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Becoming Ideal Canadians: the Cultural Adjustment and Citizenship Trials of British War Brides

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Becoming Ideal Canadians: the Cultural Adjustment and Citizenship Trials of British War Brides BECOMING IDEAL CANADIANS: THE CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND CITIZENSHIP TRIALS OF BRITISH WAR BRIDES BECOMING IDEAL CANADIANS: THE CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT AND CITIZENSHIP TRIALS OF BRITISH WAR BRIDES By CHELSEA V. BARRANGER, B.A. (Hons), M.A. A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy McMaster University © by Chelsea V. Barranger, 2019 TITLE: Becoming Ideal Canadians: The Cultural Adjustment and Citizenship Trials of British War Brides AUTHOR: Chelsea V. Barranger, B.A. Hons (University of Western Ontario), M.A. (McMaster University) SUPERVSIOR: Dr. Ruth Frager NUMBER OF PAGES: 390 ii LAY ABSTRACT Most historical work about British war brides has been overly nostalgic and focussed on the collection and creation of interview anthologies; often created by these women and their children. Discussions of life in Canada and negative experiences are only briefly mentioned. This dissertation argues that this nostalgic view of war brides in the historical literature hides the immigration, settlement, and citizenship challenges faced by these women in Canada during and after the Second World War. The different experiences of these women reveal biases towards their background and gender, relationships damaged by the trauma of war, bureaucratic incompetence in the immigration and citizenship process, and raises important questions about national belonging and the nature of Canadian citizenship, from the post-war period to the present. iii ABSTRACT Historical work on British war brides has been limited to the creation and collection of nostalgic interview anthologies; often by the women themselves or their children. These anthologies focus on the meeting of Canadian servicemen and British women and the women’s journey to and reunion with their husbands in Canada. Discussions of life in Canada and negative experiences are only briefly mentioned. This dissertation argues that this nostalgic view of war brides in the historical literature hides the immigration, settlement, and citizenship challenges faced by these women in Canada during and after the Second World War. Reception of war brides by the Canadian government and public was not as positive as the current scholarship has suggested. While some war brides flourished in Canada, others experienced adaptational problems, including differences in language and religion, navigating Canada’s housing crisis, and hostile in-laws. A few women also experienced problems related to abandonment, abuse, or husbands with undiagnosed post traumatic stress disorder. Since divorce was difficult to get at the time, these women tended to suffer in silence. Some war brides and their children even experienced problems with their citizenship, due to sexist provisions in the Canadian Citizenship Act in 1946, and changes to the Act in 1976, which made proof of citizenship necessary for all Canadians; something that many war brides were unaware of. This dissertation examines the creation and evolution of Canadian citizenship from a perspective that highlights its initial racism and sexism, as well as the consistent bureaucratic bungling regarding the application of its provisions since 1947. While these cases were fixed by amendments to the Citizenship iv Act in 2008 and 2014 by the Harper government, the citizenship conundrums that this community faced raise interesting questions about what citizenship means and who gets to be a Canadian citizen. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While writing this dissertation I experienced a lot of ups and downs personally and academically. That is why I am eternally grateful for the support and encouragement that I have received from loved ones, colleagues, and faculty over the last 5 five years. I owe a great deal of thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Ruth Frager. She agreed to supervise both my Master’s and PhD despite my topics diverging from her field of study. Without your advice, encouragement, and accommodations, I do not think I could have completed this project. I also want to thank my committee members, Dr. Nancy Bouchier and Dr. John Weaver. I have learned a lot as both your student and teaching assistant. Thank you for teaching me to be a compassionate teacher and an accessible writer. Thank you as well to my external examiner Dr. Lara Campbell for taking the time to review my dissertation and for providing such insightful feedback. I would not have gotten to this point without faculty support. Thank you, Dr. George Warecki and Dr. Sara Morrison, for giving me a solid historical foundation and encouraging me to be the first person in my family to pursue graduate studies. Thank you, Dr. H.V. Nelles, Dr. Stephen Heathorn, Dr. Karen Balcom, Dr. Tracy McDonald, Dr. Stephen Streeter, and Dr. Michael Gauvreau for challenging the way I think about history, and for your belief that I had PhD potential. Thank you, Debbie Lobban and Wendy Benedetti, for answering my many questions over the years. Your quick chats and encouragement were invaluable. The work you do is deeply appreciated by all students in the history department. vi I am also grateful for the financial support provided by the McMaster History Department, the L.R. Wilson Institute for Canadian History, and the Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). This work could not have been completed without their generous financial support. Similarly, I am grateful for the advice and assistance that I received from archivists and librarians at the Archives of Ontario, Bibliothèque et Archives Nationales du Québec Vieux-Montréal, the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, the City of Toronto Archives, the George Metcalf Archival Collection at the Canadian War Museum, Library and Archives Canada, the Provincial Archives of New Brunswick, and the L’Université de Montréal Service des Archives. I wish to extend my thanks to Melynda Jarratt for taking the time to speak to me about my project at the beginning. Her hard work and dedication gathering interviews from British war brides is inspiring. I also wish to thank the participants of my study for believing in my project and sharing their stories with me. I owe thanks to my friends at home and school. Thank you, Victoria, Danielle, Lexi, Tori, and Kat, for editing work, helping me study, and listening to me rant about a field of study very divergent from your own. Thank you to my Mac family – Scott, Kelsey, Jac, Oleksa, Megan, Curran, Mica, Sam, Alex, and Shay – for editing advice, board game nights, and a lot of laughs. Writing a PhD can be an incredibly isolating experience. Your friendship over the years has helped me to see that I was not alone and that light was just around the corner. I can never thank my partner, Andrew Kloiber, enough for the love, understanding, patience – I know right? – and many ice cream and movie nights that he vii has given me over the last 6 years. You and Zoe have kept me going even when I wanted to quit. While both of our dissertation processes have come with their fair share of personal struggles, I am grateful that we have been able to face them and grow stronger together. Lastly, but certainly not least, I want to thank my family. Thank you to all my aunts, uncles, and cousins for supporting me through this process. Thank you to my Aunt Peggy for letting me use family documents for this project and for supporting my schooling over the years. Thank you to my siblings, Justine and Andrew, for putting up with my shenanigans as a child and having no doubt that I could complete this dissertation – you do not have to call me Doctor. A huge thank you to my Poppa. Your faith that I could do anything I put my mind to – even defending the devil – has meant more to me than you will ever know. Thank you to my parents, Todd and Lorraine, who stoked my passion for history and have always encouraged me to pursue it academically. No matter what the struggles we have faced – and there have been quite a few – I have always felt loved. I wish to also thank those who I have lost along the way, including Aunt Betty, Aunt Fran and Uncle Alf, Rhommel, Leia, and Nan (who inspired this project). I miss you all and hope you are proud of me. I could not be here today both literally and figuratively without you all. I love you all and dedicate this work to you. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS LAY ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... x DECLARATION OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT ................................................................ xiv Introduction – The Fairy Tale of War Brides ................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 – The Canadian Government and “The Problem of British Brides” ............................. 45 Chapter 2 – Ill-Prepared and Overwhelmed: The Canadian Government’s Transportation of British Brides to Canada, 1942-5 ................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 3 – Image Building: The Canadian Wives Bureau and “promoting the right mental attitude for settlement in Canada”
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