308

308 Index

Inderfurth, Karl (Rick) (cont.) denunciation of Taliban takeover news media, 262 by, 94 sanctions, 161 expulsion of Afghan refugees by, Taliban control, 216–217 231 Taloqan offensive, 218n Pakistani alliance with, 197, 199 USS Cole attack, 213 as proxy for U.S. aims in India Afghanistan, 199–202, 258 conflict with Pakistan, 183 reopening of Afghan border with, nuclear weapons testing, 126, 199, 205n, 205–206 163, 165, 182 role in Afghan civil war, 59, 71, role in Afghan civil war, 71 73, 103 infrastructure, terrorist, 82–83 in six-plus-two forum, 123, 123n, intelligence agencies. See also specific 199 agency support for Massoud, 168, 168n, incompetence of, 92, 167 171, 178 lack of preparedness, 3 support for Mazar executions, 109 intelligence gathering tension between Taliban and, by Massoud, 44–45, 47, 59, 213 137, 137n, 142, 145, 147–148 U.S. emphasis on, 88, 258 Iranian consulate executions, 136, Interim Islamic Afghan Govern- 142, 145, 147, 199 ment. See Afghan interim Iraq government invasion of Kuwait by, 5, 35, 85, internally displaced persons (IDPs). 91 See displaced civilians; refugees U.S. invasion of, 4, 7 International Committee of the Red Ishkamish, 127, 217 Cross (ICRC), 116, 136 Islamabad agreement, 58 International Criminal Tribunal for Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, the Former Yugoslavia 112, 176, 236 (ITFY), 119 Islamic Jihad, 86, 122n International Islamic Front for Jihad Islamic law. See sharia against the Jews and the Cru- Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan saders, 122, 122n (IMU), 190, 241 International Refugee Convention, Israeli conflict, bin Laden’s views on, 231 15, 129 Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) Istalif, 74, 103 Afghan government-in-exile Ittihad-i-Islami (Islamic Unity), organized by,27 21n, 89, 222 aim in Afghanistan, 41 CIA cooperation with, 19 Jaji, 15 opposition to Daoud regime, 41 Jalalabad role after Soviet withdrawal, 23 bin Laden’s return to, 89, 160 role in Mazar siege, 108n refugee camp in, 58, 180 support for Hekmatyar, 21, 31, siege of, 28–29, 35, 48 33, 42, 46–48 Jalali, Ali, 181 training camps, 83, 189 Jalil, Abdul, 236 U.S. policy reappraisal on, 31 Jalil, Mullah, 157 Iran, 91 Jalozai refugee camp, 231 Afghan refugees to, 229 Jamaat-e-Ulema-e-Islami ( JUI), 83 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 309

Index 309

Jamal, Qudratullah, 193, 236–237, Kandahar 240 bin Laden’s disappearance from, Jamal, Sayed, 29 160 Jamiat-i-Islami (Islamic Association), bin Laden’s move to, 98, 100 21, 41–42, 45, 63, 67 fragmentation of power in, 61–62 Jamshid, 111 new settlements of foreigners in, Jan, Ahmad, 113 234 Jarrah, Ziad, 208–209 Taliban control of, 66–68, 72 Jebal Seraj, 94, 103, 107 Taliban training camp in, 68 Jehangir, Asma, 149 trade routes to, 65 Jemaah Islamiya, 211 Kandahar Airport, 208, 212 Jennings, John, 53 Kandahar-Chaman road, 63 jihad Karamat, Jehangir, 163–164 after Soviet withdrawal, 9–10 Karandol, 190 bin Laden’s declarations of, 91, Kargil, 182 97, 122, 157, 212 Karimov, Islam, 179, 190–191, ulema declaration of, 129 218–219 Johnston, Alan, 117 Karmal, Babrak, 41 Johnston, Tim, 117 Karzai, Abdul, 186 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 164–165 Karzai, Hamid, 61–62, 64, 99, 99n, Jordan, 85 108n, 186 failed attack in, 191, 196, 206, Kashmir, 26, 82–83, 182–183, 192 211–212 Kayan Valley massacre, 224 Jumbesh alliance, 103, 105n, 150, 224 Kayyem, Juliette, 255n Kazakhstan, 94, 169n, 203 Kabul Kenya. See East Africa bombings destruction of, 49, 52–54, 58, 65 Khalfan Khamis Mohamed, 133–135 foreigners in Khalil, Fazlur Rehman, 144 new settlements of, 234, 242 Khalili, Karim, 71, 94, 124, 247 rules regarding, 131 Khalili, Masoud, 23, 45, 54, 124n, foreign reporters in, 120–121 217, 252 Hazara massacres in, 222 Khalilzad, Zalmay, 173, 246 libraries destroyed in, 234 Khalis, Yunis, 21n, 28, 56, 63, 83, 90 roadblocks around, 64 Khallad (bin Attash, Tawfiq), 207, Taliban sieges of, 70, 73–79, 210–211, 213–214 92–93 Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 137n Kabul Airport, 127, 224 Khamri, Hassan al, 211–212 Kabul embassy, closure of, 19 Khan, Aga, 246 Kabul National Museum, 235–237 Khan, Aimal, 147n destruction of antiquities in, 238, Khan, Aziz Ahmed, 98n, 100, 106, 240 123, 186 scheme to rescue antiquities from, Khan, Ghulam Ishak, 26 236–237 Khan, Ismail, 21 Kabul Polytechnic, 121 Herat siege, 72–73 Kabul Radio (Voice of Sharia), 76, Massoud’s support of, 45 93, 235 provincial authority ruled by, 61 Kamas Valley, 89 rapport with Colonel Imam, 72 Kamran, 45 return of, 247–248 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 310

