Japan – Bericht Zur Hauptexkursion 2013 Japan – Report of the Main Excursion 2013
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ARBEITSBERICHTE Geographisches Institut, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Takashi Kasagami / Charles Vacher / Elmar Kulke / Lech Suwala (Hrsg.): Japan – Bericht zur Hauptexkursion 2013 Japan – Report of the Main Excursion 2013 Heft 183 Berlin 2014 Sonnenaufgang am Fuji san am 31.08.2013 (sun rise at Mt. Fuji on 31.08.2013) Photo: ROMAN PARZONKA 2 Arbeitsberichte Geographisches Institut Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Heft 183 Takashi Kasagami / Charles Vacher / Elmar Kulke / Lech Suwala (Hrsg.): Japan – Bericht zur Hauptexkursion 2013 Japan – Report of the Main Excursion 2013 with generous support from 日本古典研究会 (Nippon Koten Kenkyukai) Berlin 2014 ISSN 0947 - 0360 Geographisches Institut Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Sitz: Rudower Chaussee 16 Unter den Linden 6 10099 Berlin (http://www.geographie.hu-berlin.de) 3 4 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Seite Vorwort 015 T. KASAGAMI / C.VACHER / E. KULKE / L. SUWALA Exkursionsprogramm 021 20.08 Einflussfaktoren und Merkmale der Stadtgeographie Tokios 027 STEPHANIE SCHRAMM / CARLOTTA-ELENA SCHULZ 21.08. Zwischen Abschottung und Öffnung – steht die japanische Wirtschaft am 043 Scheideweg? MARTIN SCHMALZ / MARC STEINKE 22.08. Die Stahlindustrie Japans: Vom Aufstieg zur Weltspitze und gegenwärtige 061 Herausforderung WOLFDIETRICH PEIKER 23.08. Tokio – eine Global City ohne sozialräumliche Disparitäten? 073 Ein Vergleich der Stadtbezirke Minato, Shinjuku und Taito MARCO TELSCHOW / LINA WEGENER 24.08. Welche Folgen hat das veränderte Konsumverhalten von Agrarprodukten 091 auf den Reisanbau und die Nutzungsmuster im ländlichen Raum Japans? JOHANNES WOCKENFUß Worin liegen die Gründe der räumlichen Konzentration von Sake- Brauereien in der Präfektur Niigata und inwieweit sind diese miteinander vernetzt? TOBIAS EINECKE 25.08. Welche stadthistorischen Strukturen haben Kanazawas Entwicklung zur 105 Creative City vorangetrieben? ANNE DIEßLER / MAXIMILIAN HOOR 26.08. Wie beeinflusst die kulturelle Vergangenhiet Kyotos das heutige Stadtbild? 119 ANNE GUNIA / CHRISTINE SCHIERBAUM 27.08. Nachhaltige Entwicklungen in Japan – Chancen und Risiken an Beispielen 137 aus der Wirtschaft, dem Bildungswesen und dem Energiesektor NORINA FLIETEL / KRISTINA REDECKER 28.08. Stadtentwicklung in Osaka und Kobe – Srategien, Verfahren und 153 Instrumente im Rahmen des internationalen Städtewettbewerbs FRIEDERIKE BELLGARDT / HEIKE MARQUART 29.08. Das Verkehrssystem, die Automobilindustrie sowie die « bestgeplante 169 Großstadt » Japans (Nagoya) JÜRGEN GOHLKE / ROMAN PARZONKA 30.08. Tourismus in Japan – Quantitative und qualitative Untersuchung von 191 nationalem und internationalem Tourismus an zwei Beispielen MAX KÖHLER / SASKIA TEGETMEIER 31.08. Wie und anhand welcher Faktoren lässt sich der Agglomerationsraum 205 Tokio gliedern? STEVE DANESCH / CHRISTIAN DÖRING Sonderbeitrag Die japanische Land- und Immobilienspekulation der 1980er Jahre und 223 ihre Auswirkungen auf die Stadtentwicklung Tokios? ROBERT KITZMANN 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface 015 T. KASAGAMI / C.VACHER / E. KULKE / L. SUWALA Excursion’s programme 021 20.08 Drivers and features of Tokyo’s urban geography – a cross-district analysis 027 of Marunouchi, Asakusa, Odaiba and Shinjuku STEPHANIE SCHRAMM / CARLOTTA-ELENA SCHULZ 21.08. Between isolation and opening – the Japanese economy at a crossroads? 043 MARTIN SCHMALZ / MARC STEINKE 22.08. The Japanese steel industry: The rise to global leadership and current 061 challenges WOLFDIETRICH PEIKER 23.08. Tokyo – a Global City without socio-spatial disparities? A comparison of 073 the urban districts of Minato, Shinjuku and Taito MARCO TELSCHOW / LINA WEGENER 24.08. Changing consumers’ behaviour with regard to agricultural products and 091 the consequences on rice cultivation and utility pattern of Japanese rural areas JOHANNES WOCKENFUß Origins of the spatial agglomeration of and potential networks between Sake breweries in the Niigata Prefecture TOBIAS EINECKE 25.08. Historical trajectories of Kanazawa and their impact on the present 105 Creative City ANNE DIEßLER / MAXIMILIAN HOOR 26.08. Kyoto’s cultural past and its influences on the current city image 119 ANNE GUNIA / CHRISTINE SCHIERBAUM 27.08. Sustainable development in Japan – Opportunities and threats using the 137 economy, the education system and the energy sector as examples NORINA FLIETEL / KRISTINA REDECKER 28.08. City development in Osaka and Kobe – Strategies, procedures, and 153 instruments with regard to the international competition between cities FRIEDERIKE BELLGARDT / HEIKE MARQUART 29.08. The transportation system, the automotive industry and Nagoya as Japans 169 ‘best designed’ city? JÜRGEN GOHLKE / ROMAN PARZONKA 