DOCSLIB.ORG

Canadian Planning Through a Transnational Lens: the Evolution of Urban Planning in Canada, 1890-1930

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canadian Planning Through a Transnational Lens: the Evolution of Urban Planning in Canada, 1890-1930 Canadian Planning through a Transnational Lens: the Evolution of Urban Planning in Canada, 1890-1930 Catherine Mary Ulmer A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Fall 08 April 2017 Department of History and Classical Studies, Faculty of Arts, McGill University, Montreal © Catherine Mary Ulmer ii Abstract From the late nineteenth century onwards, a varied group of middle and upper class English- Canadians embraced urban planning, forming connections with the international planning cohort and circulating planning knowledge across Canada. Yet, despite their membership within the wider planning world, and the importance of such involvement to Canada’s early planning movement, the current historical narrative does not fully account for the complex nature of Canadian interactions with this wider planning cohort. This dissertation points to the necessity of applying a transnational perspective to our understanding of Canada’s modern planning history. It considers the importance of English-Canadian urban planning networking from 1910–1914, argues that these individuals were knowledgeable and selective borrowers of foreign planning information, and reassesses the role of Thomas Adams, the British expert who acted as a national planning advisor to Canada (1915–1922) and has been credited with founding Canada’s planning movement. Reevaluating his position, I argue that Adams did not introduce Canadians to modern planning. Instead his central role came through his efforts to help professionalize planning through creating the Town Planning Institute of Canada (TPIC) in 1919. As I assert, by restricting full membership to male professionals the TPIC relegated amateur planning advocates to a supporting role, devaluing the contributions of non-professionals, and, in particular, women. Through my dissertation, I demonstrate that neither Adams’ arrival, nor his departure, stopped English-Canadians from interacting with the wider planning movement. Instead, such webs of transnational planning connections stood as the common threads linking all English-Canadian planning activities between 1890 and 1930. iii Résumé Depuis la fin du XIXe siècle, un groupe divers de Canadiens anglais provenant de la bourgeoisie et de la classe moyenne se sont initiés aux principes émergents de l’urbanisme. Dans cet élan, ils ont établi des liens avec une cohorte internationale de spécialistes d’urbanisme et ont diffusé les connaissances qu’ils ont acquises sur le sujet à travers le Canada. Malgré cette adhésion au monde d’urbanisme transnational et l'influence qu’elle a exercée sur l’urbanisme moderne du Canada, l’historiographie n’aborde pas la complexité des interactions canadiennes et des échanges idéologiques avec cette cohorte internationale. Cette thèse démontre que les balbutiements de l’urbanisme moderne au Canada méritent d’être examinés dans leur contexte transnational. Nous considérons en premier lieu les individus impliqués dans le réseau d’urbanisme canadien-anglais entre les années 1910 et 1914. Ceux-ci se sont informés au sujet de l’urbanisme et ont choisi d’emprunter les éléments qu’ils ont jugés pertinents à leur cause. En deuxième lieu, nous réévaluons la contribution de Thomas Adams, l'expert britannique qui a agi comme un conseiller national d’urbanisme au Canada entre les années 1915 et 1922. Ce dernier a été reconnu comme l’architecte du mouvement d’urbanisme moderne au Canada. Nous avançons plutôt que Adams n’est pas le point de départ de ce mouvement, mais qu’il a occupé un rôle primordial dans la professionnalisation de l’urbanisme dans le cadre de la création de l'Institut canadien d’urbanisme (ICU) en 1919. En limitant l’adhésion à l’ICU aux urbanistes professionnels et masculins, cette association a relégué les amateurs à un rôle de soutien, dévalorisant ainsi les contributions des contributeurs non professionnels, et surtout, des femmes. Cette thèse démontre que l'arrivée et le départ d'Adams n’ont pas empêché l’interaction des Canadiens anglais avec le mouvement d’urbanisme internationale. Au contraire, ces réseaux iv transnationaux d’urbanisme persistent et demeurent pertinents pour toutes les activités de planification dans le Canada anglais entre 1890 et 1930. v Acknowledgements A wise colleague once told me to write my acknowledgements throughout the process of working on my dissertation instead of at the end. As she warned me, in moments when the work seems insurmountable, taking