310 Index

Khan, Ismail (cont.) madrassa students, Taliban recruit- supply lines formed by, 103 ment of, 64, 66, 68, 132, 180, support of Taliban by, 63 203 Taliban arrest of, 104, 112 Maidanshar, 69–71, 131 Khan, Nadir, 69 Maimona, 104 Khan, Yaqub, 23 Majid Rozi, Abdul, 104, 106 Khobar Towars, 91 Maksim, Gromov, 9n Khost Maktab al-Khidamat (Office of capture of, 33 Services), 14 U.S. missile attack on, 143–148, Malaysia, 211 159, 160n, 185, 187 Maley, William, 22 Khwaja Ghar massacre, 224 Malik Pahlawan, Abdul Kissinger, Henry, 25 escape from Afghanistan, 117 Koh-e-Siah Boz (Black Goat execution of Taliban prisoners, Mountain), 241 103–109, 116–118, 138, 154, Kosovo, 81, 162, 165, 174, 195, 257, 156, 224 261 side switching, 104 Krakowski, Elie, 247 on Taliban behavior, 106 Kumar, T.,173 U.S. relations with, 108n Kunduz, 132, 225–226 Malinowski, Michael, 145–146, Kuwait, Iraqi invasion of, 5, 35, 85, 171 91 Manhart, Christian, 237 Mao Tse-tung, 39–40 Lantos, Tom, 174n marriage, forced, 181, 223 Lashkar-i-Isar (Army of Sacrifice), Maskhadov, Aslan, 193 21, 31 massacres. See human rights abuses; law enforcement agencies. See also specific location specific agency mass expulsions, 103 counterterrorist operations, 196, Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 39–60, 257 205 academics’ assessment of, 173 inattention to terrorism, 88, 251 alliance with Dostum, 94, 132, lack of preparedness, 3 247 Leno, Mavis, 174–175, 175n alliance with Hekmatyar, 73 Lepco, 225 assassination of, 252–253 Lewinsky, Monica, 143, 152, 155, attempt to retake Taloqan, 241 162, 167, 174, 195 background, 14, 40 Lewis, John, 255n on bin Laden’s role, 133 libraries, burning of, 234 communications, 42, 44, 171 Lippold, Kirk, 214 Dostum coup attempt and, 31, Loar, Theresa, 78 59–60 Los Angeles Airport, failed attack European visit, 246–247 on, 191, 196, 206 flaws, 40 Los Angeles Times, 155 funding, 168, 170, 205n, 247 loya jirga (grand assembly), 37, 50, Herat siege, 72–73 53, 111 human rights record, 222–223 impact of, 16, 39–40 MacLean, Fitzroy, 39 intelligence gathering operation, madrassas, formation of, 20, 233 44–45, 47, 59, 213 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 311

