Computed Tomography of the Sacrum: 1. Normal Anatomy
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C01 10/31/2017 11:23:53 Page 1 1 1 The Normal Anatomy of the Neck David Bainbridge Introduction component’ of the neck is a common site of pathology, and the diverse forms of neck The neck is a common derived characteristic disease reflect the sometimes complex and of land vertebrates, not shared by their aquatic conflicting regional variations and functional ancestors. In fish, the thoracic fin girdle, the constraints so evident in this region [2]. precursor of the scapula, coracoid and clavi- Unlike the abdomen and thorax, there is no cle, is frequently fused to the caudal aspect of coelomic cavity in the neck, yet its ventral part the skull. In contrast, as vertebrates emerged is taken up by a relatively small ‘visceral on to the dry land, the forelimb separated from compartment’, containing the larynx, trachea, the head and the intervening vertebrae speci- oesophagus and many important vessels, alised to form a relatively mobile region – the nerves and endocrine glands. However, I neck – to allow the head to be freely steered in will not review these structures, as they do many directions. not represent an extension of the equine ‘back’ With the exception of the tail, the neck in the same way that the more dorsal locomo- remains the most mobile region of the spinal tor region does. column in modern-day horses. It permits a wide range of sagittal plane flexion and exten- sion to allow alternating periods of grazing Cervical Vertebrae 3–7 and predator surveillance, as well as frontal plane flexion to allow the horizon to be scan- Almost all mammals, including the horse, ned, and rotational movement to allow possess seven cervical vertebrae, C1 to C7 nuisance insects to be flicked off. -
Anatomy of the Spine
12 Anatomy of the Spine Overview The spine is made of 33 individual bones stacked one on top of the other. Ligaments and muscles connect the bones together and keep them aligned. The spinal column provides the main support for your body, allowing you to stand upright, bend, and twist. Protected deep inside the bones, the spinal cord connects your body to the brain, allowing movement of your arms and legs. Strong muscles and bones, flexible tendons and ligaments, and sensitive nerves contribute to a healthy spine. Keeping your spine healthy is vital if you want to live an active life without back pain. Spinal curves When viewed from the side, an adult spine has a natural S-shaped curve. The neck (cervical) and low back (lumbar) regions have a slight concave curve, and the thoracic and sacral regions have a gentle convex curve (Fig. 1). The curves work like a coiled spring to absorb shock, maintain balance, and allow range of motion throughout the spinal column. The muscles and correct posture maintain the natural spinal curves. Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie so that the least amount of strain is placed on the spine during movement or weight-bearing activities. Excess body weight, weak muscles, and other forces can pull at the spine’s alignment: • An abnormal curve of the lumbar spine is lordosis, also called sway back. • An abnormal curve of the thoracic spine is Figure 1. (left) The spine has three natural curves that form kyphosis, also called hunchback. an S-shape; strong muscles keep our spine in alignment. -
Congenital Bone Deformities and the Inbred Wolves (Canis Lupus) of Isle Royale
ARTICLE IN PRESS Biological Conservation xxx (2009) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Congenital bone deformities and the inbred wolves (Canis lupus) of Isle Royale Jannikke Räikkönen a,*, John A. Vucetich b, Rolf O. Peterson b, Michael P. Nelson c a Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Contaminant Research, Frescativägen 44, P.O. Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden b School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA c Lyman Briggs College, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, and Department of Philosophy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48825, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: The wolf (Canis lupus) population on Isle Royale, a remote island in Lake Superior, North America, is extre- Received 26 October 2008 mely inbred. Nevertheless, the consequences of genetic deterioration have not been detected for this Received in revised form 21 January 2009 intensively studied population, until now. We found that 58% (n = 36) of Isle Royale wolves exhibited Accepted 24 January 2009 some kind of congenital malformation in the lumbosacral region of the vertebral column and 33% exhib- Available online xxxx ited a specific malformity, lumbosacral transitional vertebrae. By contrast, only 1% (1 of 99) of wolves sampled from two outbred, wolf populations exhibited this malformity. Moreover, in domestic dogs Keywords: (Canis lupus familiaris) lumbosacral transitional vertebrae are associated with cauda equina syndrome, Canis lupus which can cause paresis, paralysis, locomotor difficulties in the rear legs and tail, and back pain. -