a step back to remember support that surrounds you helps to push you forward again. Although I did not put these acknowledgements to paper until the end of this work, I composed them a hundred times in my mind as I strove to finish chapters and drafts, submit articles to editors, or present at conferences. This project has left me with so many people to thank for their generosity with time, advice, friendship, and funding. Firstly, I would like to thank the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Peter Cundill Foundation, and the University of McGill for their generous funding of my coursework, research, and travel. Thanks also to the staff at the archives and libraries where I had the privilege of conducting research, particularly those at the Library and Archives Canada, the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, the Saskatchewan Archives Board, and the City of Saskatoon Archives. Although material from many of these facilities made it into this work, I also extend my thanks to the Royal Institute of British Architects’ archivists who halted their van as it left the offsite storage site and got my box on it so I could consult conference reports before I flew home; to Jennifer Garland at the Canadian Architecture Collection for talking me through the careers of Percy Nobbs and the Maxwells; to Stella Halkyard at the John Rylands Library for making Raymond Unwin’s papers available to me on short notice; and to Eamon Duffy, McGill’s liaison librarian for History and Government Information for helping me locate and cite all the planning acts I consider. To Mitali Das, Jody Anderson, Meena Mohan, Sylvia Markhauser Crawford, and Colleen Parish, thank you for your invaluable administrative assistance. I also wish to thank my supervisor, Suzanne Morton. Suzanne has moved me through the highs and lows of this project, always providing good humour and sound advice. She has been an incredible support and helped me develop into a stronger writer, researcher, and academic. I am grateful to her for all the time she spent working with me. A sincere thanks also to Shane Ewen, my host supervisor during my semester at Leeds Beckett University. I have so appreciated Shane’s encouragement of my research, and the time he has put in to reading my work. My dissertation, and time at McGill, was also enriched through the guidance and friendship of many fantastic professors. To Len Moore: thank you for your belief in me, and for always reminding me of the importance of life outside academia. To Brian Lewis: thank you for always helping me to find the bright side of this sometimes crazy process, for sharing sound advice, and for, on occasion, indulging me when I want to avoid work and talk about British politics instead. To John Zucchi, neither Amanda nor I will ever forget how much genuine fun we had during our comps year working with you. Thank you for your encouragement throughout these past years. I would also like to extend my thanks to those professors from outside McGill whose advice and guidance I was fortunate to receive. Bill Waiser (University of Saskatchewan) supervised much of my undergraduate history work and, crucially, first supported me in considering graduate studies in the field. Penny Bryden (University of Victoria) was my masters advisor. Her guidance on academic writing, and suggestions for how to approach and organize archival sources, vi continues to influence my research. Thank you to Peter Jacobs (Université de Montréal) for kindly meeting with me and answering my questions about Quebec and Montreal planning history, and to my defence committee members David Gordon (Queen’s University) and Raphaël Fischler (McGill), for sharing generously of their time and knowledge of planning history. I very much value their insightful comments, questions, and comprehensive consideration of this dissertation. This process would not have been the same without the support of those within the Ferrier office. Thank you especially to Mary Ann Poutanen and Jarrett Rudy for all the advice and conversations. To Colin Grittner, Amanda Ricci, and Matthew Wyman-McCarthy, and Daniel Simeone whose friendship and collegiality I have had the privilege of enjoying since we met in 2009 and to Colin Gilmour, François Gauthier, Rammy Saini, Peter Hynd, Rachel Sandwell, and Mary-Luise Ermisch for making campus, and Montreal, seem a kinder, happier place. To the fellow members of the Ferrier-based “Desperate to Finish” writing group, Andrew Dial, Colin Gilmour, Max Hamon, Carolynn McNally, and Sonya Roy, thank you for cheering me on through the final writing push, your comments and support have meant so much. Throughout the past years, both my