Index 311

Massoud, Ahmed Shah (cont.) U.S. failure to support, 165–174, Iranian support for, 168, 168n, 179, 196, 221–223, 247, 259 171, 178 U.S. relations with, 32, 48–52, 54, Jalalabad siege, 28–29 74, 92, 169n, 169–172, 221, Kabul siege, 70, 74–79, 92–93 245–246 lack of foreign contacts, 39–40, warnings about terrorism, 170, 247 48 Massoud, Walid, 168, 168n leadership characteristics, 39, 45, maulavi (Islamic scholars), 70 47, 94, 112–113 Mazari, Abdul Ari, 70, 222 Mazar executions and, 111, Mazar-i-Sharif 116–118, 138 civilian massacre at, 6, 135–143, meeting with Karimov, 179 147–149, 149n, 153–156, as military commander, 40, 184n, 216n, 223–224, 261 42–43, 45, 47, 54 Dostum’s capture of, 34 multiethnic resistance movement refugee camp in, 230 formed by, 247 Taliban assault on, 102–109, 116, on NCS, 32 127, 132–133, 135 Omar’s communications with, Taliban prisoners executed at, 107, 111–112 116–118, 138, 154, 156, 224 opium trade and, 221n, 221–222 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 10 on Pakistani role, 23, 41–42, 246 MBC (Middle East Broadcasting political aims of, 42, 47, 51, Centre), 250 111, 170 McWilliams, Edmund, 26–27, 29–30 Rabbani’s support for, 21, 39–40, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), 229 42, 44, 46 media campaign, bin Laden, 15–16, Richardson’s talks and, 124, 124n 90–91, 96, 98n, 129, 153, rivalry with Akhund and bin 157–158, 204, 206, 250–251 Laden, 13–17 Melek, Maysoon, 230 rivalry with Hekmatyar, 29, mercenaries, 218 36–37, 41–42, 46, 49, 52, 54, Mes Aynak, 208 56, 68–69 Mestiri, Mahmoud, 69, 115n role in interim government, 27, Michel, Louis, 246 34, 58 (See also Afghan interim Mihdhar, Khalid al, 207–208, 211 government) Milam, William, 152, 160n, 171, Russian support for, 171, 178, 174, 197, 200, 218n, 251, 262 246 military checkpoints Sarobi siege, 75 during interim government rule, secret meeting with Taliban, 69–71 62 semiautonomous authority cre- Taliban, 64, 120–121, 138 ated by, 39–40 military installations Shamali plains assault, 179–180 Soviet, 12 on Soviet withdrawal, 48 United States, 36, 91, 97–98 support for Taliban, 63–64, 68–70 military solution, U.S. avoidance of, Taliban’s pursuit of, 93–97 165–166, 196–198, 205 Taloqan defeat, 215–219 Milosevic, Slobodan, 5, 13, 81, 195 television interview, 54 Ministry for the Promotion of Tomsen’s support for, 34, 37 Virtue and Suppression of on U.S. abandonment, 57–60, 82 Vice, 237 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 312

312 Index

Mir, Hamid, 96, 96n, 97, 101, 105n, Muttawakil, Abdul Wakil, 130, 153, 109–110, 128, 188–189, 239 160n, 176, 193, 197n, 213, 251 Mitchell, Calvin, 127 Mohaqiq, Ustad Mohammad, 216 Nabi Mohammadi, Maulvi, 21n Mojadiddi, Hazrat Ahmad Amin Nahrin, 217 Ismael al, 262 Najibullah, Mohammad. See also Mojdeh, Vahid, 108, 168n, 177n, Afghan interim government 187–188, 191n, 237, 240–241, execution of, 76–78, 108n 244, 251 Namangani, Juma, 190, 241–242 Moore, C. W., Jr., 214 Naqibullah, Mullah, 63–64, 66–68 Mubarak, Hosni, 86 Nashiri, Abd al Rahim al, 210, 213 Muhammad, Khalid Sheikh, 206, Nasir Bagh Afghan refugee camp, 208n, 208–209, 248 119n Muhammed, Din, 90–91 National Commanders’ Shura Muhumud-i-Raqi, 179 (NCS), 32 Mujaddidi, Sibghatullah, 21n, 26, 28 National Commission on Terrorism, Mujahid, Abdul Hakeem, 152, 255 159n, 160n National Gallery of Art, 236n mujahideen. See also Afghan resistance National Islamic Front of bin Laden’s return welcomed by, Afghanistan (NIFA), 21n 89–90 National Security Council (NSC), economic situation of, 43 245 lack of power after Soviet with- National Security Decision Directive drawal, 12, 25 166, 22 response to Taliban, 71 Nawaz, Hussain, 185 shura composed of, 32, 37, 51, Nawaz Sharif, 95, 100, 105n, 126, 54 164, 183–184 training of, 66, 82–83 Nawroz (New Year’s Day), banning U.S. attitude toward, 19–21, 23 of, 233 Musa, Mullah, 137n Nayif bin Abd al-Aziz, Prince museum collections, 235–237 Sultan, 36 destruction of, 238, 240 negative symmetry policy, 12 scheme to rescue, 236–237 neutrality, U.S. stance of, 113n, Musharraf, Pervez 113–115, 147, 169, 258 Kashmir conflict, 183 news coverage meeting with Clinton, 198 East Africa bombings, 154 meeting with Inderfurth, 186, focus on sharia, 131 197–198 human rights abuses, 229, 261–262 meeting with Zinni, 197 Iraq, 7 military coup, 182, 185, 195 lack of, 129–130, 154–155, 174, support for Taliban, 183, 201, 195, 249, 255, 261–262 201n, 202 Mazar massacre, 142, 142n, 149n, Muslem Hayat, Ahmed, 69, 75 154–156 Muslim governments, installation refugee camps, 231–232 of, 11, 16 Taliban prisoner executions, 117, Muttaqi, Amir Khan, 120, 121n, 154, 156 178–179, 191, 198, 236 Taloqan offensive, 219 9/11 warnings, 249, 262 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 313