Changes in L4/5 Intervertebral Foramen Bony Morphology With
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Changes in L4/5 Intervertebral Foramen Bony Morphology with Age Received: 7 September 2017 Shuaifeng Yan, Kai Wang, Yunfan Zhang, Song Guo, Yan Zhang & Jun Tan Accepted: 1 May 2018 The purpose of this study was to explore the morphological changes in L4/5 intervertebral foramen Published: xx xx xxxx with age using a digital method. The closed boundaries of the intervertebral foramen (IGES) in diferent sagittal slices (inside, middle and outside) were obtained from Mimics, and then imported to a custom- written program, which provided quantitative distance between the nerve root and the closed curves. The quantitative information of each age group was used to produce radar chart and line chart for morphological and statistical analyses. Overall, the intervertebral foramen changes mainly occurred in the inner part from middle age to old age. The foraminal height decreased with age in the inside sagittal slice, while no signifcant diference was found in the middle sagittal slice or the outside sagittal slice. The foraminal width showed no decrease in each age group or each sagittal plane. The present study described foraminal geometry of asymptomatic males in diferent sagittal slices with age. This information enhances the knowledge of anatomical changes in intervertebral foramen with age, which provides better understanding of the pathology of intervertebral foramen diseases. Low back pain (LBP) is a global health problem, causing enormous fnancial burden1,2. Te lifetime prevalence of LBP is reported to be as high as 84%3. Radiculopathy is a common cause of low back and leg pain4. In general, radiculopathy caused by foramen stenosis consists of 8–11% nerve root compression5, and shows an increasing trend6. -
Lab Manual Axial Skeleton Atla
1 PRE-LAB EXERCISES When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones that form the axis of the body. The axial skeleton includes bones in the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage, as well as the auditory ossicles and hyoid bone. In addition to learning about all the bones of the axial skeleton, it is also important to identify some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes, including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms. Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms: Canal: Condyle: Facet: Fissure: Foramen: (see Module 10.18 Foramina of Skull) Fossa: Margin: Process: Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where they are located. Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the axial skeleton. As you explore these bones in Visible Body’s app, also locate the bones and bone markings on any available charts, models, or specimens. You may also find it helpful to palpate bones on yourself or make drawings of the bones with the bone markings labeled. -
Chapter 02: Netter's Clinical Anatomy, 2Nd Edition
Hansen: Netter's Clinical Anatomy, 2nd Edition - with Online Access 2 BACK 1. INTRODUCTION 4. MUSCLES OF THE BACK REVIEW QUESTIONS 2. SURFACE ANATOMY 5. SPINAL CORD 3. VERTEBRAL COLUMN 6. EMBRYOLOGY FINAL 1. INTRODUCTION ELSEVIERl VertebraeNOT prominens: the spinous process of the C7- vertebra, usually the most prominent The back forms the axis (central line) of the human process in the midline at the posterior base of body and consists of the vertebral column, spinal cord, the neck supporting muscles, and associated tissues (skin, OFcon- l Scapula: part of the pectoral girdle that sup- nective tissues, vasculature, and nerves). A hallmark of ports the upper limb; note its spine, inferior human anatomy is the concept of “segmentation,” and angle, and medial border the back is a prime example. Segmentation and bilat l Iliac crests: felt best when you place your eral symmetry of the back will be obvious as you hands “on your hips”; an imaginary horizontal study the vertebral column, the distribution of the line connecting the crests passes through the spinal nerves, the muscles of th back, and its vascular spinous process of the L4 vertebra and the supply. intervertebral disc of L4-L5, a useful landmark Functionally, the back is involved in three primary for a lumbar puncture or epidural block tasks: l Posterior superior iliac spines: an imaginary CONTENThorizontal line connecting these two points l Support: the vertebral column forms the axis of passes through the spinous process of S2 (second the body and is critical for our upright posture sacral segment) (standing or si ting), as a support for our head, as an PROPERTYattachment point and brace for move- 3. -
