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Alevi Lamtivy tar¡ h\/y vakfi Zindankapı, Değirmen Sokak, N o:15, 34134 Eminönü/İstanbul Tel: (0212) 522 02 02 - Faks: (0212) 513 54 00 wwTV.tarihvakfi.org.tr - yayin® tarihvakfi.org.tr Özgün Adı Alevi lAmtivy © Tarih Vakfı Yvırt Yayınları Bu çeviri, İstanbul İsveç Araştırma Enstitüsü ile yapılan anlaşma çerçevesinde yayımlanmıştır. JS^ I'ÎL ®L1 ki^ba katkılarından dolayı § g İstanbul İsveç Araştırma Enstitüsü’ııe %, P teşekkür ederiz. 'r ° 'V / N ^ 0 Kapak Resmi “İmam Ali”, cam boyama, Ömer Bortaçina Koleksiyonu, Cam Altmda-Yir Bin Fersah, Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998. Yayıma Hazırlayan Tansel Demirci Ali Berktav Kitap Tasarımı Halıık Tunçay Kitap Uygulama Tarkan l ogo Kapak Uygulama Harun Yılmaz (MYRA) Baskı Yenigiiven Matbaacılık San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. Tel: (0212) 567 69 20 Birinci Basım: Mart 1999 İkinci Basım: Haziran 2003 Üçüncü Basım: Eylül 2010 ISBN 978-975-333-093-0 ALEVİ KİMLİĞİ EDİTÖRLER T. OLSSON, E. ÖZDALGA, C. RAUDVERE ÇEVİRİ BİLGE KURT TORUN HAYATİ TORUN TARİH VAKFI YURT YAYINLARI İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ vü I. BÖLÜM: ALEVİ KİMLİĞİ ÜZERİNE 1 Bektaşilik/Kızılbaşlık: Tarihsel Bölünme ve Sonuçlan 3 irene Melikoff Bosna Bektaşîliği Üzerine 13 Erik Cornell Antropoloji ve Etnisite: Yeni Alevi Hareketinde Etnografyanın Yeri 21 David Shcmklcmd Türkiye’de Alevilik ve Bektaşilikle İlgili Akademik ve Gazetecilik 34 Nitelikli Yayınlar Karin Vorhoff Alevi-Bektaşi İlahiyatının Günümüz Türkiye’sindeki İşlevi 73 Faruk Bilici Politik “Alevilik” ile Politik “Sünnilik”: Benzerlikler ve Zıtlıklar 86 Ruşen Çakır “Almancı” Kimliğinin Alevi Kimliğine Dönüştürülmesi 91 Helga Rittersberger-Tılıc Türkiye’de Alevi Uyanışı 104 Reha Çamuroğlu Aleviliğin Yeniden Yapılanma Sürecinde Toplum-Devlet İlişkisi 113 Fuat Bozkurt II. BÖLÜM: “ÖTEKİLER” 125 SABETAYCILIK, EHL-İ HAK, DÜRZİLİK, NUSAYRİLİK Osmanlı Modernleşmesi ve Sabetaycılık 127 İlber Ortaylı Avrupa ve İran’daki Ehl-i Hak Araştırmalarının 138 Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirmesi Jean During Takıyye mi, Yoksa Sivil Din mi? Lübnan’daki Mezhep Esasına 175 Dayanan Devlet Çerçevesinde Dürzi Din Uzmanları Jakop Sko vgaa rd-Petersen Politik Bir Araç Olarak Dtirzilerin Dini Vasiyetnameleri 190 Aharon Layish Türkiye Alevileri - Suriye Alevileri: Benzerlikler ve Farklılıklar 212 Marianne Arhıgberjj-Laanatza Dağlıların ve Şehirlilerin “İrfan”ı Suriyeli Alevilerin ya da 234 Nıısayrilerin Mezhebi Tord Olsson III. BÖLÜM: SONSÖZ 259 Kentin Bugünü ile Geleceğine Bakış ve Dini Cemaatler: 261 Erişim ve Görünürlük Catharina Raudvere Sonsöz: Ali Odaklı Mezheplerde Yazıya Geçirme 282 Tord Olsson Katılımcılar Listesi 300 ÖNSÖZ Uluslararası kitle iletişim araçlarında, Türkiye’deki Alevi toplulukların­ dan bahsedilirken sık sık, “liberal Müslümanlar”, “aşırı Şii mezhepleri” ya da “zındıklar” gibi çeşitli sıfadar kullanılmaktadır. Böylece, Alevi cemaatle­ rinin belirsiz ve birbiriyle çelişen imgeleri üretilmekte ve çoğaltılmaktadır. Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu’nun Nur Baba (1922) romanında anlatılan ortam, uzun bir süre boyunca, Alevilerin geri kalmış ve boş inançlara daya­ nan yaşamları hakkında bir önyargı prototipi oluşturmuştur. Bektaşi derviş­ leri hakkında anlatılan fıkralara dayanan bu roman, Alevileri yeni kendeşmiş Anadolulu köylüler, tekkeleri de çürüme ve çöküş mekânları olarak gösteren aşağılayıcı klişeler yerleşmesine neden olmuştur. Günümüz Türkiyesi’nde Aleviler önemli bir “öteki” rolü oynamaktadır ve kamuoyunun görüşü, bü­ yük oranda, bir dizi dramatik olay sonucunda oluşmuştur: 1979 yılında Kah­ ramanmaraş ve 1980 yılında Çorum’daki çatışmalar, 1993 yılında Sivas’taki kundaklama ve 1995 yılında İstanbul Gaziosmanpaşa’daki ayaklanmalar. Hemen akla gelmese de, uzun vadede daha büyük bir önem taşıyan durum ise, günümüzde Alevi folkloru, sözlü gelenekleri ve dini törenlerine karşı duyulan coşkunun artmasıdır. Kültürel ve dini toplantıların merkezi olan ce- mevlerinin sayısının artması, Alevilerdeki tutum ve kendini tanımlama bağla­ mında ortaya çıkan bu değişiklikler açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu kitap, İstanbul’daki İsveç Araştırma Enstitiisü’nün 25-27 Kasım 1996 tarihleri arasında düzenlediği “Osmanlı ve Modem Türkiye Alevile- rinde Din, Kültürel Kimlik ve Toplumsal Örgütlenme” başlıklı konferansta sunulan tebliğlerin derlemesinden oluşmaktadır. Yapılan bu toplantı, Prof. Elisabeth Özdalga’nın yürüttüğü iki yıllık “İslam kültürü” programının bir parçasını oluşturmaktaydı. Konferanstaki konuşmacılar, tarihsel olduğu kadar antropolojik ve sosyo­ lojik analizler yapmışlar ve sunulan tebliğlerin birçoğu, komşu bölgelerdeki marjinal dini .grupları konu almıştır. Hem içeriden (emic), hem de dışarıdan (etic) bakış açıları sunulmuş olsa da, özellikle Batı Asya’daki Ali odaklı ce­ maatlerin dini yönleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Konferansa katılanların bazıları Alevi toplulukları içinde etkin olarak yer aldığı için, politik ve ideolojik ko­ nular konferansta sürekli gündeme gelmiştir. Aleviliği tartışmak, milliyetçilik, sekülerleşme yönündeki politikalar, kentleşme ve göç gibi, modern Türkiye tarihinin en önemli konularına da temas etmek anlamına gelmektedir: Sonuç olarak, bu kitapta sürekli tek­ rarlanan bir tema da, kimliğin ve toplumsal belleğin, efsanevi tarihte yer alan önemli olayların seçimine göre nasıl kurgulandığını ele almaktadır. Bu tür Alevi anlatıları, başka şecereler ve başka kimlikleri vurgulayarak, pek çok açıdan, resmi Türk tarih yazımıyla çelişmektedir. Tarih yoluyla türdeş ve güçlü bir Alevi kimliği oluşturmak için gösterilen çeşitli çabalar, efsanevi olsun ya da olmasın tarihsel olayların kullanımı analiz edilirken, Benedict Anderson’ın “hayali cemaatler” konusundaki irdelemesinin bir örneği olarak ele alınabilir. Çeşidi Alevi toplulukları, kendilerini farklı biçimlerde tanımlamak­ ta ve kimliklerinin toplumsal, siyasi ya da dini yönlerini vurgulamaktadır. 1970’lerden itibaren yapılan sol vurgu, gittikçe artan oranda, kültürel ve dini geleneğin bilincine varmaya ve bu gelenekten övünç duymaya dönüşürken, eskiden Alevileri Anadolulu köylüler olarak kabul eden önyargılı görüş de­ ğişmektedir. 