Index 313

news media human rights abuses, 228 failure of, 6–7, 93, 130, 154–155, impact of, 16 255, 261–262 leadership characteristics, 112–113 in Kabul, 120–121 manipulation by bin Laden, 239, lessons learned, 262 242–244 public opinion of, 7 Massoud’s telephone calls to, Newsweek, 155 111–112 New York Times, 155, 180, 219, 262 meeting with de Borchgrave, Niazi, Mullah Manon, 137–139, 249–250, 250n 141–142, 142n refusal to hand over bin Laden, Nibras (al Thawar, Ibrahim), 211–212 145, 148, 151–152, 159 Nicaragua, 19 support for bin Laden, 97–98, nikah (marriage contract), 181 98n, 100, 110, 120, 152–153, Nine Wells site, 117–118, 119n 159–161 nonrefoulement principle, 231 talks with Mahmoud Ahmed, Noorani, Zain, 24 199–200 Northern Alliance,95 talks with Turki al Faisal, 151 Norton, Jenny, 155 threats against Pakistan, 202 nuclear nonproliferation, U.S. focus U.S. missile attacks and, 145 on, 126, 163, 165, 182 U.S. relations with, 125–126, nuclear tests 145–148 India, 126, 163, 165, 182 view on fatwas, 122, 249 Pakistan, 48–49, 126, 163, 165, O’Neill, John, 213 182 opium trade, 187, 205n, 221n, 221–222, 236 Oakley, Phyllis, 161 Owhali, Mohamed Rashed al, Oakley, Robert, 26, 28–30, 48 133–134 Odeh, Mohamed Sadeek, 16–17, 134 Oxus River, 9, 143, 242 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Paik, Choong-Hyun, 117–118, (OHCHR), 120, 223 119n, 131 Omar Akhund, Muhammad reports on massacres, 139n, absolute reliance on sharia, 126 140–141, 153–154, 224–225 agreement to hand over bin Pakistan Laden, 130, 144, 151 Afghan civil war and, 59, 83 assassination attempt, 186 Afghan coup attempt, 31–32 background, 14 Afghan refugees in, 229–233 on bin Laden’s media campaign, aid cut to, 56 129, 157 border closure to Afghan blame for Mazar executions, 109 refugees, 58, 218 conflict with Pakistan, 243 breach of UN sanctions, 202–203 edict on destruction of antiquities, Clinton visit to, 198 237–239 formation of, 40–41 edicts forbidding human rights Indian conflict with, 183 abuses, 150, 177–178, 178n Inter-Services Intelligence (See fatwa on Shia killings, 139n Inter-Services Intelligence formation of Taliban by, 13–17, (ISI)) 62–64 (See also Taliban) Iranian alliance with, 197, 199 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 314

314 Index

Pakistan (cont.) Philippines, 85 Mazar siege and, 107–109, 132n, Pickering, Thomas, 153, 173, 132–133 200–201, 244, 260n military coup in, 182–183, 185, planes operation. See September 195 11th attacks nuclear weapons testing, 48–49, Poland, 10 126, 163, 165, 182 political counterstrategy, 257–261 as proxy for U.S. aims in population displacement. See dis- Afghanistan, 199–202, 258 placed civilians; refugees Richardson’s negotiations and, 124 Post, Jerrold, 134 in six-plus-two forum, 123, 123n, Powell, Colin, 25 199 presidential directive, on terrorism, Soviet withdrawal and, 11–13, 245–246 19–20, 23, 26–34, 42, 46–49, prostitution, forced, 181 52–53, 82 proximity talks, 21 sphere of influence concept, public opinion 26–27, 48–49 effect on presidential decisions, support for Taliban, 62, 65, 67, 4–5, 163, 195 68n, 71–72, 94–95, 99–102, of news media, 7 105–106, 128 Pul-i-Khumri, 104, 143 U.S. policy conflicts, 163–165, Putin, Vladimir, 199 173, 175, 178, 195, Pyanj River refugee camps, 230 197–203, 247, 258 Taliban conflict with, 243 Qadir, Haji, 61, 90, 90n, 92, 247 Taloqan offensive and, 217–218, Qala Arbab Hassan Khan massacre, 218n 227–228 trade routes to, 65 Qandahari, Mullah Shahzad, 216 U.S. sanctions against, 48, Qanooni, Mohammad Yunus, 176 163–164 Qarabagh, 103 Palestine, bin Laden’s plan to liberate, Qaradawi, Youssef al, 238–240 15, 129 qarargah (forward command post), Panjshir Valley, 94, 107, 179, 217, 42 230, 230n Qari Baba, 68 Pasha weapons dump, 65 Qaysar massacre, 224 Pashtun wali (code of behavior), 146, Qazi, Ashraf Jehangir, 202 148, 159 Qazi, General, 67, 67n passive multilateralism, 50 Qezelebad massacre, 224–225 passports, alteration of, 208, 248 Quaglia, Paul, 87 Patterns of Global Terrorism report, Quso, Fahd Muhammad Ahmed al, 250n 211, 213 Patterson, Mervyn, 142 Qutb, Muhammad, 14 Pavett, Jim, 172 Payenda, Mohamed, 108n Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 14, 21 Pearl, Daniel, 192 alliance with Hekmatyar, 73 Peckham, Gardner, 255n bin Laden’s return and, 89 Pelosi, Nancy, 163 civil war and, 52 Perez de Cuellar, Javier, 21, 24 escape from Afghanistan, 104 Persian solar calendar, 233 Kabul siege, 74 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 315

