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Asian Strategic Review 2016 Editors Muni • Chadha 5 3 8 8 4 7 2 Eforms 8 ` 995 1 8 8 7 9 ISBN 978-81-8274-883-5 Ractices

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Asian Strategic Review 2016 Editors Muni • Chadha 5 3 8 8 4 7 2 Eforms 8 ` 995 1 8 8 7 9 ISBN 978-81-8274-883-5 Ractices For nearly forty years, Professor S.D Muni taught, The emerging trends of terrorism in Asia have in the conducted and supervised research, in international recent past challenged the conventional wisdom that relations and South Asian Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru Asian Strategic Review dictated and defined violence by non-state actors. Other Titles from IDSA University (1974-2006), National University of This, as the chapters in this volume suggest, is Singapore (2008-2013), Banaras Hindu University Core Concerns in Indian Defence and the Imperatives for Reforms illustrated by its distinct characteristics, forcing the (1985-86), and University of Rajasthan (1972-73). At Vinod Misra ASIAN world at large to grapple with these threats, including Jawaharlal Nehru University he held the prestigious ISBN 978-81-8274-818-7 volunteers from countries that had remained isolated Appadorai Chair of International Politics and Area from the contagion until now. Emerging Strategic Trends in Asia Studies. Prof. Muni also served as India's Special Uttam Kumar Sinha Various facets of the challenge from the Islamic State Envoy on UNSC Reforms (2005) and Ambassador in ISBN 978-81-8274-823-1 STRATEGIC (IS) and the unfolding contours of terrorism in Asia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (1997-99). In 2005 have been analysed and written about in the past. he was bestowed with 'Sri Lanka Ratna', Sri Lanka's Asian Strategic Review 2014 S D Muni and Vivek Chadha Most of the perspectives have, however, been highest honour for a foreign national. In October 2014, ISBN 978-81-8274-769-2 Western, with a sprinkling of Asian views. The present he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from REVIEW volume is a modest attempt to join the discourse on Tirupati University. He was invited to address the UN Defence Acquisition: International Best Practices Asian terrorism from an Indian perspective. It is hoped Special Committee on Indian Ocean as a Zone of Vinay Kaushal and Laxman K Behera that these essays will enliven and enrich the debate Peace in 1985. Author and editor of 25 books and ISBN 978-81-8274-711-1 on the challenge of terrorism in Asia that is monographs and more than 150 research papers, 2016 India's Neighbourhood: The Armies of South Asia 2016 increasingly threatening peace and stability as well as Prof. Muni has travelled extensively. He has been Vishal Chandra values and ideals. sitting on the selection committees for Vice ISBN 978-81-8274-706-0 The volume has been organised in four sections. The Chancellors and faculty members for different Indian first deals with the ideological and technological universities. He is Professor Emeritus, Jawaharlal Cooperative Security Framework for South Asia Nihar Nayak aspects as well as the funding, communication and Nehru University since 2014 and Distinguished Fellow, Editors Terrorism: Emerging Trends ISBN 978-81-8274-705-0 weapons of the IS and other terror groupings. The IDSA. remaining three sections focus on West and Central Grand Strategy for India 2020 and Beyond Muni • Chadha Asia, South Asia, as well as China and Southeast Colonel Vivek Chadha (Retd) served in the army for V. Krishnappa and Princy Marin George Asia. over 22 years before joining IDSA in 2011, as a ISBN: 978-81-8274-657-2 Research Fellow. His areas of research include India’s Neighbourhood defence studies, counter insurgency and terrorism Rumel Dahiya and Ashok K. Behuria finance. His published books include, Lifeblood of ISBN 978-81-8274-687-9 Terrorism: Countering Terrorism Finance, Low Editors Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis and Indo-US Relations: Divergence to Convergence. He has also ` 995 S D Muni | Vivek Chadha edited, Armed Forces Special Powers Act: The ISBN 978-81-8274-883-5 Debate. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Defence Studies. 9 788182 748835 ASIAN STRATEGIC REVIEW 2016 ASIAN STRATEGIC REVIEW 2016 Editors S.D. Muni Vivek Chadha INSTITUTE FOR DEFENCE STUDIES & ANALYSES NEW DELHI PENTAGON PRESS Asian Strategic Review 2016 Editor: S.D. Muni and Vivek Chadha First Published in 2016 Copyright © Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi ISBN 978-81-8274-885-9 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without first obtaining written permission of the copyright owner. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, or the Government of India. Published by PENTAGON PRESS 206, Peacock Lane, Shahpur Jat, New Delhi-110049 Phones: 011-64706243, 26491568 Telefax: 011-26490600 email: [email protected] website: www.pentagonpress.in Branch Flat No.213, Athena-2, Clover Acropolis, Viman Nagar, Pune-411014 Email: [email protected] In association with Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No. 1, Development Enclave, New Delhi-110010 Phone: +91-11-26717983 Website: www.idsa.in Printed at Avantika Printers Private Limited. Contents Foreword ix List of Contributors xiii Introduction 1 S.D. Muni IDEOLOGY, FINANCE, TECHNOLOGY AND WMDS 1. The Rise of the Islamic State: A New Chapter in Militant Islam 9 Yaqoobul Hassan 2. Triggers to Tabs: ISIS and the Information Age 28 Munish Sharma 3. Armed with a Tweet: The Islamic State’s Virtual Propaganda Wars, Its Appeal and Looming Threat to India 53 Shruti Pandalai 4. Islamic State and the Threat of Chemical Weapons 67 Reshmi Kazi 5. Financing of Terrorism in Asia: Emerging Trends 83 Vivek Chadha WEST AND CENTRAL ASIA 6. Islamic State and the Changing West Asian Geopolitics 103 Prasanta Kumar Pradhan 7. Iran and the Islamic State: Implications for India 118 M Mahtab Alam Rizvi vi Asian Strategic Review 2016 8. Present Danger: Terrorism and the Israeli Experience 131 S. Samuel C. Rajiv 9. The Syrian Uprising and the Rise of ISIS 145 Tsupokyemla and Neha Kohli 10. Managing Threats and Challenges of Terrorism in the Eurasian Region 160 Meena Singh Roy and Rajorshi Roy SOUTH ASIA 11. Reaping Whirlwind: The Defiant Genies and their Masters in Pakistan 189 Ashok K Behuria and Smruti S Pattanaik 12. Radicalisation in Pakistan: Youth Bulge as a Factor 209 Priyanka Singh 13. Growing Radicalism in Bangladesh: Assessing the Response of the State 222 Smruti S Pattanaik 14. The Maldives’ Approach to Islamic Radicalism, Terrorism and Terrorist Financing 243 Gulbin Sultana 15. Islamist Terrorism in India: Is the State Prepared to Combat Terror? 258 Amit Kumar 16. The Obama Administration’s Approach to Terrorism in South and West Asia: Implications for India and India-US Relations 282 Saroj Bishoyi CHINA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 17. Terrorism and Unrest in Xinjiang: Drivers, Policies and External Linkages 313 Avinash Godbole and Gunjan Singh Contents vii 18. Buddhist versus Islamic Extremism: A Case Study of Myanmar 331 Sampa Kundu 19. The ISIS Conundrum in Southeast Asia: The Case of Indonesia 342 Titli Basu 20. Terrorism in Malaysia 354 Udai Bhanu Singh Conclusion 364 Vivek Chadha Index 374 Foreword Terrorism has become, in this century, an issue of growing concern for many States internationally. Although a common problem across regions, terrorism manifests itself in specific ways in different social and national settings. The focus of the 2016 edition of the Asian Strategic Review is, consequently, to seek a greater comprehension of the nature and geographic spread of the present and future threats from terrorism, and the possible ways of contending with and combating it, effectively. The availability of new information, communication, and military technologies has enabled terrorist organisations to evolve into new forms. With a few exceptions, the terrorist threat was largely contained within national boundaries for much of the preceding century, and managed by individual States as a law and order issue. The threat from terrorist organisations – now more hybrid, complex and trans-national– is of a magnitude that it can subvert and destroy existing State structures. These organisations source funding from one country, arms and explosives from another, train in safe havens in areas within the jurisdiction of contiguous States – where authorities have abdicated control due to their incapacity or intent, having themselves turned ‘rogue’ – and select their targets across oceans and continents, sometimes far from their sanctuaries. Notwithstanding their mutation, they are not altogether dissimilar to the ones that had appeared already in the 1990s in the Afghanistan-Pakistan region. The common elements between the 1994 Islamic Emirate under Mullah Mohammad Omar and the 2014 Caliphate under Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi are striking. Both held territory and harboured foreign fighters. Both destroyed the civilizational heritage of their peoples – the Taliban first broke all the Gandhara idols they could find in the Kabul Museum before destroying the Buddha statues in Bamiyan, and the Daesh demolished the Baalshamin Temple of Palmyra. Both Taliban and Daesh have adopted barbaric methods of dispensing ‘justice’, punishing their adversaries, and killed Shias and those accused of apostasy. Both emerged as a consequence of complacency, permissiveness, and abetment on the part of one or more of the regional and great powers. x Asian Strategic Review 2016 The convening in Kandahar, on February 23, 1998 of the International Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and the Crusaders, marked the coming of age of trans-national terrorist organisations. As its leader, Al Qaeda enlisted in this Front the Egyptian Jihad Group (Jamaat-ul-Jihad), the Egyptian Armed Islamic Group (Gama’a al-Islamiya), the Pakistan Ulema Society (Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e- Pakistan), the Partisan’s Movement in Kashmir (Harkat-ul-Ansar), and the Jihad Movement in Bangladesh. Signatories to the February statement, other than Osama bin Laden, were Ayman al-Zawahiri, leader of Egypt’s Jihad group, Rifai Taha, head of Egypt’s Gama’a al-Islamiya, Mir Hamza, Secretary General of Pakistan’s Ulema Society, and Fazlul Rahman, head of the Jihad Movement in Bangladesh.
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