Vertebral Column
Vertebral Column • Backbone consists of Cervical 26 vertebrae. • Five vertebral regions – Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic in the neck. – Thoracic vertebrae (12) in the thorax. – Lumbar vertebrae (5) in the lower back. Lumbar – Sacrum (5, fused). – Coccyx (4, fused). Sacrum Coccyx Scoliosis Lordosis Kyphosis Atlas (C1) Posterior tubercle Vertebral foramen Tubercle for transverse ligament Superior articular facet Transverse Transverse process foramen Facet for dens Anterior tubercle • Atlas- ring of bone, superior facets for occipital condyles. – Nodding movement signifies “yes”. Axis (C2) Spinous process Lamina Vertebral foramen Transverse foramen Transverse process Superior articular facet Odontoid process (dens) •Axis- dens or odontoid process is body of atlas. – Pivotal movement signifies “no”. Typical Cervical Vertebra (C3-C7) • Smaller bodies • Larger spinal canal • Transverse processes –Shorter – Transverse foramen for vertebral artery • Spinous processes of C2 to C6 often bifid • 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae are unique – Atlas & axis Typical Cervical Vertebra Spinous process (bifid) Lamina Vertebral foramen Inferior articular process Superior articular process Transverse foramen Pedicle Transverse process Body Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) • Larger and stronger bodies • Longer transverse & spinous processes • Demifacets on body for head of rib • Facets on transverse processes (T1-T10) for tubercle of rib Thoracic Vertebra- superior view Spinous process Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Lamina Superior articular process -
Visible Body® Human Anatomy Atlas 2021
Ovid® Visible Body® Human Anatomy Atlas 2021 New physiology content, more detailed gross anatomy, 3D INTERACTIVE navigation enhancements, user accounts, and more! ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES FOR THE Visible Body Human Anatomy Atlas 2021 goes further than previous editions in encouraging students, faculty, clinicians, and research scientists to MALE AND FEMALE explore the human body—male and female—from head to toe. Thousands of HUMAN BODY interactive anatomical structures demonstrate in vivid, accurate detail how organs, muscle, bone, and tendons move and interact. Optimized for both web and mobile access, the Atlas allows users to dissect and peel away layers, rotate models—and now draw around and annotate models for your students and colleagues. See a more complete list of enhancements to the 2021 edition below. NEW! Physiology content • Over 90 animations for patient education and advanced learning: interactions and processes depicted include cellular respiration, heart conduction, peristalsis, filtration, coronary artery disease, kidney stones, and sciatica • More than 20 advanced animations that demonstrate normal physiology conditions in much greater detail More detailed gross anatomy content • New peritoneum and organs in context help with clinical evaluation and exam prep • Improved muscle actions: muscles gray-out when they are not performing their action for clarity • Enhanced pericardium model • More detailed blood supply and innervation in female reproductive anatomy New search and navigation functionality • Search faster and move -