Index 315

Rabbani, Burhanuddin (cont.) Rice, Condoleezza, 245–246 opposition to NCS, 32 Richardson, Bill, 123–128, 146 role in interim government, Riedel, Bruce, 183, 192 52–53 (See also Afghan interim Rishkor, 189, 201n, 243n government) Riyadh bomb attack, 87 six-plus-two forum and, 123 Riza, Mohamed, 227 support for bin Laden, 36 roadblocks, 61–62, 64 support for Massoud, 21, 39–40, Robertson, Nic, 188 42, 44, 46 Robinson, Mary, 117–119, 119n, support for Taliban, 63, 66, 68 120n, 127, 216n talks with Richardson, 124, 127 Robotak Pass, 216, 224 Rabbani, Mullah Mohammad, 63, Robotak stone, 235 67n, 69–70, 76, 92, 124, 238 rocket-propelled grenade (RPG), 46 Rahimi, Nilab, 234, 234n Rohrabacher, Dana, 113, 174, 174n Rahman, Fazel al, 122n Rubin, Barnett, 32, 173 Rahmonov, Emomali, 230 Rumsfeld, Donald, 215 rape, 118, 140–141, 181, 223 Russia Raphel, Arnold, 26, 50 Afghan civil war and, 71 Raphel, Robin bombing campaign threat, Kabul visit, 59 199–200 Karzai cable, 99, 99n conflict with Taliban, 203–204 on Massoud, 50–51, 51n as proxy for U.S. aims in meeting with Rabbani and Afghanistan, 199–202, 258 Massoud, 74 in six-plus-two forum, 123, nuclear nonproliferation, 48 123n, 199 Taliban policy implemented by, support for Massoud, 171, 178, 77–79 246 on Tomsen, 30 Taliban rebuff of, 168n, 192–193 U.S. disengagement, 57 Rwanda, 6 Rashid, Ahmed, 32, 190, 218n Rasool Pahlawan, 103 Sadiq, Mullah, 92 Razzaq, Abdul, 70, 104–106, 200, 228 Salang Highway, 93–94 Reagan, Ronald, 19–20, 22, 25, 64 salwar kameez (traditional trousers reconstruction aid, lack of, 57–60 and tunic), 77 Reeve, William, 64, 155–156, 156n sanctions refugees, 44, 58, 84, 103, 229–232. against Pakistan, 48, 163–164 See also displaced civilians role of, 258 borders sealed against, 58, against Taliban, 161–162, 187, 141–142, 197, 199, 218, 230 202–203, 215 camps for, 58, 119n, 180, 230–232 Sarobi, 75 child mortality among, 230–231 Satar-i-Azam, Maulvi, 141 humanitarian aid to, 230, 230n, Saudi Arabia 231–232 bin Laden assassination attempt, Iranian explusion of, 231 86, 86n from Taloqan, 218–219 bin Laden’s attack on, 91, U.S. admittance of, 175, 175n, 129–130 176n bin Laden’s departure from, 36 Ressam, Ahmed, 191, 196, 197n bin Laden’s stay in, 35 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 316