academic and social life were made better by the presence of my friends. Elizabeth Della Zazzera, Anne Dance, Andrea Eidinger, Lee Blanding, Kate Martin, Sara Regnier-McKellar, Danielle Taschereau-Mamers, Samantha Morris, Lisa Pasolli, Devon Drury, and Ashley Cumming illustrated that friendships forged at UVic are the truest and strongest. Elizabeth, Anne, Andrea, Danielle, and Kate each deserve their own chapter of thanks for their endless support. Caimbria and David Lockwood and Corin Leach provided necessary friendship and encouragement both in B.C. and the U.K. Saskatonians Crystal Dyck (and her wonderful family), Alice Glaze, Monica Deschner, Carmen Landine, Caitlin Cottrell, and Maggie Gilbertson were my essential long-distance cheerleaders and helped me make the most of visits back home. The presence of friends like Joanna Rozanski, Sophie Forget, Alanna Lacroix, David Giannandrea, and Megan Bocking in Ottawa made me feel at home in Eastern Canada.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Changing Cities: 75 Years of Planning Better Futures at MIT / Lawrence J
    Changing Cities 75 Years of Planning Better Futures at MIT Lawrence J. Vale © 2008 by Lawrence J. Vale and the SA+P Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form, without written permission from the publisher. Vale, Lawrence J. Changing Cities: 75 Years of Planning Better Futures at MIT / Lawrence J. Vale. ISBN 978-0-9794774-2-3 Published in the United States by SA+P Press. Support for this catalogue and its related exhibition was provided by the Department of Urban Studies and Planning, and the Wolk Gallery, School of Architecture + Planning. Developed from an exhibition at the Wolk Gallery, MIT School of Architecture + Planning, February 12 - April 11, 2008. Exhibition curated and written by Lawrence J. Vale, in collaboration with Gary Van Zante, Laura Knott and Gabrielle Bendiner-Viani/ Buscada Design. Exhibition & Catalogue design: Buscada Design SA PMITDUSP SCHOOL OFMIT ARCHITECTURE + PLANNING Dedicated to the Students and Alumni/ae of MIT’s Course in City Planning Contents 2 Acknowledgments 4 Preface 12 Planning at MIT: An Introduction 14 Up from Adams 25 The Burdell Committee & The Doctoral Program 28 The Joint Center 31 Ciudad Guayana 35 City Image & City Design: The Lynchian Tradition 41 Planning, The Revolution 47 Planning in Communities 50 Affordable Housing 58 Environmental Policy & Planning 62 The Laboratory of Architecture & Planning 65 The Center for Real Estate 68 International Development 74 Practica 78 DUSP in New Orleans 81 DUSP in China 85 Technologies & Cities 88 Changing Cities: Is there a DUSP way? 90 A Growing Department 92 An Urbanized and Urbanizing Planet 94 Appendix I: Here We Go Again: Recurring Questions Facing DUSP 107 Appendix II: Trends in Cities, Planning, and Development 121 Appendix III: “Tomorrow the Universe” 130 Notes 133 Images Acknowledgments Work on this exhibition and catalogue began in 2004, and I am particularly grateful to Diana Sherman (MCP ‘05) and Alison Novak (MCP ‘06) for their initial assistance with archival examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring Americaâ•Žs New •Œmegapolitanâ•Š Geography
    Brookings Mountain West Publications Publications (BMW) 2005 Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America’s New “Megapolitan” Geography Robert E. Lang Brookings Mountain West, [email protected] Dawn Dhavale Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/brookings_pubs Part of the Urban Studies Commons Repository Citation Lang, R. E., Dhavale, D. (2005). Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America’s New “Megapolitan” Geography. 1-33. Available at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/brookings_pubs/38 This Report is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Report in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Report has been accepted for inclusion in Brookings Mountain West Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. METROPOLITAN INSTITUTE CENSUS REPORT SERIES Census Report 05:01 (May 2005) Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America’s New “Megapolitan” Geography Robert E. Lang Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech Dawn Dhavale Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech “... the ten Main Findings and Observations Megapolitans • The Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech identifi es ten US “Megapolitan have a Areas”— clustered networks of metropolitan areas that exceed 10 million population total residents (or will pass that mark by 2040). equal to • Six Megapolitan Areas lie in the eastern half of the United States, while four more are found in the West.
