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The Pantano Longarini Shipwreck: a Reanalysis

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THE PANTANO LONGARINI SHIPWRECK: A REANALYSIS A Thesis by SARAH MARIE KAMPBELL Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2007 Major Subject: Anthropology THE PANTANO LONGARINI SHIPWRECK: A REANALYSIS A Thesis by SARAH MARIE KAMPBELL Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee: Luis Vieira-De-Castro Committee Members: C. Wayne Smith Christoph Konrad Head of Department: David L. Carlson August 2007 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT The Pantano Longarini Shipwreck: A Reanalysis. (August 2007) Sarah Marie Kampbell, B.A., University of Notre Dame Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Luis Vieira De Castro A late antique shipwreck was excavated in the Pantano Longarini marsh in the southeastern corner of Sicily in the 1960s. Despite its excellent preservation, problematic circumstances surrounding its excavation and publication have resulted in scholars ignoring or misinterpreting it. The majority of the data, including original field notes and documentation, are lost, and the drawings, plans, and photographs that remain are sometimes inconsistent and incomplete. My research reanalyzes the remains of this ship to determine how the Sicilians adapted to their marine and economic conditions within the turbulent socio-economic and political climate of late antiquity. The Pantano Longarini shipwreck demonstrates early stages in a shift from the tradition of plank-based construction to the modern system of reliance on an internal framework for structural support. Contemporary wrecks provide parallels, but unique elements distinguish this ship from those typically studied. Extremely thick timbers, a relatively flat bottom and bow and stern ramps argue that the Pantano Longarini ship was designed to carry bulk loads. Although the ship was originally reported as an extremely advanced ship, the present analysis points to a different type of watercraft: a coastal barge. Correctly identifying the Pantano Longarini ship allows us to gather iv information about the needs of its builders, as well as extends our knowledge of shipping and ship construction in the seventh century. v To my parents, Ted and Marie Kampbell. Thank you for always supporting me… …even when you don’t understand what it is that I’m doing. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the many people who have aided in the production of this thesis, from discussing ideas and offering critiques to providing documentation long thought lost. Gerhard Kapitän has given considerable time and effort in not only answering questions and offering advice, but also in providing photographs of, and documents about, the excavation. He provided valuable insight into some of the lingering questions. Without his help the history of this shipwreck would still be clouded in the shrouds of time. He has not only been willing to share, but has been actively involved in tracking down lost material. Johan Reinhard and Laina Swiny, both members of the excavation team, have been kind enough to share images and memories. Much lost data has been recovered due to their efforts. I am truly indebted to David Baker for so graciously providing me with his unpublished research. The information he has shared sheds light into the darkness of seventh century Sicily. Lorenzo Guzzardi, the Soprintendenza of Siracusa, was kind enough to offer his hospitality during my stay in Sicily and provided answers to many questions. Lilia Campana and Dante Bartoli were invaluable in not only translating, but also assisting my understanding of Italian culture. They have done everything possible to aid this work. I am indebted to Justin Leidwanger who has provided advice, support, theories, critiques and more articles than I could possibly read; to Sam Koepnick for his hours of vii answering “How do I…?” software questions; to Matthew “Johnson” Labbe for taking time away from his own thesis to illustrate mine; to Leanne Gordon who spent many hours reviewing the manuscript, she improved not only the written presentation, but also provided valuable advice and suggestions for the content. All mistakes in this manuscript are entirely my own. Special thanks are due to Filipe Castro, who not only encouraged this project, but also took an active role in supporting me. With his help and constant encouragement I have learned how to draw boats instead of bananas, to think critically about my own and others work, and to debate everything from the Pantano Longarini wreck to politics to movies, all with a smile. All uncredited photographs are the work of the author. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT............................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ........................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 1 II HISTORICAL BACKGROUND................................................... 6 Terminology and Sources............................................................... 6 Eastern Empire ............................................................................... 10 Western Empire.............................................................................. 12 Arab Advance................................................................................. 14 Economy......................................................................................... 15 Discussion ...................................................................................... 19 III HISTORY OF THE SHIPWRECK................................................ 22 Discovery ....................................................................................... 22 Preliminary Survey......................................................................... 23 Throckmorton Excavation.............................................................. 24 2001 Documentation ...................................................................... 28 Current Status................................................................................. 28 Surviving Material.......................................................................... 29 Additional Resources..................................................................... 33 Location.......................................................................................... 34 Site Formation Processes ............................................................... 38 Discussion ...................................................................................... 39 ix CHAPTER Page IV DATE AND ORIGIN..................................................................... 41 Dating ............................................................................................ 41 Origin ............................................................................................ 45 Discussion ...................................................................................... 49 V CONSTRUCTION METHOD....................................................... 51 Construction Technique................................................................. 51 Construction Details....................................................................... 56 Assembly Order.............................................................................. 57 Reconstruction................................................................................ 61 Discussion ...................................................................................... 65 Dimensions..................................................................................... 67 VI SUPPORTING EVIDENCE.......................................................... 68 Reconstruction Analysis................................................................. 68 Parallel Evidence............................................................................ 74 Discussion ...................................................................................... 90 VII BARGES........................................................................................ 92 Northern European Barges ............................................................. 92 Mediterranean Vessels................................................................... 95 Rascona .......................................................................................... 100 Discussion ...................................................................................... 102 VIII CONCLUSION ............................................................................ 103 WORKS CITED......................................................................................... 110 APPENDIX A REFERENCES TO THE PANTANO LONGARINI SHIPWRECK................................................................................. 122 APPENDIX B NAMING DEVICES ON ROMAN VESSELS................. 124 Naming Tradition..........................................................................
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