316 Index

Saudi Arabia (cont.) Shah, Ashraf, 69 pressure on Taliban to expel bin Shahsavan-Qarahosyeni, Allahdad, Laden, 130 136 recognition of Taliban by, 108 Shahzad, Mullah, 228 rejection of bin Laden, 86–89 Shamali plains, 179–180, 182, 190, role after Soviet withdrawal, 13, 222, 224 20 sharia, 71, 76–77, 84, 105, 125–126, support for Afghan government- 151 in-exile, 27 museum collections and, 237 theocracy in, 36 news focus on, 131 U.S. bases in, 36, 91, 97–98 Shazdulah, Mullah, 228 Saudi Arabian National Guard, 87 Sheberghan, 105 Sayyaf, Abdul Rasul, 14–16, 21n, Hazara massacre in, 140, 142 252 Taliban assault on, 127, 132 Hazara massacres, 222 Taliban prisoners executed at, human rights abuses, 53 116–118, 138, 154, 156 Jalalabad siege, 28 Sheehan, Michael, 161, 165–166, link with bin Laden, 36, 89–90 172, 197n, 197–198, 198n, Pakistani ties with, 83 260, 260n role in interim government, 26 Sheikh, Omar Saeed, 192 Saznoor, Maulvi, 89 Sheikhabad massacre, 225 Schiess, Andreas, 119n, 223 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 24, 33 Schroen, Gary Shias, replacement with Sunnis, 139, on bin Laden’s alliance with 141, 227, 229 Taliban, 98, 100, 120, 133 Shibar Pass, 107 capture of bin Laden, 184 Shindand Air Base, 73 on Massoud, 169–172, 246 Shinwari, Jalaluddine, 148n mission to capture bin Laden, 92 Shultz, George, 24 Pakistani military coup, 185 shura (council) Pakistan’s role, 95 al Qaeda, 11 training camps, 83 interim Afghan government, 27, U.S. missile attacks, 145 31 scorched earth policy, 226, 228 mujahideen field commanders, Semple, Michael, 177, 181–182 32, 37, 51, 54 September 11th attacks, 253 provincial, 61 acknowledgment of error after, 4–5 Taliban, 71, 112, 176, 252 concept behind, 206–207 shura nazar (supervisory council), 43, participants, 207–210, 248 46–47, 49 planning for, 207–208, 248–249 side switching target lists, 207, 248 bin Laden, 259 as U.S. foreign policy failure, Dostum, 53, 58 260–261 Malik Pahlawan, 104 U.S. military action after, 166 role of, 259 warnings about, 249–253 Simon, Steven, 88 September 11th Commission, 4, Simons, Tom, 95, 99, 125 144, 167, 187, 221n Sipah-e-Sahaba, 136 Serbia, 81, 162 six-plus-two forum, 123, 123n, 162, Sevan, Benon, 34, 51, 115n 178, 199 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 317

Index 317

slave labor, 181 role of, 258, 260–261 Slovenia, 81 Spin Boldak, 65, 68, 141 Smeal, Eleanor, 175–176 Srebrenica massacre, 134 Smith, Stefan State Department foreign fighters in Taliban, 121, Bureau of Intelligence and 121n Research, 22, 161 foreign press in Kabul, 120 fact sheet on bin Laden, 91 Iranian plans, 137n failure to provide warning about near murder of, 145, 145n bin Laden, 162–165, 164n “snatch” operations, 90, 90n list of state sponsors of terrorism, Taliban losses, 107, 107n, 109 86 U.S. support for Taliban, 77 on Massoud, 172, 221, 246, 259 Smyth, Richard, 49–50, 55–56 Omar’s communications with, bin Laden’s return to 145–148, 147n Afghanistan, 90, 90n support for Taliban, 77–79 cutting of humanitarian aid, 57 unaware of Russian bombing FBI/CIA animosity, 88n threat, 200 on Hekmatyar, 50 Stinger ground-to-air missiles, 22, on Rabbani, 53, 61 92, 168, 259 on Taliban, 66, 121 strict neutrality, U.S. stance of, 113n, “snatch” operations, 90n, 128, 184 113–115, 147, 169, 258 Society for the Preservation of Sudan Afghanistan’s Cultural bin Laden in, 16, 84–86 Heritage (SPACH), 235 deportation of bin Laden, 86–87 Soderberg, Nancy, 88 U.S. missile attacks in, 143–148, Solangi, Basir, 104 167, 167n Somalia, 85, 87, 96, 96n Sufaat, Yazid, 211 Sonnenberg, Maurice, 255n Sufi traditions, banning of, 234 Soviet invasion, 41 suicide bombings, 130. See also spe- cease-fires, 43, 45 cific attack offensives, 44, 46–47 failed, 191, 196, 206, 211–212 Soviet Union. See also Russia recruitment for, 205, 210, 215, costs of Afghan war for, 10, 25 250 dissolution of, 10, 13, 33, 37, 81, training for, 210 256 Sunday Telegraph (London), 231 leadership transitions, 21, 33 Sunnis, replacement of Shias with, Soviet withdrawal, 9–17, 256–257 139, 141, 227, 229 Afghan rivalry after, 13–17 supply routes, 43–45, 55, 217 continued Soviet power after,12 Supreme Coordination Council, 59 Pakistani role after, 11–13, 19–20, 23 Taha, Ai Othman, 87 political goals during, 24 Taha, Rifai Ahmed, 122n troop withdrawals, 9, 13, 25 Tajikistan, 85, 103, 111, 168–169, UN diplomatic efforts for, 21 203 U.S. disengagement after, 6, 17, border closure to Afghan 23–25, 48–60, 82, 257 refugees, 218, 230 special envoy in six-plus-two forum, 123, 123n to Afghan resistance, 26–30 Takfir Wal Hijra, 86 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 318