    [Show full text]
  • Uot History Freidland.Pdf
    Notes for The University of Toronto A History Martin L. Friedland UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London © University of Toronto Press Incorporated 2002 Toronto Buffalo London Printed in Canada ISBN 0-8020-8526-1 National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Friedland, M.L. (Martin Lawrence), 1932– Notes for The University of Toronto : a history ISBN 0-8020-8526-1 1. University of Toronto – History – Bibliography. I. Title. LE3.T52F75 2002 Suppl. 378.7139’541 C2002-900419-5 University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council. This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Humanities and Social Sciences Federation of Canada, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the finacial support for its publishing activities of the Government of Canada, through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP). Contents CHAPTER 1 – 1826 – A CHARTER FOR KING’S COLLEGE ..... ............................................. 7 CHAPTER 2 – 1842 – LAYING THE CORNERSTONE ..... ..................................................... 13 CHAPTER 3 – 1849 – THE CREATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO AND TRINITY COLLEGE ............................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 4 – 1850 – STARTING OVER ..... ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Adams, 1871 - 1940
    Thomas Adams, 1871 - 1940 by David Lewis Stein David Lewis Stein is a TORONTO STAR urban affairs columnist. It may be some comfort to remember that Thomas Adams, the godfather of Canadian planning, was an international figure who suffered because of the public mood swings that still affect the planning profession today. Adams was born in 1871 on a dairy farm just outside of Edinburgh, Scotland, and in his early twenties he even operated a farm himself. From these agrarian roots, he went on to become a founding member of the British Town Planning Institute, founder of the Town Planning Institute of Canada and a founding member of the American City Planning Institute, forerunner of the American Institute of Planners. Adams accomplished this institutional hat-trick -- as well as becoming one of the most important early private practitioners--not so much because of the originality of his ideas but because he was an active, vigorous individual who was fortunate enough to be in the right place at the right time. While a farmer on the outskirts of Edinburgh at the end of the last century, Adams became a local councillor. He later moved to London to pursue a career in journalism and got caught up in the excitement of the Garden City movement. He qualified as a surveyor and became the first person in England to make his living entirely from planning and designing garden suburbs--doing no less than seven of them. By 1910, Adams was so widely recognized in his new profession that he became the first president of the British Town Planning Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Works Using Sources from the University of Toronto Archives
    Bibliography of works using sources from the University of Toronto Archives Compiled by Harold Averill July 2004 26th revision, June, 2019 © University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services, 2019 Bibliography of works using sources from the University of Toronto Archives Introduction Since 1965 the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services has been acquiring, preserving and making available the documentary heritage of the University of Toronto as a permanent resource in support of the operational, educational and research needs of the University community and the general public. Over the years, the thousands of researchers who have used the Archives have produced a huge number of articles, books, theses and other publications, and material has also been used in films, videos, radio, stage and other multi-media productions. In 2004 Harold Averill, the Assistant University Archivist, initiated a project to capture the record of this research. This ongoing project is designed to draw the reader’s attention to the range of research that has been conducted at University of Toronto Archives and, by implication, the wealth of our holdings. The listings include published or produced material only and, while comprehensive, make no claim to be complete. It is currently divided into four sections: books, articles, catalogues and pamphlets; theses and research papers; plays; and moving image material. Other sections will be added as information becomes available. Researchers are invited to submit the results of their research for inclusion. Please provide full bibliographic record(s) to [email protected] A. Books, articles, catalogues, and pamphlets A guide to architectural records in the University of Toronto Archives.
    [Show full text]
  • THE JESUIT MISSION to CANADA and the FRENCH WARS of RELIGION, 1540-1635 Dissertation P
    “POOR SAVAGES AND CHURLISH HERETICS”: THE JESUIT MISSION TO CANADA AND THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION, 1540-1635 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Joseph R. Wachtel, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Professor Alan Gallay, Adviser Professor Dale K. Van Kley Professor John L. Brooke Copyright by Joseph R. Wachtel 2013 Abstract My dissertation connects the Jesuit missions in Canada to the global Jesuit missionary project in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries by exploring the impact of French religious politics on the organizing of the first Canadian mission, established at Port Royal, Acadia, in 1611. After the Wars of Religion, Gallican Catholics blamed the Society for the violence between French Catholics and Protestants, portraying Jesuits as underhanded usurpers of royal authority in the name of the Pope—even accusing the priests of advocating regicide. As a result, both Port Royal’s settlers and its proprietor, Jean de Poutrincourt, never trusted the missionaries, and the mission collapsed within two years. After Virginia pirates destroyed Port Royal, Poutrincourt drew upon popular anti- Jesuit stereotypes to blame the Jesuits for conspiring with the English. Father Pierre Biard, one of the missionaries, responded with his 1616 Relation de la Nouvelle France, which described Port Royal’s Indians and narrated the Jesuits’ adventures in North America, but served primarily as a defense of their enterprise. Religio-political infighting profoundly influenced the interaction between Indians and Europeans in the earliest years of Canadian settlement.
