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“Citizenship Fraud Crackdown” Bojana Kojic AT Strengthening the Value of Citizenship: Neoliberalism, Racism, and Canada’s “Citizenship Fraud Crackdown” Bojana Kojic A Thesis in The Department of Geography, Planning and Environment Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Geography, Urban and Environmental Studies) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada January 2015 © Bojana Kojic, 2015 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Bojana Kojic Entitled: Strengthening the Value of Citizenship: Neoliberalism, Racism, and Canada’s “Citizenship Fraud Crackdown” and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Geography, Urban and Environmental Studies) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: ______________________________________ Chair Pascale Biron ______________________________________ Examiner Kevin Gould ______________________________________ Examiner Yasmin Jiwani ______________________________________ Supervisor Ted Rutland Approved by ________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director _________ 2015 ________________________________________________ Dean of Faculty ABSTRACT Strengthening the Value of Citizenship: Neoliberalism, Racism, and Canada’s “Citizenship Fraud Crackdown” Bojana Kojic In July 2011, Minster of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism, Jason Kenney, announced the beginning of the Citizenship Fraud Crackdown, an initiative to revoke, on mass scale, citizenship and Permanent Resident status obtained through fraudulent means. The initiative strived to purge Canada of past, present, and future citizenship fraud on a scale never seen before. The Crackdown cited 11,000 cases of fraud under investigation. Despite its rhetoric of eliminating fraud, the Crackdown failed to uncover wide scale deception in the citizenship program. I evaluate the Citizenship Fraud Crackdown through public discourse analysis, a review of internal Citizenship and Immigration Canada documents, and through interviews with individuals implicated in the investigations. The case study highlights racial and neoliberal underpinnings present in Canadian citizenship, and interesting tensions within citizenship reforms. The first tension is the push to require greater physical presence in Canada, at a time when globalization promotes neoliberal subjects living transnational lives. A second tension is fracturing of citizenship rights along the lines of dual citizens and single-citizens, even though both types of citizens are offered the same protections under the law. I argue the Citizenship Fraud Crackdown represents a form of nation-building that is fueled by racism and facilitated by the neoliberal crime-and-security agenda. I also argue that neoliberalism does not just operate parallel to racism; it is a racist ideology in and of itself. iii CONTENTS Chapter 1 - Introduction: Strengthening the Value of Canadian Citizenship ................................. 1 Chapter 2 – Methodology ............................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 3 – Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 18 Morphology of racism ........................................................................................................... 19 Race and Nation ..................................................................................................................... 21 Race and Nation-State ........................................................................................................... 24 Race, Nation-State, and Immigration .................................................................................... 26 Race, Nation-State, and Citizenship ...................................................................................... 29 The Era of Neoliberalism: Contemporary Race, Nation, and Immigration .............................. 31 Neoliberalism and Immigration ............................................................................................. 33 Neoliberalism and Race ......................................................................................................... 38 Neoliberalism and Citizenship: Canadian Citizenship in the Contemporary Era ................. 41 Transnational Feminism ............................................................................................................ 44 Chapter 4 – The Citizenship Fraud Crackdown ............................................................................ 50 The Context: Overview of Proposed and Enacted Changes to Citizenship Under the Stephen Harper Conservative Government, 2006 - 2014 ....................................................................... 51 The Thrust: (Re)Defining Residence in Canada ....................................................................... 55 The Citizenship Fraud Crackdown Described .......................................................................... 58 Revocation of Citizenship & Permanent Resident Status ..................................................... 60 The Residence Questionnaire (RQ) ....................................................................................... 64 Chapter 5 – Sound the Alarms ...................................................................................................... 70 Purpose of The Citizenship Fraud Crackdown ......................................................................... 74 The Ideal Neoliberal Subject ..................................................................................................... 78 The Criminal/Racial Other ........................................................................................................ 83 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 95 Chapter 6 – Living in the Breach: Unheard Voices of RQ Recipients ....................................... 102 The RQ Experience ................................................................................................................. 106 Living with Permanent Resident Status .................................................................................. 117 Relationship with the Nation-State ......................................................................................... 128 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 133 Chapter 7: Conclusion................................................................................................................. 137 References ................................................................................................................................... 143 Appendix A: Overview of Bill C-24 the “Strengthening Canadian Citizenship Act” ................ 156 Appendix B: Access to Information And Privacy Act Requests ................................................ 158 Appendix C: Residence Questionnaire ....................................................................................... 160 Appendix D: Individuals Implicated in Citizenship Fraud, by Country of Birth ....................... 166 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Literature Map ............................................................................................................... 19 Figure 2: Map of Visa Requirements to Enter Canada by Country .............................................. 43 Figure 3: Citizens Implicated in Citizenship Fraud Investigations by Country of Birth (2012) .. 91 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Sources Used in Discourse Analysis .............................................................................. 12 Table 2: Citizenship Reform Bills Made to the Senate by the Conservative Government, 2006 - 2014................................................................................................................................ 55 Table 3: The Koo Test .................................................................................................................. 57 Table 4: Residence Questionnaire Triggers .................................................................................. 68 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION: STRENGTHENING THE VALUE OF CANADIAN CITIZENSHIP The stories that we tell are powerful. They spark our emotions, help us learn, and, most importantly, help us make sense of the world around us. A story can be a factual or fictional account. This does not, in fact, matter; what makes a story powerful is its reiteration. Through reiteration stories escalate to ideologies. Bonilla-Silva (2010) eloquently explains: What makes story lines “ideological” is that story tellers and their audiences share a representational world that makes these stories seem factual. Hence, by telling and retelling these story lines, members of a social group strengthen their collective understanding about how and why the world is the way it is. (p.76) When stories become ideologies they perpetuate certain ways of thinking and knowing, which in turn upholds social systems and institutions. Bonilla-Silva (2010) argues, for example, that racist structures are upheld through racist ideologies. He traces how the emergence of race in human history
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