Cervical Vertebrae 1 Cervical Vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae 1 Cervical vertebrae Cervical vertebrae or Cervilar Position of human cervical vertebrae (shown in red). It consists of 7 bones, from top to bottom, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7. A human cervical vertebra Latin Vertebrae cervicales [1] Gray's p.97 [2] MeSH Cervical+vertebrae [3] TA A02.2.02.001 [4] FMA FMA:72063 In vertebrates, cervical vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are those vertebrae immediately inferior to the skull. Thoracic vertebrae in all mammalian species are defined as those vertebrae that also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae. Further caudally follow the lumbar vertebrae, which also belong to the trunk, but do not carry ribs. In reptiles, all trunk vertebrae carry ribs and are called dorsal vertebrae. In many species, though not in mammals, the cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many other groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. Cervical vertebrae 2 In humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae, and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which passes the vertebral artery. The remainder of this article focuses upon human anatomy. Structure By convention, the cervical vertebrae are numbered, with the first one (C1) located closest to the skull and higher numbered vertebrae (C2-C7) proceeding away from the skull and down the spine. -
Hand Bone Age: a Digital Atlas of Skeletal Maturity
V. Gilsanz/O. Ratib · Hand Bone Age Vicente Gilsanz · Osman Ratib Hand Bone Age A Digital Atlas of Skeletal Maturity With 88 Figures Vicente Gilsanz, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiology Childrens Hospital Los Angeles 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS#81 Los Angeles, CA 90027 Osman Ratib, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 100 Medical Plaza Los Angeles, CA 90095 This eBook does not include ancillary media that was packaged with the printed version of the book. ISBN 3-540-20951-4 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2004114078 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media http://www.springeronline.com A Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about the application of operative techniques and medications contained in this book. -
Hand Bone Age: a Digital Atlas of Skeletal Maturity, Second Edition
Hand Bone Age Vicente Gilsanz • Osman Ratib Hand Bone Age A Digital Atlas of Skeletal Maturity Second Edition Prof. Vicente Gilsanz Prof. Osman Ratib Department of Radiology University Hospital of Geneva Childrens Hospital Los Angeles Nuclear Medicine Division 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS#81 24, Rue Micheli-du-Crest Los Angeles, CA 90027 1205 Geneva USA Switzerland ISBN 978-3-642-23761-4 e-ISBN 978-3-642-23762-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-23762-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011940860 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protec- tive laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. -
Bones of the Trunk
BONES OF THE TRUNK Andrea Heinzlmann Veterinary University Department of Anatomy and Histology 16th September 2019 VERTEBRAL COLUMN (COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS) • the vertebral column composed of the vertebrae • the vertebrae form a horizontal chain https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/159877855502035893/ VERTEBRAL COLUMN (COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS) along the vertebral column three major curvatures are recognized: 1. the DORSAL CONVEX CURVATURE – between the head and the neck 2. the DORSAL CONCAVE CURVATURE – between the neck and the chest 3. the DORSAL CONVEX CURVATURE – between the thorax and the lumbar region - in carnivores (Ca) there is an additional DORSAL CONVEXITY in the sacral region https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/159877855502035893/ VERTEBRAL COLUMN (COLUMNA VERTEBRALIS) - corresponding to the regions of the body, we distinguish: 1. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE 2. THORACIC VERTEBRAE 3. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE 4. SACRAL VERTEBRAE 5. CAUDAL (COCCYGEAL) VERTEBRAE https://www.ufaw.org.uk/dogs/french-bulldog-hemivertebrae https://rogueshock.com/know-your-horse-in-9-ways/5/ BUILD OF THE VERTEBRAE each vertebrae presents: 1. BODY (CORPUS VERTEBRAE) 2. ARCH (ARCUS VERTEBRAE) 3. PROCESSES corpus Vertebra thoracica (Th13) , Ca. THE VERTEBRAL BODY (CORPUS VERTEBRAE) - the ventral portion of the vertebra ITS PARTS: 1. EXTREMITAS CRANIALIS (seu CAPUT VERTEBRAE) – convex 2. EXTREMITAS CAUDALIS (seu FOSSA VERTEBRAE) - concave Th13, Ca. THE VERTEBRAL BODY (CORPUS VERTEBRAE) 3. VENTRAL SURFACE of the body has a: - ventral crest (CRISTA VENTRALIS) 4. DORSAL SURFACE of the body carries : - the vertebral arch (ARCUS VERTEBRAE) Th13, Ca., lateral aspect Arcus vertebrae corpus Vertebra thoracica (Th13) , Ca., caudal aspect THE VERTEBRAL BODY (CORPUS VERTEBRAE) 6. VERTEBRAL ARCH (ARCUS VERTEBRAE) compraisis: a) a ventral PEDICULUS ARCUS VERTEBRAE b) a dorsal LAMINA ARCUS VERTEBRAE C7, Ca.