    [Show full text]
  • The War Assets Corporation and the Disposal of Canada's Munitions and Supplies, 1943-1948
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 3-1-2016 12:00 AM Peace Dividend: The War Assets Corporation and the Disposal of Canada's Munitions and Supplies, 1943-1948 Alex Souchen The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Jonathan Vance The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Alex Souchen 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Defense and Security Studies Commons, Military and Veterans Studies Commons, Military History Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Souchen, Alex, "Peace Dividend: The War Assets Corporation and the Disposal of Canada's Munitions and Supplies, 1943-1948" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 3638. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/3638 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This dissertation is the first full-length study to explore how the Canadian government and military disposed of surplus munitions and supplies after the Second World War. By investigating how the state planned and implemented its disposal program from 1943 to 1948, this thesis places objects at the centre of attention and demonstrates their profound political, social, and economic significance. By examining the extended social lives of munitions and supplies in relationship to their postwar impact on civilian life, this study offers a new and innovative perspective that links material culture with postwar reconstruction, rehabilitation, and demobilization.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadianism, Anglo-Canadian Identities and the Crisis of Britishness, 1964-1968
    Nova Britannia Revisited: Canadianism, Anglo-Canadian Identities and the Crisis of Britishness, 1964-1968 C. P. Champion Department of History McGill University, Montreal A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History February 2007 © Christian Paul Champion, 2007 Table of Contents Dedication ……………………………….……….………………..………….…..2 Abstract / Résumé ………….……..……….……….…….…...……..………..….3 Acknowledgements……………………….….……………...………..….…..……5 Obiter Dicta….……………………………………….………..…..…..….……….6 Introduction …………………………………………….………..…...…..….….. 7 Chapter 1 Canadianism and Britishness in the Historiography..….…..………….33 Chapter 2 The Challenge of Anglo-Canadian ethnicity …..……..…….……….. 62 Chapter 3 Multiple Identities, Britishness, and Anglo-Canadianism ……….… 109 Chapter 4 Religion and War in Anglo-Canadian Identity Formation..…..……. 139 Chapter 5 The celebrated rite-de-passage at Oxford University …….…...…… 171 Chapter 6 The courtship and apprenticeship of non-Wasp ethnic groups….….. 202 Chapter 7 The “Canadian flag” debate of 1964-65………………………..…… 243 Chapter 8 Unification of the Canadian armed forces in 1966-68……..….……. 291 Conclusions: Diversity and continuity……..…………………………….…….. 335 Bibliography …………………………………………………………….………347 Index……………………………………………………………………………...384 1 For Helena-Maria, Crispin, and Philippa 2 Abstract The confrontation with Britishness in Canada in the mid-1960s is being revisited by scholars as a turning point in how the Canadian state was imagined and constructed. During what the present thesis calls the “crisis of Britishness” from 1964 to 1968, the British character of Canada was redefined and Britishness portrayed as something foreign or “other.” This post-British conception of Canada has been buttressed by historians depicting the British connection as a colonial hangover, an externally-derived, narrowly ethnic, nostalgic, or retardant force. However, Britishness, as a unique amalgam of hybrid identities in the Canadian context, in fact took on new and multiple meanings.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Canadian Planning PASSÉ L’Évolution De L’Urbanisme Canadien
    PAST Evolution of Canadian Planning PASSÉ L’évolution de l’urbanisme canadien CLICK TO RETURN TO TABLE OF CONTENTS Our common past? Notre passé commun ? A re-interpretation Une réinterprétation des of Canadian planning histories histoires de l’urbanisme au Canada By Jeanne M. Wolfe, David L.A. Gordon, and Raphaël Fischler Par Jeanne M. Wolfe, David L.A. Gordon et Raphaël Fischler lanning is about change, and the common belief of all e premier enjeu de l’urbanisme est le changement et planners, no matter their specialty, expertise, skill, or area of tous les urbanistes, quels que soient leur spécialité, leur endeavour, is that change can be managed for the betterment expertise, leurs compétences ou leur domaine d’activité, ont of the community. Planners argue endlessly about the public pour principe commun que le changement peut être géré good – who is the public and what is good – but all share pour le bien de la collectivité. Les urbanistes débattent sans Pthe sentiment that the human environment can be improved in some Lcesse du bien public – qui est le public et ce qui est bon – mais way. This article traces the evolution of the profession of planning, its tous partagent le sentiment que l’environnement humain peut institutions, activities, underpinnings, and recurring debates. It follows être amélioré d’une manière ou d’une autre. Cet essai retrace a chronological order, mirroring the major social currents of the times l’évolution de la profession d’urbaniste, de ses institutions, de ses from first Indigenous settlements, while concentrating mainly on the activités, de ses fondements et de ses débats récurrents.