1980’li ve 1990’lı yıllarda ayrı bir Alevi toplumsal ve entelek­ tüel elit tabakası ortaya çıkarken, Aleviliğin çok çeşitli yönlerini ele alan bir yığın kitap ve dergi yayımlanmıştır. Bazı yazarlara göre, Aleviliğin İslamiyet içinde bir gelenek olduğunu vurgulamak önemlidir. Başka yazarlarsa Ale­ viliği, kendilerini mutlaka dini açıdan tanımlamaları gerekmeyen, daha çok alternatif yaşam biçimlerinin formüle edilmesi için bir temel olarak gören toplulukların oluşturduğu bir küme olarak düşünebilmektedir. Bazı kesimler Aleviliğin teolojik kökenlerinin Şiiliğe dayandığını vurgularken, bazı grup­ lar ise tam aksine, yaptıkları dini yorumlar için liberal gelenekleri öne sür­ mektedir. Aleviler, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı (DİB) taralından hiçbir zaman ayrı bir topluluk ya da dernek olarak tanınmamıştır. Bu nedenle, böyle bir tanınmanın sağlanması Cem dergisi çevresindekiler için hayati önem taşıyan bir amaç oluştururken, başka Aleviler, böyle kalabalık bir topluluğu kamusal alanın dışında tutan devler stratejisinin sonucunda ortaya çıkmış olan gizli muhalefet imgesine sarılmaktadır. Bu kitap Aleviler konusunda yoğunlaşmakla birlikte, daha geniş bir bağ­ lamda kimlik sorununu da tartışmayı hedeflemektedir. Türk Alevilerinin son on beş yılda tutarlı ve kendilerine özgü bir imge yaratmak için eskisinden çok daha büyük bir çaba sarfetmeleri, onları benzersiz kılmıyor. Başka etnik ve dini gruplar da aynı kaygıyı paylaştıklarına göre, burada onların tecrübe­ lerini bir ayna gibi kullanmak önemli oluyor. Sabetaycılar ya da dönmeler örneğinde karşımızda bir azınlık grubu var; hayatta kalabilmek için güçlü bir irade göstermelerine rağmen dağılmışlar. Lübnan’daki Dürziler örneğinde ise düşmanca bir çevrede hayatta kalabilmek ve yerel bir kimliği koruyabil­ mek için uygulanan takiyye stratejisinin çeşitli yönleri tartışılıyor. Şu halde, kitap esas olarak Aleviler, tarihteki kökenleri ve bugünkü gelişmeler üzerinde odaklansa bile, seçtiğimiz teorik perspektif, Alevi cemaatinin sınırlarını aşan bir etnik ve dini kimliği tartışmayı gerekli kılıyor. Kimlik oluşumu temasının tartışılması ve daha geniş karşılaştırmalı bir perspektif yaratılması, karmaşık ve çok yönlü bir sorunun yeni ve gizli yönlerini keşfetmekte yeni olanaklar sunuyor. Kitabın doğrudan Alevi kimliğine yönelik birinci bölümü, Prof. Irène MélikofPun, Bektaşi tarikatının tarihsel kökenlerini ele alan ve özellikle ta­ rikatın Kızılbaş gruplarla ilişkisine dikkat çeken bir makalesiyle başlamakta­ dır. Profesör Mélikoff, konunun genel bir özetini vermekte ve koşutlukları gözler önüne sermek amacıyla teolojiyle rittiel uygulamalar arasındaki fark­ lılıkları karşılaştırmaktadır. Bu tarihsel makalenin ardından, Büyükelçi Erik Cornell’in Balkanlar’da Bektaşilik üzerine gündeme getirdiği tartışma yer almaktadır. Bu yüzyılın başlarında Balkanlar’dan Türkiye’ye kitlesel göçlerin önemi ve bu göçlerin modern Bektaşi cemaatleri üzerindeki etkisi göz önü­ ne alındığında, bu konunun ne kadar önemli olduğu anlaşılabilir. Tarihsel bakış açısı, Alevi kültürünün oluşturulmasında kültürel mirasın ve tarihin günümüzdeki kullanımını irdeleyen David Shankland tarafından daha da geliştirilmiştir. Shankland, Alevi kültürünün karmaşıklığına yönelik incele­ melerde bağlamın daha çok dikkate alınmasını, klişelerden kaçınılmasını ve kendi deyimiyle “kültürel yeniden yaratma stireci”ne önem verilmesini sa­ vunmaktadır. Son on yıl boyunca Alevi yayınlarında görülen patlama göz önüne alın­ dığında, Karin VorhofPun makalesinin geleceğe yönelik bir rehber hizme­ ti göreceği söylenebilir. VorhofPun,
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