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HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPOR T | 2011 EVENTS OF 2010 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 2011 EVENTS OF 2010 Copyright © 2011 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13: 978-1-58322-921-7 Front cover photo: Aung Myo Thein, 42, spent more than six years in prison in Burma for his activism as a student union leader. More than 2,200 political prisoners—including artists, journalists, students, monks, and political activists—remain locked up in Burma's squalid prisons. © 2010 Platon for Human Rights Watch Back cover photo: A child migrant worker from Kyrgyzstan picks tobacco leaves in Kazakhstan. Every year thousands of Kyrgyz migrant workers, often together with their chil- dren, find work in tobacco farming, where many are subjected to abuse and exploitation by employers. © 2009 Moises Saman/Magnum for Human Rights Watch Cover and book design by Rafael Jiménez 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor 51 Avenue Blanc, Floor 6, New York, NY 10118-3299 USA 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +1 212 290 4700 Tel: +41 22 738 0481 Fax: +1 212 736 1300 Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Poststraße 4-5 Washington, DC 20009 USA 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +1 202 612 4321 Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10 Fax: +1 202 612 4333 Fax: +49 30 2593 06-29 [email protected] [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor 1st fl, Wilds View London N1 9HF, UK Isle of Houghton Tel: +44 20 7713 1995 Boundary Road (at Carse O’Gowrie) Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 Parktown, 2198 South Africa [email protected] Tel: +27-11-484-2640, Fax: +27-11-484-2641 27 Rue de Lisbonne #4A, Meiji University Academy Common bldg. 7F, 1-1, 75008 Paris, France Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku Tel: +33 (0) 1 41 92 07 34 Tokyo 101-8301 Japan Fax: +33 (0) 1 47 22 08 61 Tel: +81-3-5282-5160, Fax: +81-3-5282-5161 [email protected] [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 Mansour Building 4th Floor, Apt. 26 1040 Brussels, Belgium Nicholas Turk Street Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009 Medawar, Beirut, Lebanon 20753909 Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 Tel: +961-1-447833, Fax +961-1-446497 [email protected] www.hrw.org Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. WORLD REPORT 2011 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch is one of the world’s leading independent organizations dedicated to defending and protecting human rights. By focusing international attention where human rights are violated, we give voice to the oppressed and hold oppressors accountable for their crimes. Our rigorous, objective investigations and strategic, targeted advocacy build intense pressure for action and raise the cost of human rights abuse. For over 30 years, Human Rights Watch has worked tenaciously to lay the legal and moral groundwork for deep-rooted change and has fought to bring greater justice and security to people around the world. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Europe and Central Asia division (then known as Helsinki Watch). Today, it also includes divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa; a United States program; thematic divisions or programs on arms, business and human rights, children’s rights, health and human rights, international justice, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights, refugees, terrorism/counterterrorism, and women’s rights; and an emergencies program. It maintains offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Cairo, Chicago, Geneva, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Washington DC, and Zurich, and field presences in 20 other locations globally. Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organization, supported by contributions from private individuals and foundations worldwide. It accepts no government funds, directly or indirectly. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH The staff includes Kenneth Roth, Executive Director; Michele Alexander, Deputy Executive Director, Development and Global Initiatives; Carroll Bogert, Deputy Executive Director, External Relations; Iain Levine, Deputy Executive Director, Program; Walid Ayoub, Information Technology Director; Clive Baldwin, Senior Legal Advisor; Emma Daly, Communications Director; Alan Feldstein, Associate General Counsel; Barbara Guglielmo, Acting Operations Director; Peggy Hicks, Global Advocacy Director; Maria Pignataro Nielsen, Global Human Resources Director; Dinah PoKempner, General Counsel; Aisling Reidy, Senior Legal Advisor; James Ross, Legal and Policy Director; Joe Saunders, Deputy Program Director; and Minky Worden, Director of Global Initiatives. The division directors of Human Rights Watch are Brad Adams, Asia; Joseph Amon, Health and Human Rights; John Biaggi, International Film Festival; Peter Bouckaert, Emergencies; Rachel Denber (acting), Europe and Central Asia; Richard Dicker, International Justice; Boris Dittrich (acting), Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Rights; Bill Frelick, Refugee Policy; Arvind Ganesan, Business and Human Rights; Liesl Gerntholtz, Women’s Rights; Steve Goose, Arms; Joanne Mariner, Terrorism/Counterterrorism; Alison Parker, United States; Rona Peligal (acting), Africa; José Miguel Vivanco, Americas; Lois Whitman, Children’s Rights; and Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East and North Africa. The advocacy directors of Human Rights Watch are Philippe Bolopion, United Nations–New York; Juliette De Rivero, United Nations–Geneva; Jean-Marie