    [Show full text]
  • Bodies and Nature in International Garden City Movement Planning, 1898-1937
    ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: ACTS OF LIVELIHOOD: BODIES AND NATURE IN INTERNATIONAL GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT PLANNING, 1898-1937 Samuel M. Clevenger Doctor of Philosophy, 2018 Dissertation directed by: Professor David L. Andrews Department of Kinesiology Urban planning and reform scholars and policymakers continue to cite the “garden city” community model as a potential blueprint for planning environmentally sustainable, economically equitable, humane built environments. Articulated by the British social reformer Sir Ebenezer Howard and his 1898 book To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, the model represented a method for uniting the benefits of town and country through a singular, pre-planned, “healthy” community, balancing spaces of “countryside” and “nature” with affordable, well-built housing and plentiful cultural attractions associated with city life. The book catalyzed an early twentieth-century international movement for the promotion and construction of garden cities. Howard’s garden city remains a highly influential context in the history of town planning and urban public health reform, as well as more recent environmentally-friendly urban design movements. To date, while historians have long examined the garden city as an agent of social and spatial reform, little analysis has been devoted to the role of prescribed embodiment and deemed “healthy” physical cultural forms and practices in the promotion and construction of garden cities as planned communities for “healthy living.” Informed by recent scholarship in Physical Cultural Studies (PCS), embodied environmental history, cultural materialism, and theories of modern biopower, this dissertation studies the cultural history of international garden city movement planning in early twentieth century Britain and the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Selection: the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada and the Imperial Commemoration of Canadian History, 1919-1950 Yves Yvon J
    Document generated on 10/02/2021 10:28 a.m. Journal of the Canadian Historical Association Revue de la Société historique du Canada The Politics of Selection: The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada and the Imperial Commemoration of Canadian History, 1919-1950 Yves Yvon J. Pelletier Volume 17, Number 1, 2006 Article abstract This article is a preliminary inquiry into the selection process used by the URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/016105ar Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada (HSMBC) in making its DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/016105ar recommendations for the national historic significance of sites, events and individuals between 1919 and 1950. It argues that, while the HSMBC was See table of contents composed of dedicated and leading figures in the field of Canadian history, Board members operated for its first 30 years almost exclusively as a Victorian gentlemen’s club, without a system of checks and balances. The ideological Publisher(s) dominance of the British imperial mindset influenced Board members’ field of historical interests as well as their recommendation for national historic The Canadian Historical Association/La Société historique du Canada designations of sites, events or individuals. These points will be illustrated by examining the origins and the operations of the HSMBC between 1919 and ISSN 1950, and the recommendations for national historic designation presented to the HSMBC by two prominent Board members: Brigadier General Ernest 0847-4478 (print) Cruikshank and Dr. John Clarence Webster. 1712-6274 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Pelletier, Y. Y. J. (2006). The Politics of Selection: The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada and the Imperial Commemoration of Canadian History, 1919-1950.
    [Show full text]
  • Lt.Col. Rueben Wells Leonard 21 February 1860-17December 1930
    Lt.Col. Rueben Wells Leonard 21 February 1860-17December 1930 Lieutenant-Colonel Reuben Wells Leonard (son of Francis Henry Leonard, a businessman and civic official, and Mary Elizabeth Catton) was a soldier, civil engineer, railroad and mining executive, and philanthropist who was born 21 February 1860 in Brantford, Ontario. Following a short stint as a teacher in Brant County( where he attended both Elementary and Secondary schools), he studied civil engineering at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario,( RMC 1883 student # 87). He graduated from RMC in 1883 as the silver medalist in a class of 23 cadets. He next worked as an engineer for the Canadian Pacific Railway doing survey and construction work. He left temporarily to serve as a Staff Officer of Transport during the Northwest Rebellion of 1885. In the period from 1886 to early 1906, he was involved mainly in railway and hydroelectric projects in central and eastern Canada that took him first to Manitoba and later, to Quebec, Nova Scotia and British Columbia. Among these, he worked on the construction of the first Niagara Falls power station, in 1892–93. A grubstaking venture in northern Ontario in 1905 led to the acquisition of a mineral-rich claim in the centre of Cobalt, Ontario. In 1908 Colonel Ruben Wells Leonard established and became President of Coniagas Mines Ltd until he died at his stately Springbank home in St. Catharines on 17 December 1930.These mines, which contained cobalt, nickel, silver, and arsenic, made him a wealthy man. In 1911, Robert Borden made him chairman of the National Transcontinental Railway Concern, the forerunner of the Canadian National Railways.
    [Show full text]