30.08. Tourism in Japan – A quantitative and qualitative assessment of national 191 and international travel habits MAX KÖHLER / SASKIA TEGETMEIER 31.08. Classification attempts with regard the world’s largest agglomeration of 205 Tokyo STEVE DANESCH / CHRISTIAN DÖRING Special The Japanese land and property speculation bubble of the 1980s and its 223 Contribution impact of Tokyo’s city development ROBERT KITZMANN 6 20th August 2013 Drivers and features of Tokyo’s urban geography – a cross-district analysis of Marunouchi, Asakusa, Odaiba and Shinjuku STEPHANIE SCHRAMM / CARLOTTA-ELENA SCHULZ This chapter emphasises the drivers and features of Tokyo’s urban geography from a city planning perspective. The unique characteristics of the current city’s building structure are an amalgam of manifold random natural hazards, political decisions, economic cycles and limited space avail-abilities as illustrated by the different developments in the districts of Marunouchi, Asakusa, Odaiba and Shinjuku. Three distinct attributes, however, stood out and had the most significant impacts on today’s urban landscape of Tokyo: first, the so-called Desakota (desa=village, kota=city) phenomenon implying a rapid expansion of the city along the rail network and a parallel thinning-out of the city centre as a residential area within the suburbanisation phase; second, the development of a multiple nuclei structure with sub-centres along railway junctions and a Central Business District with headquarters of (multi-) national corporations; third, coastal land reclamation projects of massive scale developed by public-private partnerships with mixed uses (Minkatsu-Law, private sector vitality) for economic revitalisation as well as the enhancement of residential areas and green spaces in proximity to the city centre after the out-migration of heavy industry facilities and cargo ports. 21st August 2013 Between isolation and opening – the Japanese economy at a crossroads? MARTIN SCHMALZ / MARC STEINKE This chapter sketches the ‘Japanese Way’ of economic development towards an industrialized country based on the history of corporate governance. Shortly after the Meiji Restoration and the economic opening of Japan in the second half of the 19th century, a worldwide unique corporate system evolved. This system was predominantly earmarked by the formation of so-called corporate groups. These pre-war corporate groups were called zaibatsu (jap. 財閥), often originated from pre-modern merchant houses, and consisted of large family-controlled vertical monopolies in certain industrial sectors with associated banks and general trading companies (sogo shosha (jap. 総合商社)) on top of the organizational pyramids exerting control over major parts of financial operations and distribution of goods. Despite external attempts to dissolve these associations after the Second World War, the basic structures were reorganized under the denomination of kigyo shudan (jap. 企業集団) or keiretsu (jap. 系列), however, with an emphasis on horizontally diversified business groups controlled by financial institutions and corporate stakeholders rather than individuals or families after the liberalisation of national corporate laws. A visit at the Mitsui & Co. Ltd. demonstrated these structures. The conglomerates were responsible for the Japanese post-war economic miracle, created manifold organization, process and products innovation on a worldwide scale, but had also to cope with today’s global economic challenges of lowering production depths, setting up suppliers networks and engaging with international competitors. A good example of a foreign competitor that entered the Japanese market was the visit of the French bank BNP Paribas were a different type of corporate governance was presented. 22nd August 2014 The Japanese steel industry: The rise to global leadership and current challenges WOLFDIETRICH PEIKER This chapter predominantly analyses the development of the Japanese steel industry from the end of World War II to its current status. The unparalleled rise of this sector benefited from various advantages, ranging from governmental subsidies, protective customs, and increasing domestic demand to development and implementation of modern technologies. The construction of large integrated steel works allowed efficient economies of scale and increased the competitiveness of Japanese steel products in overseas markets. These circumstances changed when major import 7 countries as South Korea and China started expanding their own steel production at lower costs, while the domestic market in Japan stagnated. During our visit at the Kimitsu Works of Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Corporation, the world’s second largest steel producer, we examined the question how the Japanese heavy industry is responding to this altered environment. One strategy was the specialisation in high quality steel products that demand