318 Index

Takhar, 182 military resources, 68, 95, 120, Talbott, Strobe, 165, 199 128, 132n, 133, 188, 203, 203n Taliban. See also Omar Akhund, military strategy, 102, 188–193 Muhammad Najibullah execution, 76–78, 108n Arabization under, 233–253, 257, opium trade and, 221–222 262 origin of, 62–64, 67 attempt to control bin Laden, Pakistani support of, 62, 65, 67, 251–252 68n, 71–72, 94–95, 99–102, Bamiyan capture, 151 105–106, 128 bin Laden relations with, 93, 96, U.S. policy conflicts, 163–165, 110, 120–121, 130, 159 173, 175, 178, 195, checkpoints maintained by, 64, 197–203, 247, 258 120–121, 138 prisoners, execution of, 103–109, conflict with Pakistan, 243 116–118, 138, 154, 156, 224 as cover for bin Laden, 130, pursuit of Massoud by, 93–97 159–193, 204–210, 255 response to bin Laden’s return, foreign assistance to, 62 91–92 foreign fighters re-enforcing, 98, rise of, 61–79 120–121, 121n, 127, 132–133, absence of humanitarian aid 186, 189–191, 203, 205n, and, 57 205–206, 215–219, 241–244 biggest factor in, 64 funding, 95, 133, 205n, 218, 232 U.S. response to, 5–6, 69–71, gag order on bin Laden, 129, 77–79, 82 157–158, 204 Russia and, 168n, 192–193, Gereshk siege, 72–73 203–204 goal of, 62 sanctions against, 161–162, 187, Herat siege, 72–73 202–203, 215 human rights abuses, 76–78, scorched earth policy, 226, 228 102–109, 112, 118, 181, 187, security restored by, 77, 120–121 215, 223–229 Shamali plains assault, 179–180 news focus on, 131 Sheberghan assault, 127, 132 UN investigations of, six-plus-two forum and, 123, 162 117–119, 119n, 127, 149, Taloqan capture, 215–219 153–154 territorial control of, 68–69, 93, U.S. disregard of, 153 104–105, 142–143, 150–151 incompetent governance by, 84, trade convoys stopped by, 65–66 93 training camps, 68, 83, 120, Kabul sieges, 70, 73–79, 92–93 185, 189 links to terrorism, 192 United Front talks with, 69–71, loss of support, 240–241 123–124 Maimana assault, 131–132 U.S. relations with, 71, 77–79, 84, Mazar-i-Sharif assault, 102–109, 98–100, 113–114, 125–126, 116, 127, 132–133, 135 145–147, 152–153, 198, Mazar-i-Sharif massacre, 6, 198n, 258 135–143, 147–149, 149n, Taloqan, 127, 142, 190 153–156, 184n, 216n, massacres at, 224 223–224, 261 mass evacuation of, 218–219 military operations, 223–224 Massoud’s defeat at, 215–219 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 319

Index 319

Tamiyeh, Ibn, 85 trade routes, 65 Tanai, Shahnawaz, 31, 52, 76, 103, training camps, 82–83 108n al Qaeda, 16, 83, 91, 144, Tanzania. See East Africa bombings 200–202, 205, 208–209, 243n, Taraki, Nur Muhammad, 41 243–244, 248 Tarar, Amir Sultan (Colonel Imam). mujahideen, 66, 82–83 See Colonel Imam (Amir Taliban, 68, 83, 120, 185, 189 Sultan Tarar) travel arrangements, for al Qaeda Tarnak Farms, 128 operatives, 208, 248 Tarwiz, banning of, 234 Tupkhanah Pass, 127 Tenet, George Turab, Abu, 248 al Shifa plant attack, 167n Turabi, Hassan al, 84 9/11 attacks and, 251 Turabi, Nooruddin, 66, 191n, 237 attempts to capture bin Laden, Turkey, 71, 116 128, 170 Turki al Faisal, Prince, 35–36, 86, 88, ignorance of de Borchgrave- 92, 130, 151 Omar meeting, 250 Turkmenistan, 65, 72, 103, 123, on Massoud, 172, 221n 123n, 176 pressure on Taliban to expel bin Laden, 130 ulema (scholars) warnings about bin Laden, 159, apolitical commission of, 123, 161 126 terrorism. See also specific act fatwas issued or endorsed by, 122, Afghanistan as base for, 233–253, 125–126, 129 255, 257 Richardson’s negotiations and, factors contributing to, 82, 161 124–125 warnings about, 174–175, umma (world Islamic community), 184–185 112, 134 civilian targets of, 122 UNESCO, 237–238 definition of, 256 United Arab Emirates, 108, 185, 187 draft presidential directive on, United Front, 111. See also Massoud, 245–246 Ahmed Shah political context for, 256–261 defeat at Taloqan, 215–219 U.S. policy on, 88, 255 funds, 205n war on, 256 as multiethnic resistance move- Thailand, 211 ment, 247 Thawar, Ibrahim al (Nibras), six-plus-two forum meetings 211–212 with, 178 Tito, Josip Broz, 39 structure of, versus Taliban, 223 Tomahawk land-air missiles, 166 Taliban talks with, 123–124 Tomsen, Peter, 30–31, 244, 247, 258 U.S. support for, 245 aim in Afghanistan, 37, 50, 54–55 United Nations on Bush’s Afghan policy, 33 Afghan seat at, 99, 125 organization of shura by, 32 Babar initiative and, 96n support for Massoud, 34, 37, 49, diplomatic efforts in Afghanistan, 52 21–23, 25, 50–51, 115, 179, Tora Bora, 89, 206 187, 215 torture, 223–229 final accords signed at, 24–25 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 320

