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Nobelprisen I Litteratur

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Nobelprisen I Litteratur © Henriette Mørk Nobel_forside_2020_HEnriette_Mørk_TRYK.indd 1 16/10/19 11:10 Johannes V. Jensen (1944, Danmark) Selma Lagerlöf (1999, Tyskland) (1909, Sverige) Günter Grass Siden 1901 har medlem- merne af Det Svenske Akademi fortolket ordene i dynamitopfinderen Al- fred Nobels testamente. Prisen skal gå til den, der i litteraturen “har udmærket sig i en ideel retning”. Til forskel fra de fleste andre priser, gives verdens fornemste litteraturpris ikke for et Henrik Pontoppidan og Karl Gjellerup (1917, Danmark) Elfriede Jelinek Toni Morrison (2004, Østrig) enkelt værk, men for et (1993, USA) helt forfatterskab. Den er sidestillet med de øvrige Nobelpriser i fysik, kemi, medicin, fred og økonomi og gives ofte - mere el- ler mindre ufrivilligt - til forfattere, der sætter verdens brændpunkter og samfundsudfordringer Henrik Pontoppidan Toni Morrison Elfriede Jelinek og Karl Gjellerup under lup. Kort sagt: Læs (1993, USA) (2004, Østrig) modtagerne af Nobel- (1917, Danmark) prisen i litteratur, og få Afroamerikanernes historie er en be- Det skabte furore i Det Svenske Aka- Da Danmark første gang modtog skidt, voldsom og trist en af slagsen. demi, og et medlem forlod akademiet større indsigt i verden. prisen, var det også første gang, Morrison er deres talerør. Racepro- i protest over tildelingen, da valget Forfattere fra alle dele litteraturprisen blev delt mellem to blematikken blusser med jævne mel- faldt ud til den østrigske kommunist af verden har modtaget forfattere. Alle kender Pontoppidan, lemrum op igen med fornyet styrke, og feminists fordel. Prosaisten og prisen, mænd og kvinder, men hvor mange ikke-litterater har senest med “Black lives matter”- dramatikeren Jelinek, især kendt for sorte og hvide, kendte hørt om Gjellerup? Trods nobelpri- bevægelsen i kølvandet på politidra- den filmatiserede “Spillelærerinden”, og ukendte og nogle, der sen er poeten borte og glemt, mens bet på den sorte George Floyd. Toni er samfundsrevser, så det basker, den mægtige prosaist har fået en Morrisons uaktualitet har dermed og kan sætte sindene i kog hos gud måske aldrig skulle have renæssance med især “Lykke-Per”, lange udsigter. Med suveræne vær- og hver mand - og kvinde. Men hen- fået den. Og så er der og det øvrige forfatterskab er også ker som “Blå blå øjne”, “Sula” og “El- des hvæssede pen er skarp som dem, der måske havde genudgivet for nylig. Pontoppidan skede” på cv’et, var hun selvskrevet et sværd, og hendes bidske satire fortjent den, men som er uden tvivl en af de bedste danske til Nobelprisen og regnes i dag for en spidder magtens og undertrykkelsen aldrig fik den. forfattere til dato. af USAs største og mest betydnings- mennesker i hvert et værk. fulde forfattere. (1948, Storbritannien) Hermann Hesse Halldór Laxness John Steinbeck (1946, Schweiz) (1955, Island) (1964, USA) T.S. Eliot José Saramago (1998, Portugal) (1929, Tyskland) Thomas Mann (2016, USA) Bob Dylan Portugals hidtil eneste pristager er en herligt utraditionel, satiriske og skævt tænkende kommunist og automekaniker m.m., der sætter almindelige mennesker ind i en ualmindelig situation eller begiven- hed. I “En fortælling om blindhed” smittes befolkningen med blind- hed, i “Stenflåden” løsriver den iberiske halvø sig fra det europæiske fastland, og i “Døden udebliver indimellem” forbarmer døden sig og undlader at tage liv. Og ligesom floden Tejo løber gennem det portugisiske landskab, skriver Saramago kærligheden ind som en rød tråd i sine forunder- Bob Dylan lige fortællinger, fordi kærligheden er vigtigere end politik og religion. Thomas Mann (2016, USA) (1929, Tyskland) Med tildelingen af prisen til USAs Nabolandet mod syd har fostret måske største sangskriver, er palet- mangt et litterært koryfæ, hvoraf flere ten af mulige pristagere bredt ud. da også er blevet hædret med nobel- Siden debuten i starten af 1960’erne prisen: Günter Grass, Heinrich Böll, har Dylan fascineret, provokeret og Nelly Sachs og Herta Müller med fle- i det hele taget være en markant re, men størst af alle er Thomas Mann José Saramago stemme, der sætter ord på den (1998, Portugal) - måske kun overgået på piedestalhyl- amerikanske folkesjæl. Han modtog den af selveste Goethe. Værker som prisen for sin evne til at skabe nye “Buddenbrooks”, “Trolddomsbjerget”, poetiske udtryk i den store amerikan- “Døden i Venedig”, “Jakob og hans ske sangtradition. brødre” og “Doktor Faustus” er mo- numentale værker på den internatio- nale litteraturscene. Forfatterskabet er olympisk og kan ofte læses som billeder på samtidens begivenheder, problematikker og menneskesyn. (1907, Storbritannien) Rudyard Kipling (2013, Canada) (1957, Frankrig) Albert Camus Gao Xingjian Alice Munro (2000, Kina) Olga Tokarczuk og Peter Handke (2018, Polen) og (2019, Østrig) Ernest Hemmingway (1991, Sydafrika)Nadine Grdimer (1954, USA) Bortset fra de store krige er Nobelpri- sen blevet uddelt hvert år siden 1901. Men i 2018 skete det igen. Pga. skan- dale i Det Svenske Akademi, der ud- Olga Tokarczuk deler prisen, måtte man vente, til der (2018, Polen) kom styr på sagerne, og i 2019 blev så hele to priser uddelt. Polske Tokarczuk, der endnu har sit store danske gennembrud til gode, Ernest Hemingway Nadine Gordimer er blandt hjemlandets mest læste for- fattere og elsket af både kritikere og (1954, USA) (1991, Sydafrika) hverdagslæsere. Hun modtog prisen Den ellers selvsikre storvildtjæger, Hun var en af de litterære kræfter, for sin narrative fantasi, som med stor alfahan og levemand, der ikke var i der kæmpede på Mandelas side i det lidenskab repræsenterer det at krydse tvivl om sit værd, mente, prisen i ste- raceadskilte Sydafrika og et stjerne- grænser som en måde at leve på. det skulle være gået til danske Karen eksempel på, hvordan den litterære Peter Handke er kun anden østrigske Blixen. Men eftersom prisen gives til pen er et magtfuldt våben i kampen nobelpristager, og ligesom Jelinek den, “der har udmærket sig i en ideal for forandring. Nobelprisen modtog i 2004 gav det også her ballade og retning”, er få forfattere så oplagte hun da også “for med sit episke værk Peter Handke smækken med dørene, da han mod- (2019, Østrig) som Hemingway. Hans nøjsomme stil - med Alfred Nobels ord - at være til tog den i 2019, pga. hans politiske har dannet skole og inspireret forfatte- meget stor gavn for menneskehe- holdninger. Begrundelsen for tildelin- re kloden rundt. Hans værk er stort og den”. I sit dybt politiske forfatterskab gen var hans indflydelsesrige forfat- tæller udødelige klassikere som “Den tager hun livtag med Sydafrikas mil- terskab, som med sproglig opfindsom- gamle mand og havet”, “Hvem ringer dest talt blakkede historie og dets hed har udforsket den menneskelige klokkerne for”, “Farvel til våbnene” og sort-hvide forhold til mennesker. Læs erfarings grænser og særegenheder. mange andre, foruden en perlerække også hendes mesterlige landsmand, af noveller - en genre han mestrede Nobel- og forfatterkollega J.M. Coet- til fulde. zee. (1958, Sovjetunionen) Mario Vargas Llosa Boris Pasternak (2009, Tyskland) Orhan Pamuk (2016, Tyrkiet) Herta Müller (2010, Peru) Svetlana Aleksijevitj Gabriel García Márquez (2015, Hviderusland) Samuel Beckett (1982, Colombia) Hviderusserens forfatterskab er, ifølge nobelpriskomiteen, et monument (1969, Irland) over vores tids mod og lidelse. Aleksijevitj er journalist og har interviewet hundredvis af mennesker, der har været ofre for historien, hvad enten det er 2. verdenskrig, Tjernobyl-katastrofen eller Sovjets krig mod Afghani- stan. I sine bøger lader hun ofrene, efterkommerne, familierne komme til orde, så deres historie bliver fortalt. Det er dermed dybt personlige og stærkt bevægende dokumentarer, der giver mennesket stemme midt i de store globale og nationale tragedier. Det, historiebøgerne udelader og for- sømmer. Samuel Beckett Gabriel García Márquez (1969, Irland) (1982, Colombia) Hele tre gange er prisen gået til den Nationalskjald og international su- lille grønne ø med de mange store perstar. Verdens mest betydnings- forfattere, men selv landets vel nok fulde og folkekære repræsentant for kendteste, James Joyce, måtte genren magisk realisme er colom- kigge langt efter prisen. Onde tunger bianer, og de fleste har nok hørt om har ment, at Beckett fik den, fordi hovedværkerne “100 års ensomhed” (2015, Hviderusland)Svatlana Aleksijevitj landsmanden blev forbigået, men og “Kærlighed i koleraens tid”. Hans Beckett er langt mere psykologisk sprudlende fortælleglæde emmer af og filosofisk raffineret end sin lære- ægte latinamerikansk temperament, mester. Den rablende gale (eller ge- med de helt store følelsers dans, og niale?) Beckett var dramatiker, kendt selvom Márquez’ dramaer udspiller for især “Mens vi venter på Godot”, sig i små landsbyer som scene og men mestrede på nyskabende vis umiddelbart virker harmløse, er det også både novelle- og romanformen, ofte med virkelighedens skandaler fx i “Molloy”, “Watt”, “Mercier og Ca- og tragedier som dyster kulisse. mier”, “Malone dør” og “Murphy”. Dem, der gik glip (2001, Storbritannien)) Listen over forfattere, der blev snydt for prisen, er næsten lige så V.S. Naipaul (2012, Kina) lang og imponerende, som vinder-listen. Lidt name-dropping er på Mo Yan sin plads: Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Henrik Ibsen, Henry James, August Strindberg, Marguerite Duras, Karen Blixen, Joseph Conrad, Inger Christensen, Astrid Lindgren, Stefan Zweig, Lev Tolstoj, Franz Kafka, George Orwell, Anton Tjekhov, Chinua Achebe, Vladimir Nabokov... Kazuo Ishiguro (2017, Storbritannien) Jean-Paul Sartre (1964, Frankrig) Sinclair Lewis Trods sin japanske
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