Fardeau, Paris; Lotte Leicht, European Union; Wenzel Michalski, Berlin; Tom Malinowski, Washington DC; and Tom Porteous, London. The members of the board of directors are James F. Hoge, Chair, Susan Manilow, Vice-Chair, Joel Motley, Vice-Chair, Sid Sheinberg, Vice-Chair, John J. Studzinski, Vice-Chair, Bruce J. Klatsky, Treasurer, Karen Ackman, Jorge Castañeda, Tony Elliott, Hassan Elmasry, Michael G. Fisch, Michael E. Gellert, Betsy Karel, Wendy Keys, Robert Kissane, Joanne Leedom-Ackerman, Oki Matsumoto, Barry Meyer, Pat Mitchell, Joan R. Platt, Amy Rao, Neil Rimer, Victoria Riskin, Amy L. Robbins, Shelley Rubin, Kevin P. Ryan, Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber, Darian W. Swig, John R. Taylor, and Catherine Zennström. Emeritus board members are Robert L. Bernstein, Founding Chair, 1979-1997, Jonathan F. Fanton, Chair, 1998-2003, Jane Olson, 2004-2010, Lisa Anderson, David M. Brown, William D. Carmichael, Vartan Gregorian, Alice H. Henkin, Stephen L. Kass, Marina Pinto Kaufman, Josh Mailman, Samuel K. Murumba, Peter Osnos, Kathleen Peratis, Bruce Rabb, Sigrid Rausing, Orville Schell, Gary Sick, and Malcolm B. Smith. WORLD REPORT 2011 Acknowledgments A compilation of this magnitude requires contribution from a large number of people, including most of the Human Rights Watch staff. The contributors were: Pema Abrahams, Brad Adams, Maria Aissa de Figueredo, Setenay Akdag, Brahim Alansari, Chris Albin-Lackey, Yousif al-Timimi, Joseph Amon, Amy Auguston, Leeam Azulay, Clive Baldwin, Neela Banerjee, Shantha Barriga, Jo Becker, Fatima-Zahra Benfkira, Nicholas Bequelin, Andrea Berg, Carroll Bogert, Philippe Bolopion, Tess Borden, Amy Braunschweiger, Sebastian Brett, Reed Brody, Christen Broecker, Jane Buchanan, Wolfgang Buettner, Maria Burnett, Elizabeth Calvin, Haleh Chahrokh, Anna Chaplin, Grace Choi, Sara Colm, Jon Connolly, Adam Coogle, Kaitlin Cordes, Zama Coursen-Neff, Emma Daly, Philippe Dam, Kiran D’Amico, Sara Darehshori, Juliette de Rivero, Kristina DeMain, Rachel Denber, Richard Dicker, Boris Dittrich, Kanae Doi, Corinne Dufka, Andrej Dynko, Jessica Evans, Elizabeth Evenson, Jean-Marie Fardeau, Guillermo Farias, Jamie Fellner, Bill Frelick, Arvind Ganesan, Meenakshi Ganguly, Liesl Gerntholtz, Alex Gertner, Neela Ghoshal, Thomas Gilchrist, Allison Gill, Antonio Ginatta, Giorgi Gogia, Eric Goldstein, Steve Goose, Yulia Gorbunova, Ian Gorvin, Jessie Graham, Laura Graham, Eric Guttschuss, Danielle Haas, Andreas Harsono, Ali Dayan Hasan, Leslie Haskell, Jehanne Henry, Eleanor Hevey, Peggy Hicks, Saleh Hijazi, Nadim Houry, Lindsey Hutchison, Peter Huvos, Claire Ivers, Balkees Jarrah, Rafael Jiménez, Preeti Kannan, Tiseke Kasambala, Aruna Kashyap, Nick Kemming, Elise Keppler, Amr Khairy, Nadya Khalife, Viktoria Kim, Carolyn Kindelan, Juliane Kippenberg, Amanda Klasing, Kyle Knight, Soo Ryun Kwon, Erica Lally, Mignon Lamia, Adrianne Lapar, Leslie Lefkow, Lotte Leicht, Iain Levine, Diederik Lohman, Tanya Lokshina, Jiaying Long, Anna Lopriore, Linda Louie, Drake Lucas, Lena Miriam Macke, Tom Malinowski, Noga Malkin, Ahmed Mansour, Joanne Mariner Edmon Marukyan, Dave Mathieson, Géraldine Mattioli-Zeltner, Veronica Matushaj, Maria McFarland, Megan McLemore, Amanda McRae, Wenzel Michalski, Kathy Mills, Lisa Misol, Marianne Mollmann, Ella Moran, Heba Morayef, Mani Mostofi, Priyanka Motaparthy, Rasha Moumneh, Siphokazi Mthathi, Jim Murphy, Samer Muscati, Dipika Nath, Stephanie Neider, Rachel Nicholson, Agnes Ndige Muriungi Odhiambo, Jessica Ognian, Erin O’Leary, Alison Parker, Sarah Parkes, Elaine Pearson, Rona Peligal, Sasha Petrov, Sunai Phasuk, Enrique Piraces, Laura Pitter, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dinah PoKempner, Tom
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  • Democratic Republic of the Congo 2012 Human Rights Report

    Democratic Republic of the Congo 2012 Human Rights Report

    DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 2012 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a nominally centralized, constitutional republic. The president and the lower house of parliament (National Assembly) are popularly elected. Provincial assemblies choose the members of the upper house (Senate). In November 2011 the country held multiparty presidential and National Assembly elections, which many local and international observers judged lacked credibility and were seriously flawed. There were many instances in which state security forces (SSF) acted independently of civilian control and of military command. Weak civilian control over SSF contributed to increased conflict in eastern Congo. In April integrated former rebels of the National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP) defected from the national army (FARDC). Subsequently, they created the M23 armed group (named after the March 23, 2009, peace agreements) and challenged government control in the eastern part of the country, which led to violence, the displacement of large numbers of persons, and significant human rights abuses, including the M23’s recruitment and use of children in armed conflict. During the year the government entered into a UN-backed action plan to end the recruitment and use of child soldiers, and the government made significant improvements to reduce the presence of children in the nation’s armed forces. The three most important human rights issues were: armed conflict in the East that exacerbated an already precarious human rights situation, particularly with regard to sexual- and gender-based violence (SGBV); the lack of an independent and effective judiciary; and impunity throughout the country for many serious abuses, including unlawful killings, disappearances, torture, rape, and arbitrary arrests and detention.