320 Index

United Nations (cont.) Védrine, Hubert, 246 High Commissioner for Human Vendrell, Francesc, 199, 203, 215, 219 Rights, 120, 223 on foreign fighters in High Commissioner for Afghanistan, 243 Refugees, 225, 231 on Massoud, 222–223 human rights abuses investigated meeting with Omar, 249 by, 117–119, 119n, 127, visas, alteration of, 208, 248 149, 153–154, 180, 216n, Voice of America (VOA), 149n, 155 223 Voice of Sharia (Kabul Radio), 76, Kabul offices closed by Taliban, 93, 235 230 von Clausewitz, Karl, 257 list of massacres in Afghanistan, Vorontsov, Yuli, 24 224 VX nerve gas, 144 response to Mazar executions, 109, 154, 156 Wag the Dog (film), 143, 145, 167, rise of Taliban and, 71, 75 167n Security Council Resolution Wahdat, Hezbi, 53, 59, 70 1267, 191 Wakil, Abdul, 24 Special Mission to Afghanistan, Wali, Mohammad, 180 115, 215 Wall Street Journal, 192, 250n United States war, role in Afghan culture, 58, 102, in six-plus-two forum, 123, 123n, 182 199 war crimes. See also human rights as sole superpower, 10, 257, 260 abuses United States Agency for Interna- against Taliban, 107, 116–118 tional Development by Taliban, 112, 181, 186, 215, (USAID), 34, 55, 57 223–229 UNOCAL, 74, 113, 174, 187 UN list of, 224 USA Patriot Act, 255n U.S. silence on, 118–123, USS Cole attack, 5–6, 210–215 261–262 lax security and, 214 Wasel, Mufti Nasr Farid, 238 as recruitment tool for bin Laden, Washington Post, 155 215, 250 Washington Times, 250 U.S. response to, 213–215, watchdog journalism, 155, 261 244–245, 261 Watson, Rob, 154 bin Laden’s disappointment weapons of mass destruction, 157 with, 215 Webster, William, 10 USS The Sullivans, 192, 196–197, West Coast (United States), planes 206, 211 operation directed at, 211–212 Uzbekistan Wilson, Charlie, 10, 20, 64, 172 role in Afghan civil war, 59–60, Winchester, Michael (Anthony 71, 103 Davis), 155 in six-plus-two forum, 123, 123n, Wolfowitz, Paul, 215, 251 178 women, abduction of, 140–141, 181, support for Taliban, 190, 203, 223 218–219 women’s rights, suppression of, trade routes to, 65 76–78, 105, 119, 123, 125, U.S. aid to, 245 128, 131, 181 Missed Story-final 11/16/07 5:48 PM Page 321

Index 321

women’s rights, suppression of (cont.) Yoldash,Taher (Qari Taher Jan), 242 extension to foreign aid workers, Yoldashov,Taher, 190–191 230 Yousef, Ramzi, 91, 206 Feminist Majority’s protest Yugoslavia, 13, 81, 119, 162, 257 against, 174–176, 176n, 187 Yusufzai, Rahimullah, 92, 129, 144, news focus on, 131 148, 157, 160, 198n, 212 U.S. denunciation of, 113–114, 149 Zaeef, Abdul Salam, 251 Woolsey, James, 255, 255n, 256 Zahir Shah, King, 20, 41 World Food Program, 232n Zakiri, Amir Maulana Abdullah, World Islamic Front for Jihad against 148n the Jews and Crusaders, 97 zarbati, 42 World Trade Center bombing, 88, Zarb-i-Momen (Muslim Power), 91, 209 238n, 240 Zargar, Mushtaq Ahmad, 192 Yakowlang, 177, 177n, 224, 226, 228 Zawahiri, Ayman al, 84, 86, 122, Yandarbiyev, Zelimkhan, 193 144, 239 Yeltsin, Boris, 33, 193, 199 Zhawar complex, 144 Yemen, 35, 85 Ziauddin, Khwaja, 184–185 terrorist attacks in, 87, 192, 196– Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad, 11, 20, 26 197, 206, 211 (See also USS Zinni, Anthony, 165, 183, 197, 214 Cole attack) Zubaydah, Abu, 191, 196, 20